X-ray diagnosis of intracranial tumours. Cost evaluation of the diagnosis before and after the installation of computerized axial Tomography (CAT) at the ?Institut Jules Bordet?

1. Skeletal muscle strength, contractile properties and radiological composition have been studied in seven morbidly obese adults (six female) before and 1 year after gastroplasty operations. The mean body weight fell from 138.3 kg (sd 25.2) to 99.7 kg (sd 23.0) (P < 0.001). 2. The strength and contractile properties (force/frequency, relaxation rate and fatiguability) of both the adductor pollicis and quadriceps muscles were unaffected by the weight loss. 3. Computerized axial tomography scans obtained 1 year after surgery showed that the quadriceps contained an abnormally high proportion of fat. The mean fat content was 10.8% (range 3.0–30.1%) compared with 1.6% (range 0–5%) for normal muscle. Two individuals were scanned before and after surgery and the fat content of their quadriceps fell from 12.6% and 6.9% to 3.1% and 3.0%, respectively. 4. It is concluded that in obese individuals large amounts of weight can be lost, from both subcutaneous and intramuscular fat stores, without compromising either the strength or contractile properties of skeletal muscles. These results do not support the claim that skeletal muscle contractility is a sensitive indicator of changes in nutritional status.

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Regional skeletal muscle measurement: evaluation of new dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry model

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1999.87.3.1163 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 1163-1171 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Wei Wang ◽

Zimian Wang ◽

Myles S. Faith ◽

Donald Kotler ◽

Rick Shih ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Mass Measurement ◽

Dual Energy ◽

System Level ◽

Axial Tomography ◽

X Ray ◽

Computerized Axial Tomography ◽

Tissue System ◽

Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Although there is growing interest in studying muscle distribution, regional skeletal muscle (SM) mass measurement methods remain limited. The aim of the present study was to develop a new dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) model for estimating regional adipose tissue-free skeletal muscle mass (AT-free SM). Relationships were derived from Reference Man data between tissue-system- level components (i.e., AT-free SM, AT, skeleton, and skin) and molecular-level components including fat-free soft tissue, fat, and bone mineral. The proposed DEXA-SM model was evaluated by multiscan computerized axial tomography (CT). Twenty-seven male subjects [age, 36 ± 12 (SD) yr; body mass, 73.2 ± 12.4 kg; 20 were healthy, and 7 had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome] completed DEXA and CT studies. Identical landmarks for DEXA and CT measurements were selected in three regions, including calves, thighs, and forearms. There was a strong correlation for AT-free SM estimates between the new DEXA and CT methods (e.g., sum of three regions, r= 0.86, P < 0.001). Regional AT-free SM measured in the 27 subjects by DEXA and CT, respectively, were 3.44 ± 0.60 and 3.47 ± 0.55 kg (difference 0.9%, P > 0.05) for calves, 10.49 ± 1.77 and 10.05 ± 1.79 kg (difference 4.4%, P < 0.05) for thighs, 1.36 ± 0.49 and 1.20 ± 0.41 kg (difference 13.3%, P < 0.01) for forearms, and 15.29 ± 2.33 and 14.72 ± 2.33 kg (difference 3.9%, P < 0.05) for the sum all three regions. Although the suggested DEXA-SM model needs minor refinements, this is a promising in vivo approach for measurement of regional SM, because DEXA is widely available, relatively inexpensive, and radiation exposure is low.

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Industrial Applications of X-Ray Computed Tomography

Advances in X-ray Analysis ◽

10.1154/s0376030800021893 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 99-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. K. Hunt ◽

P. Engler ◽

W. D. Friedman

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Axial Tomography ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Attenuation Coefficients ◽

X Ray ◽

Minimal Sample ◽

Computerized Axial Tomography ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

Non Destructive

Computed tomography (CT), commonly known as CAT scanning (computerized axial tomography), is a technology that produces an image of the internaI structure of a cross sectional slice through an object via the reconstruction of a matrix of X-ray attenuation coefficients. This non-destructive method is fast (50 ms to 7 min per image depending on the technological generation of the instrument) and requires minimal sample preparation. Images are generated from digital computations, and instruments essentially have a linear response. This allows quantitative estimations of density variations, dimensions and areas directly from console displays.

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Evaluation of Freezing Methods by Low Temperature X-Ray Diffraction

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100079176 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 330-333

Author(s):

T. Gulik-Krzywicki ◽

M.J. Costello

Keyword(s):

Biological Materials ◽

Molecular Organization ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Glass Capillary ◽

X Ray ◽

Rate Dependent ◽

Before And After ◽

Freeze Etching ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Set Up

Freeze-etching electron microscopy is currently one of the best methods for studying molecular organization of biological materials. Its application, however, is still limited by our imprecise knowledge about the perturbations of the original organization which may occur during quenching and fracturing of the samples and during the replication of fractured surfaces. Although it is well known that the preservation of the molecular organization of biological materials is critically dependent on the rate of freezing of the samples, little information is presently available concerning the nature and the extent of freezing-rate dependent perturbations of the original organizations. In order to obtain this information, we have developed a method based on the comparison of x-ray diffraction patterns of samples before and after freezing, prior to fracturing and replication.Our experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The sample to be quenched is placed on its holder which is then mounted on a small metal holder (O) fixed on a glass capillary (p), whose position is controlled by a micromanipulator.

