Visualizing odor representation in the brain: a review of imaging techniques for the mapping of sensory activity in the olfactory glomeruli

Background: This paper endeavors to identify an expedient approach for the detection of the brain tumor in MRI images. The detection of tumor is based on i) review of the machine learning approach for the identification of brain tumor and ii) review of a suitable approach for brain tumor detection. Discussion: This review focuses on different imaging techniques such as X-rays, PET, CT- Scan, and MRI. This survey identifies a different approach with better accuracy for tumor detection. This further includes the image processing method. In most applications, machine learning shows better performance than manual segmentation of the brain tumors from MRI images as it is a difficult and time-consuming task. For fast and better computational results, radiology used a different approach with MRI, CT-scan, X-ray, and PET. Furthermore, summarizing the literature, this paper also provides a critical evaluation of the surveyed literature which reveals new facets of research. Conclusion: The problem faced by the researchers during brain tumor detection techniques and machine learning applications for clinical settings have also been discussed.

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Brain Tumor Detection via Asymmetry Quantification across Mid Sagittal Plane

Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications ◽

10.2174/2666255813999200831104047 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

Author(s):

Shoaib Amin Banday ◽

Mohammad Khalid Pandit

Keyword(s):

Brain Tumor ◽

Brain Tumors ◽

Sagittal Plane ◽

Early Stage ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Magnetic Resonance Images ◽

Absolute Difference ◽

Brain Hemispheres ◽

The Brain

Introduction: Brain tumor is among the major causes of morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. According to National Brain Tumor Foundation (NBTS), the death rate has nearly increased by as much as 300% over last couple of decades. Tumors can be categorized as benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous). The type of the brain tumor significantly depends on various factors like the site of its occurrence, its shape, the age of the subject etc. On the other hand, Computer Aided Detection (CAD) has been improving significantly in recent times. The concept, design and implementation of these systems ascend from fairly simple ones to computationally intense ones. For efficient and effective diagnosis and treatment plans in brain tumor studies, it is imperative that an abnormality is detected at an early stage as it provides a little more time for medical professionals to respond. The early detection of diseases has predominantly been possible because of medical imaging techniques developed from past many decades like CT, MRI, PET, SPECT, FMRI etc. The detection of brain tumors however, has always been a challenging task because of the complex structure of the brain, diverse tumor sizes and locations in the brain. Method: This paper proposes an algorithm that can detect the brain tumors in the presence of the Radio-Frequency (RF) inhomoginiety. The algorithm utilizes the Mid Sagittal Plane as a landmark point across which the asymmetry between the two brain hemispheres is estimated using various intensity and texture based parameters. Result: The results show the efficacy of the proposed method for the detection of the brain tumors with an acceptable detection rate. Conclusion: In this paper, we have calculated three textural features from the two hemispheres of the brain viz: Contrast (CON), Entropy (ENT) and Homogeneity (HOM) and three parameters viz: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Correlation Co-efficient (CC), and Integral of Absolute Difference (IAD) from the intensity distribution profiles of the two brain hemispheres to predict any presence of the pathology. First a Mid Sagittal Plane (MSP) is obtained on the Magnetic Resonance Images that virtually divides brain into two bilaterally symmetric hemispheres. The block wise texture asymmetry is estimated for these hemispheres using the above 6 parameters.

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Optical Imaging of Beta-Amyloid Plaques in Alzheimer’s Disease

Biosensors ◽

10.3390/bios11080255 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 255

Author(s):

Ziyi Luo ◽

Hao Xu ◽

Liwei Liu ◽

Tymish Y. Ohulchanskyy ◽

Junle Qu

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Optical Imaging ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Pathological Feature ◽

Promising Tool ◽

Abnormal Accumulation ◽

Accumulation Mechanism ◽

The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial, irreversible, and incurable neurodegenerative disease. The main pathological feature of AD is the deposition of misfolded β-amyloid protein (Aβ) plaques in the brain. The abnormal accumulation of Aβ plaques leads to the loss of some neuron functions, further causing the neuron entanglement and the corresponding functional damage, which has a great impact on memory and cognitive functions. Hence, studying the accumulation mechanism of Aβ in the brain and its effect on other tissues is of great significance for the early diagnosis of AD. The current clinical studies of Aβ accumulation mainly rely on medical imaging techniques, which have some deficiencies in sensitivity and specificity. Optical imaging has recently become a research hotspot in the medical field and clinical applications, manifesting noninvasiveness, high sensitivity, absence of ionizing radiation, high contrast, and spatial resolution. Moreover, it is now emerging as a promising tool for the diagnosis and study of Aβ buildup. This review focuses on the application of the optical imaging technique for the determination of Aβ plaques in AD research. In addition, recent advances and key operational applications are discussed.

