scholarly journals Quantifying loss aversion: Evidence from a UK population survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Blake ◽  
Edmund Cannon ◽  
Douglas Wright
Keyword(s):  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Income Differences ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Management Responsibility ◽  
Status Number

AbstractWe quantify differences in attitudes to loss from individuals with different demographic, personal and socio-economic characteristics. Our data are based on responses from an online survey of a representative sample of over 4000 UK residents and allow us to produce the most comprehensive analysis of the heterogeneity of loss aversion measures to date. Using the canonical model proposed by Tversky and Kahneman (1992), we show that responses for the population as a whole differ substantially from those typically provided by students (who form the basis of many existing studies of loss aversion). The average aversion to a loss of £500 relative to a gain of the same amount is 2.41, but loss aversion correlates significantly with characteristics such as gender, age, education, financial knowledge, social class, employment status, management responsibility, income, savings and home ownership. Other related factors include marital status, number of children, ease of savings, rainy day fund, personality type, emotional state, newspaper and political party. However, once we condition on all the profiling characteristics of the respondents, some factors, in particular gender, cease to be significant, suggesting that gender differences in risk and loss attitudes might be due to other factors, such as income differences.

Social factors associated with depression: a retrospective community study

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Community Study ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Independent Events ◽  
Status Number ◽  
Severe Life Events ◽  
State Examination

SynopsisA procedural replication of the Camberwell retrospective community study of depression in women (Brown et al. 1975; Brown & Harris, 1978 a) was conducted in Calgary, Alberta. A random sample of 449 women between the ages of 18 and 65 were interviewed. The shorter form of the Present State Examination (PSE) and Brown's Interview Schedules for Life Events and Difficulties were used.By contrast to the findings of Brown, none of the following factors was associated with the onset of depression in the 12 months prior to interview: social class, employment status, number of children at home, loss of mother before age 11. In agreement with Brown, a lack of intimacy with spouse/cohabitant/boyfriend increased the risk of depression. Also in agreement with Brown, severe life events and difficulties were associated with depression. The association was particularly strong for ‘possibly independent’ events and difficulties, i.e. events (and difficulties) that may or may not have been caused in part by the woman herself. It was concluded that the role of social factors is community-specific and that the causal roles of events and difficulties in relation to depression remain uncertain. The implications of the findings in relation to the locus of vulnerability to depression are briefly discussed

scholarly journals Factors Influencing the Decision to Have Child Among Iranian Couples; An Online Survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-293
Author(s):  
Reza Jafarzadeh Esfehani ◽  
Batool Kamalimanesh ◽  
Sareh Dashti ◽  
Ali Jafarzadeh Esfehani
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Family Factors ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Contraception Use

Objectives: Total fertility rate (TFR) in Iran is declining to the lowest low level over the past 30 years. In order to increase the TFR, the influencing factors for willingness to have child should be identified. The aim of this study was to identify the factors that influence the willingness of Iranian men and women to have child. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on married Iranian men and women through an online survey. A questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics, including age of subject, age of spouse, duration of marriage, number of children, education level of subjects and his/her spouse, current pregnancy status of subject or spouse, contraception use and type of contraception, and a validated questionnaire to identify the factors affecting willingness to have child in 4 domains (inter family factors, social factors, medical and parental factors and emotional and child related factors) were filled by subjects. Results: A total of 731 subjects (23.1% male and 66.9% female) answered the online questions. Mean age of subjects was 31.80 ± 6.83 years. Willingness to have child was significantly related to spousal age difference (P=0.002, odds ratio [OR] =0.90), number of children (P<0.001, OR=0.21), being pregnant (P<0.001, OR=82.91), level of education in spouse (P=0.03, OR=2.18), inter family factors score (P<0.001, OR=1.14), social factors score (P<0.001, OR=0.87) and emotional and child related factors (P<0.001, OR=1.52). Conclusions: This study revealed that willingness to have child in Iranian men and women is mostly influenced by personal and spousal factors.

scholarly journals Burnout Syndrome in Occupational Therapists in Spain: Prevalence and Risk Factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Escudero-Escudero ◽  
Antonio Segura-Fragoso ◽  
Pablo A. Cantero-Garlito
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Occupational Therapists ◽  
Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽  
Burnout Syndrome ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Status Number

