Do You Enjoy Having More Than Others or More Than Another? Exploring the Relationship Between Relative Concerns and the Size of the Reference Group

Introduction Few studies have reported information related to the cost-effectiveness of traditional face-to-face treatments for aphasia. The emergence and demand for telepractice approaches to aphasia treatment has resulted in an urgent need to understand the costs and cost-benefits of this approach. Methods Eighteen stroke survivors with aphasia completed community-based aphasia telerehabilitation treatment, utilizing the Language-Oriented Treatment (LOT) delivered via Webex videoconferencing program. Marginal benefits to treatment were calculated as the change in Western Aphasia Battery-Revised (WAB-R) score pre- and post-treatment and marginal cost of treatment was calculated as the relationship between change in WAB-R aphasia quotient (AQ) and the average cost per treatment. Controlling for demographic variables, Bayesian estimation evaluated the primary contributors to WAB-R change and assessed cost-effectiveness of treatment by aphasia type. Results Thirteen out of 18 participants experienced significant improvement in WAB-R AQ following telerehabilitation delivered therapy. Compared to anomic aphasia (reference group), those with conduction aphasia had relatively similar levels of improvement whereas those with Broca’s aphasia had smaller improvement. Those with global aphasia had the largest improvement. Each one-point of improvement cost between US$89 and US$864 for those who improved (mean = US$200) depending on aphasia type/severity. Discussion Individuals with severe aphasia may have the greatest gains per unit cost from treatment. Both improvement magnitude and the cost per unit of improvement were driven by aphasia type, severity and race. Economies of scale to aphasia treatment–cost may be minimized by treating a variety of types of aphasia at various levels of severity.

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Abstract P672: Black White Disparity in Multiple Risk Factors is Increased in Older Young Adults

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.p672 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Prachi Mehndiratta ◽

Kathleen Ryan ◽

Adeolu Morawo ◽

Seemant Chaturvedi ◽

Carolyn A Cronin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Young Adults ◽

Stroke Risk ◽

Reference Group ◽

Population Based ◽

Multiple Risk Factors ◽

Stroke In Young Adults ◽

Multiple Risk ◽

The Relationship ◽

Control Study

Background: Stroke in young adults constitutes 15-18% of all ischemic strokes. Vascular risk factors contribute to stroke risk in young adults particularly older young adults. Few studies have addressed Black White differences in risk, stratified by age. We evaluated the prevalence of risk factors in the younger young (less than 40 years) vs. the older young adults (40 and above). Methods: A population based case control study with 1034 cases and 1091 controls, ages 15-49 was used to investigate the relationship between risk factors (DM, HTN, Smoking and Obesity) and stroke. Groups were defined by the number of risk factors (RF) among cases and controls : no risk factors (ref group), one RF, two RF, three RF and four RF. Prevalence of risk factors was determined in the entire population and stratified by age, sex and race. Logistic regression was used to determine odds of stroke based on the number of risk factors compared to the reference group. Results: The percent of cases with three or more risk factors was compared in different subgroups: ages 15-39 vs. 40-49 was 8.4 vs. 21.6, women vs. men was 15.6 vs. 18.6 and White vs. Black was 12.3 vs. 22.7. Among cases 40 years and older, Blacks were 3 times more likely than Whites (5.9 vs. 2) to have four or more risk factors.Across all age, race and sex subgroups, the odds of having a stroke increased exponentially with an increase in the number of risk factors. Conclusion: Blacks are more likely to have multiple risk factors than Whites. This difference is accentuated in those 40 years and older. Targeting young adults with multiple risk factors for preventive interventions would address a root case of excess stroke risk especially among Blacks.

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Body composition and lung function in adults with Cystic Fibrosis

Anthropological Review ◽

10.2478/anre-2020-0021 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 83 (3) ◽

pp. 239-250

Author(s):

Aleksandra John ◽

Joanna Goździk-Spychalska ◽

Magdalena Durda-Masny ◽

Wojciech Czaiński ◽

Marta Gębala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Lung Function ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Reference Group ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Impedance Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Body Components ◽

Group 2 ◽

The Relationship

AbstractThe study aimed to assess: (1) differences in nutritional status and lung function between CF patients and the control group; (2) differences in body composition and lung function between groups of patients with CF designated by type of mutation; (3) the relationship between lung function and body composition in CF patients.We studied 37 CF patients aged 19 to 51 years, and 41 healthy non-CF volunteers. Nutritional status was evaluated based on the BMI and the bioelectrical impedance analysis. The lung function was described by FEV1%. CF patients were classified according to the CFTR genotype based on five classes of mutations. BMI were lower in CF patients compared to reference group (women: Z = 3.76, p <0.001, men: Z = 3.06, p = 0.002). CF patients had a lower mean content of particular body components, as well as FEV1% values. BMI differed significantly depending on the type of mutation in females (H = 10.33, p = 0.006) and males (H = 8.26, p = 0.016). The lowest values of BMI were observed in the group of patients with severe types of mutations. Also, variables describing body composition were statistically significantly lower in patients with a severe type of mutations. The CFTR gene mutation type statistically significantly differentiated FEV1% (H = 23.22, p <0.000). The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that the likelihood of dropping FEV1% below the norm was twice as high in undernourished females and males. To assess the nutritional status of CF patients, more informative methods describing the proportions of body components are required.

