X-Ray Observation of Gas Evolution, Flotation, and Emulsification of Molten Carbon Steel Immersed in Mold Flux

Carbon steel is a preferred construction material in many industrial and domestic applications, including oil and gas pipelines, where corrosion mitigation using film-forming corrosion inhibitor formulations is a widely accepted method. This review identifies surface analytical techniques that are considered suitable for analysis of thin films at metallic substrates, but are yet to be applied to analysis of carbon steel surfaces in corrosive media or treated with corrosion inhibitors. The reviewed methods include time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy methods, particle-induced X-ray emission, Rutherford backscatter spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission electron microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, small-angle neutron scattering and neutron reflectometry, and conversion electron Moessbauer spectrometry. Advantages and limitations of the analytical methods in thin-film surface investigations are discussed. Technical parameters of nominated analytical methods are provided to assist in the selection of suitable methods for analysis of metallic substrates deposited with surface films. The challenges associated with the applications of the emerging analytical methods in corrosion science are also addressed.

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Novel uses of SiO2 nanolubrication in end milling of medium carbon steel for higher compressive residual stress measured by high-energy X-ray diffraction data

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part J Journal of Engineering Tribology ◽

10.1177/1350650115611157 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 230 (6) ◽

pp. 697-708 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nik Masmiati NikPa ◽

Ahmed Aly Diaa Sarhan ◽

Mohsen Abdelnaeim Hassan ◽

Mohd Hamdi Abd Shukor

Keyword(s):

Residual Stress ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Diffraction Data ◽

Compressive Residual Stress ◽

End Milling ◽

High Energy ◽

Medium Carbon Steel ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Medium Carbon ◽

X Ray

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Effect of Hot Forging and Different Cooling Rates on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel Containing 0.8 and 1.2Al

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.174 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 622-623 ◽

pp. 174-178

Author(s):

Ahmed Ismail Zaky Farahat ◽

Mohamed Kamal Elfawkhry

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Mechanical Testing ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Induction Furnace ◽

Hot Forging ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Cooling Rates ◽

X Ray ◽

Sem Microstructure

Two alloys of steel containing nominally 0.45C-1.0Si-2.0Mn-0.8Al and 1.2Al were cast in open air induction furnace. Dilatation testing was carried out to recognize the effect on Aluminum on the different critically transformation temperatures. The alloys were hot forged at 1200°C and then subjected to different cooling rates. Mechanical testing was carried out at room temperature. Optical and SEM microstructure were observed. X-ray diffraction was conducted to observe the microstructure constituents.

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Surface modification of graphene-coated carbon steel using aromatic molecules for enhancing corrosion resistance; comparison between type of aryl substitution with different spatial situations

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials ◽

10.1108/acmm-06-2017-1808 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 249-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Zahra Shams Ghahfarokhi ◽

Mojtaba Bagherzadeh ◽

Ebrahim Ghiamati Yazdi ◽

Abbas Teimouri

Keyword(s):

Surface Modification ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Corrosion Protection ◽

Protection Efficiency ◽

Graphene Surface ◽

Content Type ◽

X Ray ◽

Aromatic Molecules ◽

Proposed Modification ◽

Coated Carbon

Purpose The purpose of this paper is study of the type of functional group and its situation on phenyl molecule, in increasing the corrosion protection of modified graphene layers by it. Corrosion protection efficiency of graphene was raised via modifying the surface of graphene-coated carbon steel (CS/G) by using aromatic molecules. Phenyl groups with three different substitutions including COOH, NO2 and CH3 grafted to graphene via diazonium salt formation route, by using carboxy phenyl, nitro phenyl and methyl phenyl diazonium salts in ortho, meta and para spatial situations. Design/methodology/approach Molecular bindings were characterized by using X-ray diffractometer, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/ energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) methods. Anti-corrosion performance of modified CS/G electrodes was evaluated by weight loss and electrochemical techniques, potentiodynamic polarization (Tafel) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution. Findings The obtained results confirmed covalently bonding of phenyl groups to the graphene surface. Also, the observed results showed that substitution spatial situations on phenyl groups can affect charge transfer resistance (Rct), corrosion potential (Ecorr), corrosion current density (jcorr) and the slope of the anodic and cathodic reaction (ßa,c), demonstrating that the proposed modification method can hinder the corrosion reactions. The proposed modification led to restoring the graphene surface defects and consequently increasing its corrosion protection efficiency. Originality/value The obtained results from electrochemical methods proved that protection efficiency was observed in order COOH < NO2 < CH3 and MPD in the para spatial situation and showed the maximum protection efficiency of 98.6 per cent in comparison to other substitutions. Finally, the ability of proposed graphene surface modification route was further proofed by using surface methods, i.e. SEM and EDXA, and contact angles measurements.

