scholarly journals Can Reasons and Values Influence Action: How Might Intentional Agency Work Physiologically?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Noble ◽  
Denis Noble
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Creative Agency ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Conscious Choice ◽  
Intentional Agency ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Apparent Conflict

Abstract In this paper, we demonstrate (1) how harnessing stochasticity can be the basis of creative agency; (2) that such harnessing can resolve the apparent conflict between reductionist (micro-level) accounts of behaviour and behaviour as the outcome of rational and value-driven (macro-level) decisions; (3) how neurophysiological processes can instantiate such behaviour; (4) The processes involved depend on three features of living organisms: (a) they are necessarily open systems; (b) micro-level systems therefore nest within higher-level systems; (c) causal interactions must occur across all the boundaries between the levels of organization. The higher levels constrain the dynamics of lower levels. The experimental evidence and theoretical arguments are shown to be consistent with previous research on the neuronal mechanisms of conscious choice, and with the interconnected multi-level processes by which organisms harness stochasticity, whether conscious or unconscious.

Redox Reactions in Lipid Membranes as a Model for Primordial Energy-Conserving Systems

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 437-442
Author(s):  
Salvatore Di Bernardo ◽  
Romana Fato ◽  
Giorgio Lenaz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Asymmetrical Distribution ◽  
Energy Conserving ◽  
Living Organisms

AbstractOne of the peculiar aspects of living systems is the production and conservation of energy. This aspect is provided by specialized organelles, such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts, in developed living organisms. In primordial systems lacking specialized enzymatic complexes the energy supply was probably bound to the generation and maintenance of an asymmetric distribution of charged molecules in compartmentalized systems. On the basis of experimental evidence, we suggest that lipophilic quinones were involved in the generation of this asymmetrical distribution of charges through vectorial redox reactions across lipid membranes.

Pentecostalism as an Informal Political Institution: Experimental Evidence from Ghana

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. McCauley
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Informal Institution ◽  
Resource Endowment ◽  
The Status ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
New Form ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Cultural Leaders

AbstractInformal institutions continue to govern political exchange in Africa, but the traditional, ethnic-based form of “big man rule” is now threatened by an alternative informal institution — charismatic Pentecostalism. This study evaluates the status of Pentecostalism empirically, in a micro-level experiment in Ghana. Using data from a variant of the dictator game, in which participants divide a resource endowment with randomly assigned partners as well as cultural leaders, the study provides evidence of Pentecostal exclusivity, excessive allegiance to leaders, and a shift away from ethnic-based patronage to Pentecostal patronage. As Pentecostalism continues to expand, these findings suggest a modification in the exchange of resources for loyalty in Africa, and grounds for viewing the movement as a new form of big man rule in the region.

scholarly journals Religiosity and Generosity: Multi-Level Approaches to Studying the Religiousness of Prosocial Actions

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Snell Herzog ◽  
Amy Strohmeier ◽  
David P. King ◽  
Rafia A. Khader ◽  
Andrew L. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Religiosity And Spirituality ◽  
Level Of Analysis ◽  
The U.S

This paper provides a meta-analysis of the intersection of (a) religiosity and spirituality with (b) generosity, philanthropy, nonprofits, and prosociality. The study is informed by three informational sources, chronologically: (1) informational interviews with scholars and practitioners based within and studying regions outside of the U.S. and Western Europe; (2) discovery search of purposefully selected extant publications, especially focusing on the last decade of contemporary scholarship; and (3) systematic search of relevant peer-reviewed publication outlets since 2010. Reviewed publications are categorized by level of analysis into macro, meso, and micro approaches. Across each level and source, publications are also geo-tagged for their geographic scope. Particular attention is paid to the under-studied world regions of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. The results reveal that Asia is the most studied and Latin America the least studied, and that meso-level approaches are the most common while micro-level are the least common. Additionally, a map of publication counts reveals within-region inequalities by country. Implications of the analysis are drawn for future studies, particularly ways to advance this interdisciplinary field.

PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE SPATIAL NONEQUILIBRIUM

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Kaganovich ◽  
S. P. Prisyazhnyuk ◽  
A. S. Prisyazhnyuk ◽  
A.A. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Open Systems ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Nonequilibrium Systems ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Equilibrium Economic

<p>On the basis of ongoing research and development the authors substantiate the need to improve the theoretical and methodological foundations of self-development processes for equilibrium and non-equilibrium economic multi-level systems.Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the functioning of the so-called «microscopic open nonequilibrium systems»</p><p>In the article, the economic system is viewed from the point of view of synergy - as dual entities consisting of a continuous and discrete sphere.Classification of possible evolutionary changes in the kinetic and constitutional spheres in the process of self-development for economic equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems.Particular attention is paid to the continuous self-organization of microscopic open systems.</p>

scholarly journals INDIVIDUAL DAN ORGANIZATIONAL UNLEARNING: PROPOSISI HUBUNGAN MODERASI CROSS-LEVEL

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Henri Dwi Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Innovation Performance ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
New Information ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Or Organization ◽  
To Receive