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Abstract 264: The Association of Chest Compression Fraction and Clinical Outcomes from Shockable Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest During the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Primed Trial

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.130.suppl_2.264 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Sheldon Cheskes ◽

Robert H Schmicker ◽

Tom Rea ◽

Judy Powell ◽

Ian R Drennan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Arrest ◽

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Chest Compression ◽

Reference Group ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Process Data ◽

Shockable Rhythm ◽

The Relationship ◽

Neurologically Intact ◽

Hospital Cardiac Arrest

INTRODUCTION: The role of chest compression fraction (CCF) in resuscitation of shockable out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is uncertain. We evaluated the relationship between CCF and clinical outcomes in a secondary analysis of the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) PRIMED trial. METHODS: We included OHCA patients from the ROC PRIMED trial who suffered cardiac arrest prior to EMS arrival, presented with a shockable rhythm, and had cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) process data for at least one shock. We used multivariable logistic regression adjusting for Utstein variables, CPR metrics of compression rate and perishock pause, and ROC site to determine the relationship between CCF and survival to hospital discharge, return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and neurologically intact survival defined with Modified Rankin Score (MRS) ≤ 3. Due to potential confounding between CCF and cases that achieved early ROSC, we also performed an analysis restricted to patients without ROSC in the first 10 minutes of EMS resuscitation. RESULTS: Among the 2,558 eligible patients, median (IQR) age was 65 (54, 76) years, 76.9% were male, and mean (SD) CCF was 0.70 (0.15). Compared to the reference group (CCF < 0.60), the odds ratio (OR) for survival was 0.57 (95%CI: 0.42, 0.78) for CCF 0.60-0.79 and 0.32 (95%CI: 0.22, 0.48) for CCF ≥0.80. Results were similar for outcomes of ROSC and neurologically intact survival. Conversely, when restricted to the cohort who did not achieve ROSC during the first 10 minutes (n=1,660), the relationship between CCF and survival was no longer significant. Compared to the reference group (CCF < 0.60), the OR for survival was 0.85 (95 %CI: 0.58, 1.26) for CCF 0.60-0.79 and OR 0.87 (95%CI: 0.58, 1.36) for CCF ≥0.80. CONCLUSIONS: In this observational cohort study of OHCA patients presenting in a shockable rhythm, CCF when adjusted for Utstein predictors, CPR metrics and ROC site was paradoxically associated with lower odds of survival. The relationship between CCF and clinical outcomes was null in a sensitivity analysis restricted to patients without ROSC in the first 10 minutes. CCF is a complex measure and taken by itself may not be a consistent predictor of clinical outcome.

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Cohort profile: internal migration in sub-Saharan Africa—The Migration and Health in Malawi (MHM) study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014799 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. e014799 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Philip Anglewicz ◽

Mark VanLandingham ◽

Lucinda Manda-Taylor ◽

Hans-Peter Kohler

Keyword(s):

Health Outcomes ◽

Reference Group ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Extensive Information ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

The Relationship ◽

Mental And Physical Health ◽

Use Of Health Services ◽

Migration And Health ◽

Selection Of

PurposeThe Migration and Health in Malawi (MHM) study focuses on a key challenge in migration research: although it has long been established that migration and health are closely linked, identifying the effect of migration on various health outcomes is complicated by methodological challenges. The MHM study uses a longitudinal panel premigration and postmigration study design (with a non-migrant comparison group) to measure and/or control for important characteristics that affect both migration and health outcomes.ParticipantsData are available for two waves. The MHM interviewed 398 of 715 migrants in 2007 (55.7%) and 722 of 1013 in 2013 (71.3%); as well as 604 of 751 (80.4%) for a non-migrant reference group in 2013. The total interviewed sample size for the MHM in both waves is 1809. These data include extensive information on lifetime migration, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, sexual behaviours, marriage, household/family structure, social networks and social capital, HIV/AIDS biomarkers and other dimensions of health.Findings to dateOur result for the relationship between migration and health differs by health measure and analytic approach. Migrants in Malawi have a significantly higher HIV prevalence than non-migrants, which is primarily due to the selection of HIV-positive individuals into migration. We find evidence for health selection; physically healthier men and women are more likely to move, partly because migration selects younger individuals. However, we do not find differences in physical or mental health between migrants and non-migrants after moving.Future plansWe are preparing a third round of data collection for these (and any new) migrants, which will take place in 2018. This cohort will be used to examine the effect of migration on various health measures and behaviours, including general mental and physical health, smoking and alcohol use, access to and use of health services and use of antiretroviral therapy.