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Normal ageing and the brain

Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0790966700004651 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 26-28

Author(s):

CS Breathnach

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Cortex ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Ageing Population ◽

Cell Shrinkage ◽

Ageing Processes ◽

Normal Ageing ◽

And Function ◽

Ageing Brain ◽

The Brain

AbstractInterest in the psychiatric aspects of old age predated the institution of geriatrics as a clinical discipline, but the systematic study of the ageing brain only began in the second half of this century when an ageing population presented a global numerical challenge to society. In the senescent cerebral cortex, though the number of neurons is not reduced, cell shrinkage results in synaptic impoverishment with consequent cognitive impairment. Recent advances in imaging techniques, combined with burgeoning knowledge of neurobiological structure and function, have increased our understanding of the ageing processes in the human brain and permit an optimistic approach in the application of the newer insights into neuropsychology and geriatric psychiatry.

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News about the Role of Fluid and Imaging Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9030252 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 252

Author(s):

Jacopo Meldolesi

Keyword(s):

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Imaging Biomarkers ◽

Positron Emission ◽

Specific Proteins ◽

Great Relevance ◽

The Brain ◽

Positive Point

Biomarkers are molecules that are variable in their origin, nature, and mechanism of action; they are of great relevance in biology and also in medicine because of their specific connection with a single or several diseases. Biomarkers are of two types, which in some cases are operative with each other. Fluid biomarkers, started around 2000, are generated in fluid from specific proteins/peptides and miRNAs accumulated within two extracellular fluids, either the central spinal fluid or blood plasma. The switch of these proteins/peptides and miRNAs, from free to segregated within extracellular vesicles, has induced certain advantages including higher levels within fluids and lower operative expenses. Imaging biomarkers, started around 2004, are identified in vivo upon their binding by radiolabeled molecules subsequently revealed in the brain by positron emission tomography and/or other imaging techniques. A positive point for the latter approach is the quantitation of results, but expenses are much higher. At present, both types of biomarker are being extensively employed to study Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases, investigated from the presymptomatic to mature stages. In conclusion, biomarkers have revolutionized scientific and medical research and practice. Diagnosis, which is often inadequate when based on medical criteria only, has been recently improved by the multiplicity and specificity of biomarkers. Analogous results have been obtained for prognosis. In contrast, improvement of therapy has been limited or fully absent, especially for Alzheimer’s in which progress has been inadequate. An urgent need at hand is therefore the progress of a new drug trial design together with patient management in clinical practice.

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Language Mapping with Magnetoencephalography

Fifty Years of Magnetoencephalography ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190935689.003.0017 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 247-262

Author(s):

Panagiotis G. Simos ◽

Susan M. Bowyer ◽

Kyousuke Kamada

Keyword(s):

Imaging Techniques ◽

Target Function ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Language Mapping ◽

Surgical Interventions ◽

Cortical Organization ◽

Language Functions ◽

Normal Populations ◽

Motor Cortex Mapping ◽

The Brain

This chapter explores the applications of magnetoencephalography (MEG) to the study of the brain mechanisms for language functions. Language mapping with MEG has proved helpful in presurgical estimates of the location and extent of language-related cortex as well as in the intraoperative identification of these cortical patches. In fact, in several neurosurgical centers around the world, such assessments are part of the protocol of surgical interventions, especially in the case of epilepsy. Moreover, MEG alone or in combination with other imaging methods, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), is extensively used for the testing of alternative models of cortical organization for language in normal populations. However, applications of MEG to language mapping face most of the limitations that characterize brain imaging techniques relying on hemodynamic measures. Perhaps the most fundamental of these limitations concerns the degree of specificity of results: Activation profiles feature brain regions that may not be indispensable for a particular target function. This problem is particularly serious in the case of language mapping and to a lesser degree in motor cortex mapping.