Unlearning stripped result old learning to give space for new information and new attitude. Unlearning is undoubtedly for individu or organization to receive new knowledge (herdberg,1981), increase innovation performance (pighin &Marzona,2011) and increase the company abbility to facing  crisis (Starbuck, 1995), this article give six preposision that connect the literature from micro level and macro level use the mediation variable, multi level moderation to explain the fenomena in organizational behavior that don’t have enough support in empirical, individual and organizational unlearning.

scholarly journals Enabling Socio-Ecological Resilience in the Global South: Insights from Chennai, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10522
Author(s):  
Nilofer Tajuddin ◽  
Marcin Dąbrowski
Keyword(s):  
Water System ◽  
Global South ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Ecological Resilience ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Face ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Informal Development ◽  
Level 2

Addressing climate change adaptation in the cities of the Global South is crucial as they are the most at risk and, arguably, the least capable of coping with it due to their rapid expansion, informal development, and limited institutional capacity. This paper explores this challenge in the case of Chennai, India, a city which, in recent years, has faced several climate related disasters, including floods. Building on an innovative combination of research methods (policy documents analysis, stakeholder interviews, and a community workshop), the study analyses the barriers and explores potentials for operationalising socio-ecological resilience in Chennai in the face of an ongoing conflict between rapid urbanisation and the natural water system, compromising the region’s hydrological capacity and resilience to flooding. In particular, drawing on the notion of evolutionary resilience and multi-level approach, the paper investigates (1) the scope for developing an integrated vision for resilience of the Chennai region (macro level); (2) the presence and the capacity of institutions to connect the different stakeholders and mediate their interests (meso level); and (3) the barriers and potentials developing local adaptation strategies in a bottom-up manner (micro level). The study sheds light on the under-researched issue of socio-ecological resilience in Chennai, while identifying potentials for implementing it through a combination of top down and bottom-up approaches, which in turn provides useful lessons for planning for resilience in other cities in the Global South.

Development and Implementation of a Multi-Level Roadway Segmentation Methodology

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (12) ◽  
pp. 570-583
Author(s):  
Reza Omrani ◽  
Amer Shalaby ◽  
Goran Nikolic ◽  
Ali Hadayeghi
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Segmentation ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
Road Geometry ◽  
Segmentation Approach ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Traffic Composition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Spatial Referencing ◽  
Traffic Operation

The reliability and applicability of traffic operation analyses depends on their ability to integrate relevant input from disparate databases in a seamless and automated manner. Inputs include information on road geometry, traffic composition, and spatial referencing. These databases are collected by different agencies for different purposes. As a result, a common definition of roadway segments is lacking across various applications. This paper developed a systematic segmentation methodology that considers the needs of various operational and planning studies. A multi-level dynamic segmentation approach has been developed to address different levels of requirements for various studies: at the micro level, referring to the smallest roadway segmentation for traffic simulation studies; at the meso level, representing a combination of several micro segments for traffic operation studies; and, at the macro level, corresponding to planning studies. In this paper, the proposed methodology for the segmentation of freeway and arterial corridors in Ontario (Canada) is demonstrated. At each level, several criteria were selected to identify the locations where the roadway network needs stringent analysis. Next, a pilot study was designed to evaluate the proposed methodology. It was found that the new segmentation methodology can successfully identify areas of congestion and queue growth/dissipation. Finally, the proposed segmentation methodology was implemented for more than 6000 km of Ontario’s roadway network. The results of this study can assist researchers and road agencies with defining a systematic roadway segmentation that can be utilized for different types of projects, ranging from traffic operation to planning studies.

scholarly journals Religiousness and existential insecurity: A cross-national comparative analysis on the macro- and micro-level

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Höllinger ◽  
Johanna Muckenhuber
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Cross National

In Sacred and Secular (2011 [2004]) Norris and Inglehart argued that improvements in material living conditions and higher degrees of existential security lead to a decline in religiousness both on the macro-level of the comparison between countries and on the individual level. Since then, a number of studies have examined this relationship and confirmed the assumptions of the existential security thesis. This article revisits this thesis using data from the sixth wave of the World Values Survey (2010–2014). The multi-level analysis reveals two key results. Consistent with previous studies, a strong correlation was found between better life conditions and lower levels of religiousness on the macro-level. Individual life conditions and threatening experiences, however, have only a very small impact on religiousness. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between macro-level and micro-level results are discussed in the final section.

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