The objective of this study was to assess the potential levels of burnout syndrome in occupational therapists in Spain, as well as the risk factors involved in its prevalence. The data were obtained through an online survey. The tool utilised for this purpose was the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS) that takes into consideration the following dimensions: emotional fatigue, depersonalisation and reduction of personal satisfaction. A sociodemographic questionnaire was also utilised. The sample of the study included 758 occupational therapists, 90.8% of whom were women and 9.2% of whom were men. For identifying the variables associated to the presence of burnout, the prevalence was compared through the chi-squared test, and the odds ratios by age were calculated through the binary logistic regression model. We found that 69.4% of the occupational therapists presented burnout syndrome and especially emotional fatigue (63.5%). Likewise, relevant and significant differences in the prevalence of burnout syndrome were observed depending on the age, marital status, number of children, work field and type of workday. We can conclude that burnout syndrome poses a clear risk for the health of occupational therapists that could have direct consequences on the work environment, affecting the way the interventions are performed with patients. This study could help to raise awareness on this reality and the factors implied. We suggest the implementation of measures (individual, labour and political) both for the prevention of burnout in occupational therapists as well as for reducing the levels of those who suffer from it.

scholarly journals Who Favors Education? Insights from the World Values Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 509-541
Author(s):  
Horst Feldmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Family Values ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Political Position ◽  
The World ◽  
Status Number ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Using World Values Survey data from 55 countries, this article provides detailed insights into the characteristics of people who place a high value on education – and into the characteristics of those who don’t. It finds that attitudes toward education vary across the following characteristics: educational attainment, income, social class, political position, postmaterialist values, religion, sex, age, ethnicity, marital status, number of children, family values and employment status. Countries’ average GDP per capita affects people’s views of education too. Whereas some results are in line with theoretical expectations and previous empirical research, others are surprising.

Trait Anxiety in Mothers: Differences Associated with Employment Status, Family Size and Age of Children

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilly J. Schubert Walker ◽  
James L. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Full Time ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Employed Women ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Status Number ◽  
The Impact

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered to 345 adult women to determine if anxiety was related to employment status, number of children, and age of children. Respondents were categorized as not employed, employed part-time, or employed full-time and also in terms of number and ages of children. The results indicated that women not employed outside their homes have slightly higher levels of anxiety than the employed women. A significant relationship between ages of children and anxiety was also obtained with Trait-anxiety being highest in women with all children between 2 and 5 yr. of age and lowest in women whose children were all older than 5. The importance of the ages of children and the impact of employment status in contributing to maternal stress are discussed.

scholarly journals Lone mothers and child support receipt in 21 European countries

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Mia Hakovirta ◽  
Merita Mesiäislehto
Keyword(s):  
Child Support ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Lone Mothers ◽  
Status Number ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract With increasing trends in divorce, separation and multi-partner fertility, more families have become subject to child support policies. This paper explores child support receipt in 21 European countries using 2017–2018 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data. We investigated: (1) cross-country differences in the prevalence and amount of child support received and (2) the determinants of child support receipt among lone mothers across countries. We found that the proportion of lone-mother families receiving child support ranged from 16 per cent in Luxembourg to 75 per cent in the Czech Republic, with large variations in the amount of child support received. Our results suggested that the socioeconomic characteristics of lone mothers, including marital status, education, employment status, number of children and income, were associated with the likelihood of receiving child support in most countries but these associations varied significantly across countries.

scholarly journals Comparison of prevalence and risk factors of somatization between Chinese health care workers and non-health care workers during COVID-19 outbreak

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuli Song ◽  
Yongjie Zhou ◽  
Wenwang Rao ◽  
Xiangyang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Medical Service ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Dimension Score ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
High Prevalence

Abstract Background This study aimed to compare prevalence and risk factors of somatization (SOM) between health care workers and non-health care workers during COVID-19 outbreak in China. Methods From 14 February to 29 March 2020, an online survey was performed in both 605 health care workers and 1151 non-health care workers. Based on the somatization dimension score of the Symptom Checklist-90, participants were divided into non-SOM group and SOM group. Results Health care workers had higher prevalence rate of SOM (p < 0.001) than non-health care workers, with an OR of 1.70 (95% CI, 1.22–2.36, p = 0.002). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that in non-health care workers, the risk factors of SOM included other ethnicities, insomnia, and suicide, while in health care workers, the risk factors included working 6–8 h per day, and working ≥10 h per day during COVID-19 outbreak. Conclusions Our research suggests that both non-health care workers and health care workers have a relatively high prevalence of somatization. However, the related factors for somatization in both groups are significantly different, showing that medical service-related factors are associated with somatization in health care workers, while demographic and clinical factors are associated with somatization in non-health care workers.