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The Precipitation of Si in AlCuSi Thin Films

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100070618 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 34-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. M. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Thin Films ◽

Heat Treatment ◽

Solid Solution ◽

Integrated Circuit ◽

Copper Film ◽

Solution Concentration ◽

X Ray ◽

Silicon Thin Films ◽

Before And After

Aluminum-copper-silicon thin films have been considered as an interconnection metallurgy for integrated circuit applications. Various schemes have been proposed to incorporate small percent-ages of silicon into films that typically contain two to five percent copper. We undertook a study of the total effect of silicon on the aluminum copper film as revealed by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and ion microprobe techniques as a function of the various deposition methods.X-ray investigations noted a change in solid solution concentration as a function of Si content before and after heat-treatment. The amount of solid solution in the Al increased with heat-treatment for films with ≥2% silicon and decreased for films <2% silicon.

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X-ray diffraction and IR absorption in the system Co0.6Zn0.4MnxFe2−xO4 before and after γ-irradiation

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials ◽

10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.09.049 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 271 (2-3) ◽

pp. 318-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

I.M Hamada

Keyword(s):

Ir Absorption ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Γ Irradiation ◽

X Ray ◽

Before And After

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A New Polyethylene Corrosion Protecting Coating with Ion Selectivity

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.273 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 314-316 ◽

pp. 273-278

Author(s):

Yu Hua Dong ◽

Ke Ren ◽

Qiong Zhou

Keyword(s):

Ion Selectivity ◽

Nano Particles ◽

Ammonium Bromide ◽

Linear Low Density Polyethylene ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Sulfosalicylic Acid ◽

X Ray ◽

Chemically Modified ◽

Before And After ◽

Industrial Standards

Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) was chemically modified with grafting maleic anhydride (MAH) monomer on its backbone by melting blending. Nano-particles SiO2 was modified by cationic surfactant hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and anionic surfactant sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) and added to PE coating respectively. Measurement of membrane potential showed that the coating containing modified SiO2 nano-particles had characteristic of ion selectivity. The properties of the different coatings were investigated according to relative industrial standards. Experimental results indicated that PE coating with ion selectivity had better performances, such as adhesion strength, cathodic disbonding and anti-corrosion, than those of coating without ion selectivity. Crystal structure of the coatings before and after alkali corrosion was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Structure of the coating without ion selectivity was damaged by NaOH alkali solution, causing mechanical properties being decreased. And the structure of the ion selective coatings was not affected.

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Computerized Axial Tomography in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences ◽

10.1111/j.1440-1819.1978.tb02809.x ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 401-404

Author(s):

Kunimitsu Yamamoto ◽

Tadahiro Mihara ◽

Eiki Kobayashi ◽

Kenji Yamashita ◽

Tetsuhiko Asakura

Keyword(s):

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽

Temporal Lobe ◽

Axial Tomography ◽

Computerized Axial Tomography

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Synthesis of Novel Arginine-Based Flame Retardant and Its Application in Lyocell Fabric

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26123588 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (12) ◽

pp. 3588

Author(s):

Jiayi Chen ◽

Yansong Liu ◽

Jiayue Zhang ◽

Yuanlin Ren ◽

Xiaohui Liu

Keyword(s):

Fourier Transform ◽

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Fourier Transform Infrared ◽

Ftir Analysis ◽

Excellent Thermal Stability ◽

X Ray ◽

Cone Calorimeter Test ◽

Before And After

Lyocell fabrics are widely applied in textiles, however, its high flammability increases the risk of fire. Therefore, to resolve the issue, a novel biomass-based flame retardant with phosphorus and nitrogen elements was designed and synthesized by the reaction of arginine with phosphoric acid and urea. It was then grafted onto the lyocell fabric by a dip-dry-cure technique to prepare durable flame-retardant lyocell fabric (FR-lyocell). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis demonstrated that the flame retardant was successfully introduced into the lyocell sample. Thermogravimetric (TG) and Raman analyses confirmed that the modified lyocell fabric featured excellent thermal stability and significantly increased char residue. Vertical combustion results indicated that FR-lyocell before and after washing formed a complete and dense char layer. Thermogravimetric Fourier-transform infrared (TG-FTIR) analysis suggested that incombustible substances (such as H2O and CO2) were produced and played a significant fire retarding role in the gas phase. The cone calorimeter test corroborated that the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) declined by 89.4% and 56.4%, respectively. These results indicated that the flame retardancy of the lyocell fabric was observably ameliorated.

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