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Influences of Reference Group on Users’ Purchase Intentions in Network Communities: From the Perspective of Trial Purchase and Upgrade Purchase

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su122410619 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 10619

Author(s):

Shuiping Ding ◽

Jie Lin ◽

Zhenyu Zhang

Keyword(s):

Product Information ◽

Reference Group ◽

Purchase Intentions ◽

Online Marketing ◽

Significant Positive Effect ◽

Normative Influence ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Network Communities ◽

The Relationship ◽

Positive Effect

Reference group is an important factor influencing users’ purchase in the network communities. The reference group’s influences involve informative influence and normative influence, and users’ purchases are divided into the trial purchase and upgrade purchase. In different purchases, users have different product information, consumer experience, and purchase attitudes, making different responses to the reference group. Thus, a research model of reference groups’ influences on users’ purchase intentions from the perspective of trial purchase and upgrade purchase is constructed. The model and hypotheses are tested by analyzing 349 valid questionnaires. The results indicate that both informative and normative influences have significant positive effects on users’ trial purchase intentions. Informative influence has a significant positive effect on users’ upgrade intentions, while the normative influence on users’ upgrade purchase intentions is not significant. Both informative influence and normative influence have significant positive effects on trust in the product. Trust in the product has a significant positive effect on trial purchase intentions, but its effect on upgrade purchase intentions is not significant. Purchase involvement positively regulates the relationship between informative influence and trial purchase intentions and negatively regulates the relationship between informative influence and upgrade purchase intentions. The results further enrich the theoretical system of users’ purchase behaviors in a virtual environment. The research can also have important implications for network communities wishing to improve online marketing.

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O38 The relationship between obesity and outcomes in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica

Rheumatology ◽

10.1093/rheumatology/keaa110.037 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 59 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

Ian C Scott ◽

Ram Bajpai ◽

Samantha L Hider ◽

Toby Helliwell ◽

Sara Muller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Polymyalgia Rheumatica ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Reference Group ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Management Support ◽

Underweight Patients ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background Obesity predisposes to a pro-inflammatory state. Studies have reported worse clinical outcomes in patients with inflammatory arthritis who are obese. The relationship between obesity and outcomes in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), another common inflammatory rheumatic condition, has not been assessed. We examined this in a cohort study of primary care-recruited patients with PMR. Methods The PMR Cohort Study is an inception cohort of patients with incident PMR, recruited from 382 general practices. Self-completed questionnaires at 0, 12, and 24-months captured: (a) PMR-related pain (0-10 numeric rating scale [NRS]); (b) PMR-related stiffness (0-10 NRS); (c) anxiety (GAD7); (d) depression (PHQ8); (e) fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue); (f) function (mHAQ); (g) quality of life (EQ-5D-3L). Height was self-reported at baseline, and weight at baseline, 12 and 24 months. Patients were categorised as underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2); normal weight (18.50-24.99 kg/m2); overweight (25-29.99 kg/m2); or obese (≥30 kg/m2). Piecewise, multivariable, multilevel, linear mixed-effects regression models examined relationships between BMI categories and outcomes over time, using restricted cubic spline functions. Adjustments were made for age, sex, prednisolone-use, smoking, and alcohol. Due to few underweight patients (three at 0 months; one at 12/24 months), underweight and normal weight patients were combined, as a single reference group. Results 652 patients were included (62% female). At baseline, mean age was 72 years, median BMI 26.6 (IQR 24.0-30.2), 34% were normal/under-weight, 40% overweight, and 26% obese. Compared to normal/underweight patients, obese patients had the following significantly poorer outcomes (P<0.05): higher pain scores at 12-months; higher stiffness scores at 12 and 24 months; higher depression levels at 12 and 24 months; worse fatigue at 0, 12 and 24 months; worse function at 12 and 24 months; worse quality of life at 0, and 12 months. BMI changed little over 24 months (25.7% and 25.9% obese at 0 and 24-months, respectively). Conclusion Obesity is associated with poorer outcomes in patients with PMR. Consideration should be given to providing weight management support to patients with PMR and obesity. Further research should examine the impacts of weight-based steroid dosing on outcomes. Disclosures I.C. Scott None. R. Bajpai None. S.L. Hider None. T. Helliwell None. S. Muller None. C.D. Mallen None.