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Manganese-enhanced MRI depicts a reduction in brain responses to nociception upon mTOR inhibition in chronic pain rats

Molecular Brain ◽

10.1186/s13041-020-00687-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Myeounghoon Cha ◽

Songyeon Choi ◽

Kyeongmin Kim ◽

Bae Hwan Lee

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Nerve Injury ◽

Pain Perception ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Insular Cortex ◽

Pain Modulation ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Related Area ◽

Mtor Inhibition ◽

The Brain

AbstractNeuropathic pain induced by a nerve injury can lead to chronic pain. Recent studies have reported hyperactive neural activities in the nociceptive-related area of the brain as a result of chronic pain. Although cerebral activities associated with hyperalgesia and allodynia in chronic pain models are difficult to represent with functional imaging techniques, advances in manganese (Mn)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) could facilitate the visualization of the activation of pain-specific neural responses in the cerebral cortex. In order to investigate the alleviation of pain nociception by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) modulation, we observed cerebrocortical excitability changes and compared regional Mn2+ enhancement after mTOR inhibition. At day 7 after nerve injury, drugs were applied into the intracortical area, and drug (Vehicle, Torin1, and XL388) effects were compared within groups using MEMRI. Therein, signal intensities of the insular cortex (IC), primary somatosensory cortex of the hind limb region, motor cortex 1/2, and anterior cingulate cortex regions were significantly reduced after application of mTOR inhibitors (Torin1 and XL388). Furthermore, rostral-caudal analysis of the IC indicated that the rostral region of the IC was more strongly associated with pain perception than the caudal region. Our data suggest that MEMRI can depict pain-related signal changes in the brain and that mTOR inhibition is closely correlated with pain modulation in chronic pain rats.

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A Study on Glaucoma Disease Detection with Image Processing Methods

Advanced Engineering Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.37.25 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

pp. 25-35

Author(s):

Shashilata Rawat ◽

Uma Shankar Kurmi

Keyword(s):

Image Processing ◽

Optic Nerve ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Advanced Imaging ◽

Detection Techniques ◽

Glaucoma Detection ◽

Mode Decomposition ◽

Processing Techniques ◽

The Brain ◽

Aided Diagnosis

The glaucoma is a developing slow eye that effects optic nerve damage in its most common form. Once the optic nerve has been impaired, visual data is not passed to the brain and permanently visual impairment is caused. Glaucoma computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) is a rising area in which medical imaging is analyzed. The CAD is a more precise approach for glaucoma detection, inspired by recent advanced imaging techniques and high-velocity computers. Laser ophthalmoscope scanning, tomography with optical coherence, and retina tomography of Heidelberg have widely used imaging techniques for detecting glaucoma. In this paper, we provide a study of glaucoma disease with its types and detection techniques. Moreover, this paper tells about image processing techniques to detect glaucoma. Variational mode decomposition has also discussed here.

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A Review of Neurotransmitters Sensing Methods for Neuro-Engineering Research

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9214719 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (21) ◽

pp. 4719 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Shimwe Dominique Niyonambaza ◽

Praveen Kumar ◽

Paul Xing ◽

Jessy Mathault ◽

Paul De Koninck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Imaging Techniques ◽

Ongoing Research ◽

Engineering Research ◽

Detection Techniques ◽

In Vivo Detection ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

The Subject ◽

The Brain

Neurotransmitters as electrochemical signaling molecules are essential for proper brain function and their dysfunction is involved in several mental disorders. Therefore, the accurate detection and monitoring of these substances are crucial in brain studies. Neurotransmitters are present in the nervous system at very low concentrations, and they mixed with many other biochemical molecules and minerals, thus making their selective detection and measurement difficult. Although numerous techniques to do so have been proposed in the literature, neurotransmitter monitoring in the brain is still a challenge and the subject of ongoing research. This article reviews the current advances and trends in neurotransmitters detection techniques, including in vivo sampling and imaging techniques, electrochemical and nano-object sensing techniques for in vitro and in vivo detection, as well as spectrometric, analytical and derivatization-based methods mainly used for in vitro research. The document analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each method, with the aim to offer selection guidelines for neuro-engineering research.

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Is the human brain only responsive?

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x00038899 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 365-366

Author(s):

Rumyana Kristeva-Feige ◽

Bernd Feige

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Spontaneous Activity ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Evoked Potential ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Brain Activity ◽

External Events ◽

Potential Methods ◽

The Brain

AbstractPosner & Raichle's (1994) book is a fascinating and readable account of the studies the authors have conducted on the localization of cognitive functions in the brain mainly using PET and EEC evoked potential methods. Our criticism concerns the underrepresentation of some imaging techniques (magnetoencephalography) and some forms of brain activity (spontaneous activity). Furthermore, the book leaves the reader with the impression that the brain only responds to external events.

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