scholarly journals Avoidance of Healthcare Utilization in South Korea during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4363
Author(s):  
Minjung Lee ◽  
Myoungsoon You
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Healthcare Utilization ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
First Case ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Health Related

Avoidance of healthcare utilization among the general population during pandemic outbreaks has been observed and it can lead to a negative impact on population health. The object of this study is to examine the influence of socio-demographic and health-related factors on the avoidance of healthcare utilization during the global outbreak of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in 2020. Data were collected through an online survey four weeks after the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) confirmed the first case in South Korea; 1000 subjects were included in the analysis. The logit model for regression was used to analyze the associations between sociodemographic and health-related factors regarding the avoidance of healthcare utilization. Among the participants, 73.2% avoided healthcare utilization, and there was no significant difference in the prevalence of healthcare avoidance between groups with (72.0%) and without (74.9%) an underlying disease. Sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., gender, age, income level, and residential area) were related to healthcare avoidance. Among the investigated influencing factors, residential areas highly affected by COVID-19 (i.e., Daegu/Gyeoungbuk region) had the most significant effect on healthcare avoidance. This study found a high prevalence of healthcare avoidance among the general population who under-utilized healthcare resources during the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the results reveal that not all societal groups share the burden of healthcare avoidance equally, with it disproportionately affecting those with certain sociodemographic characteristics. This study can inform healthcare under-utilization patterns during emerging infectious disease outbreaks and provide information to public health emergency management for implementing strategies necessary to improve the preparedness of the healthcare system.

Gendered experiences of unemployment, suicide and self-harm: a population-level record linkage study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
R. Cunningham ◽  
A. Milner ◽  
S. Gibb ◽  
V. Rijnberg ◽  
G. Disney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Self Harm

Abstract Background Unemployment and being not in the labour force (NILF) are risk factors for suicide, but their association with self-harm is unclear, and there is continuing debate about the role of confounding by prior mental health conditions. We examine associations between employment status and self-harm and suicide in a prospective cohort, taking into account prior mental-health-related factors. Methods We used linked data from the New Zealand Integrated Data Infrastructure. The outcomes were chosen to be hospital presentation for self-harm and death by suicide. The exposure was employment status, defined as employed, unemployed, or NILF, measured at the 2013 Census. Confounders included demographic factors and mental health history (use of antidepressant medication, use of mental health services, and prior self-harm). Logistic regression was used to model effects. Analyses were stratified by gender. Results For males, unemployment was associated with an increased risk of suicide [odds ratio (OR): 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20–1.84] and self-harm (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.45–1.68) after full adjustment for confounders. NILF was associated with an increased risk of self-harm (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.32–1.55), but less of an association was seen with suicide (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 0.94–1.49). For females, unemployment was associated with an increased risk of suicide (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 0.93–1.80) and of self-harm (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.43–1.62), and NILF was associated with a similar increase in risk for suicide (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 0.98–1.75) and self-harm (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.26–1.40). Discussion Exclusion from employment is associated with a considerably heightened risk of suicide and self-harm for both men and women, even among those without prior mental health problems.

scholarly journals Relation between Halls’ Professionalism Scale and nurses’ demographic characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tinda Rabie
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
International Experience ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Demographic Profile ◽  
Professional Nurse ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Nursing Experience ◽  
Employment Sector

Abstract Objective Nursing Professionalism was measured by Hall’s Professionalism Scale, consisting of 50 items. The scale was developed to measure the attitudes and ideologies held by professionals in various professional occupations by measuring five attitudinal constructs of professionalism, namely ‘sense of calling to the field’, ‘autonomy’, ‘using a professional organisation as a major referent’, ‘belief in self-regulation’, and ‘belief in public service’. This study focussed on determining the practically significant differences that exist between the means of the five constructs of Hall’s Professionalism Scale and certain demographic variables among nurses in South Africa. The 11-item demographic profile included the following variables: gender (1), age (2), age when becoming a professional nurse (3), undergraduate qualifications (4), marital status (5), number of children (6), employment sector (7), years’ of nursing experience (8), international experience (9), employment status (10) and satisfaction with nursing as a career (11). Results Only (7/11) demographic profile variables had an association with one or more of the five Hall’s Professionalism Scale constructs The variables included the following items: age (2), age when becoming a professional nurse (3), number of children (6), years of nursing experience (8), international experience (9), employment status (10), and satisfaction with nursing as a career (11).

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