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Effects of Problem-Oriented Willed-Movement Therapy on Motor Abilities for People With Poststroke Cognitive Deficits

Physical Therapy ◽

10.1093/ptj/85.10.1020 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 85 (10) ◽

pp. 1020-1033 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Qing Ping Tang ◽

Qi Dong Yang ◽

Ying Hua Wu ◽

Gai Qing Wang ◽

Zhi Ling Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Lower Extremity ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Reference Group ◽

Block Design ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Motor Ability ◽

Motor Abilities ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background and Purpose. Cognitive deficits after stroke are common and interfere with recovery. One purpose of this study was to determine whether the motor abilities of subjects who have poststroke cognitive deficits and who have received problem-oriented willed-movement (POWM) therapy will improve more than the motor abilities of subjects in the reference group who have received neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT). Another purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between cognitive function and motor abilities for both groups. Subjects. The subjects recruited for this study were 36 men and 11 women with various degrees of poststroke cognitive deficits. Methods. A randomized block design was used to assign the subjects to 2 groups. Cognitive function and motor ability were evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (STREAM). Both groups received physical therapy 5 or 6 times per week in 50-minute sessions. Results. The STREAM scores improved after treatment in both groups. Main group effects were found for the lower-extremity (F=4.58, P<.05) and basic mobility (F=27.49, P<.01) subscales of the STREAM. Pretest cognitive function showed a positive relationship with posttest motor ability in the NDT group (r=.446, P<.05). However, the relationship between pretest cognitive function and posttest motor ability had no statistical significance in the POWM group (r=.101, P=.630). Discussion and Conclusion. These findings suggest that, regardless of a person's cognitive function, POWM intervention is effective in improving lower-extremity and basic mobilities and indicates the need to use relatively intact cognitive function or perceptual function, or both, to improve motor rehabilitation for people with cognitive function deficits.

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The Relationship between Liver Function Tests and Alcohol Intake in Patients Admitted to an Alcoholism Unit

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1177/000456328402100406 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 261-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J R Evans ◽

S Ogston ◽

Anne Guthrie ◽

B Johnston ◽

L McKechnie

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Intake ◽

Reference Group ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Liver Function Tests ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Dose Response Relationship ◽

Social Drinkers ◽

Heavy Drinkers ◽

Glutamyl Transferase ◽

The Relationship

Values of various blood plasma tests have been determined in heavy drinkers admitted to an Alcoholism Unit and in a reference group of occasional social drinkers. These tests were total protein, albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), asparate amino transferase (AST) and amylase. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of GGT and AST as indices of alcohol intake in heavy drinkers entering an Alcoholism Unit. The data indicate that in the patients group intra-personal variance and analytical variances are relatively small compared with the between-person variance. The data also indicate, however, that in the patients group GGT and AST are not valid group indices of alcohol intake since the between-person variation is large and the correlation with alcohol intake is weak due to large differences in the dose-response relationship between individuals. AST and GGT are poor indicators of alcohol intake in admissions to an Alcoholism Unit.

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PENGARUH KELOMPOK REFERENSI DAN BUDAYA TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN MENJADI ANGGOTA SANGGAR TARI

Eqien: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis ◽

10.34308/eqien.v8i2.221 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Elvira Pradipta Sutiana ◽

Risha Fatikha Sari ◽

Ajat Sudrajat

Keyword(s):

Consumer Behaviour ◽

Reference Group ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Average Score ◽

Decision Making Process ◽

Purchasing Decisions ◽

Internal Factors ◽

A Value ◽

Column Number ◽

The Relationship

"The Influence of Reference Groups and Culture on the Decision to Become Members of the Dance Studio" under the guidance of Ajat Sudrajat, SE., MM. The consumer behaviour in making purchasing decisions can be influenced by three factors including internal factors, external factors, and the decision-making process. The study entitled "The Influence of Reference Group and Culture on the Decision to Become a Member of the Dance Studio aims to analyze the influence of X1 and X2 on Y" has a population of 329 people and a sample of 100 people. By using a quantitative approach and descriptive analysis, in the variable X1 the dimension of value expression obtained the highest average score with a percentage of 51.82%, in the X2 variable the highest was the view of 59.50%, in the variable Y the highest was personality at 25.57%. Whereas in the verification analysis, the relationship between X1 and X2 is 0.426 which means that the correlation is moderate. For 5% error the two-tailed test and df = n - 3 = 97 is 1.66071. Because the t statistic> from t table (4.328> 1.66071), Ho is rejected. The significant column number is 0.000 or the probability is far below 0.05. So it means that X1 and X2 partially have a significant effect on Y.From the ANOVA test or F test, it is found that the F count is 19.714 with a significant level indicating a value of 0.000 which means less than 5%, it can be concluded that X1 and X2 are Simultaneously affects Decision Y. Keywords : Reference Group, Culture, Purchasing Decision

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