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Effect of CO2 Partial Pressure on the Corrosion Inhibition of N80 Carbon Steel by Gum Arabic in a CO2-Water Saline Environment for Shale Oil and Gas Industry

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13194245 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (19) ◽

pp. 4245

Author(s):

Gaetano Palumbo ◽

Kamila Kollbek ◽

Roma Wirecka ◽

Andrzej Bernasik ◽

Marcin Górny

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Partial Pressure ◽

Corrosion Inhibition ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Inhibition Efficiency ◽

Gum Arabic ◽

Saline Environment ◽

X Ray ◽

Co2 Partial Pressure ◽

Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency

The effect of CO2 partial pressure on the corrosion inhibition efficiency of gum arabic (GA) on the N80 carbon steel pipeline in a CO2-water saline environment was studied by using gravimetric and electrochemical measurements at different CO2 partial pressures (e.g., PCO2 = 1, 20 and 40 bar) and temperatures (e.g., 25 and 60 °C). The results showed that the inhibitor efficiency increased with an increase in inhibitor concentration and CO2 partial pressure. The corrosion inhibition efficiency was found to be 84.53% and 75.41% after 24 and 168 h of immersion at PCO2 = 40 bar, respectively. The surface was further evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The SEM-EDS and GIXRD measurements reveal that the surface of the metal was found to be strongly affected by the presence of the inhibitor and CO2 partial pressure. In the presence of GA, the protective layer on the metal surface becomes more compact with increasing the CO2 partial pressure. The XPS measurements provided direct evidence of the adsorption of GA molecules on the carbon steel surface and corroborated the gravimetric results.

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Influence of Iron Bacteria on the Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel: SEM Study

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v65.1328 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

Author(s):

E. Hamzah ◽

C. L. Khohr ◽

Ahmad Abdolahi ◽

Z. Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Cooling Water ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Iron Hydroxides ◽

Low Carbon ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Iron Bacteria ◽

Microbially Influenced Corrosion ◽

Sem Study

In this work, the iron bacteria were cultured and inoculated into the cooling water before immersion, and low carbon steel coupons were immersed for one month. Then, microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) of carbon steel in the presence of these bacteria was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and weight loss methods. SEM results showed that large amounts of corrosion products and heterogeneous biofilm layer were formed on the coupon surface. SEM also revealed the uniform-pitting corrosion on the steel surface due to bacteria colonization. XRD results show that the main constituents present in corrosion product are composed of iron oxides and iron hydroxides.

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Size Effect on Fatigue Strength of Machined Carbon Steel : X-Ray Detection of Fatigue Damage in Machine Parts

Bulletin of JSME ◽

10.1299/jsme1958.16.639 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 16 (94) ◽

pp. 639-646 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hisashi OHUCHIDA ◽

Akio NISHIOKA ◽

Masato NAGAO

Keyword(s):

Fatigue Strength ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Size Effect ◽

Fatigue Damage ◽

X Ray ◽

Machine Parts

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Mechanical and Tribological Characteristics of Cladded AISI 1045 Carbon Steel

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13040859 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 859

Author(s):

Ruslan Karimbaev ◽

Seimi Choi ◽

Young-Sik Pyun ◽

Auezhan Amanov

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Double Layers ◽

Tribological Characteristics ◽

X Ray ◽

Aisi 1045 ◽

American Society ◽

Mechanical And Tribological Characteristics

This study introduces a newly developed cladding device, through printing AISI 1045 carbon steel as single and double layers onto American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) H13 tool steel plate. In this study, the mechanical and tribological characteristics of single and double layers were experimentally investigated. Both layers were polished first and then subjected to ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) treatment to improve the mechanical and tribological characteristics. Surface roughness, surface hardness and depth profile measurements, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the polished and UNSM-treated layers were carried out. After tribological tests, the wear tracks of both layers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The surface roughness (Ra and Rz) of the single and double UNSM-treated layers was reduced 74.6% and 85.9% compared to those of both the as-received layers, respectively. In addition, the surface hardness of the single and double layers was dramatically increased, by approximately 23.6% and 23.4% after UNSM treatment, respectively. There was no significant reduction in friction coefficient of both the UNSM-treated layers, but the wear resistance of the single and double UNSM-treated layers was enhanced by approximately 9.4% and 19.3% compared to the single and double polished layers, respectively. It can be concluded that UNSM treatment was capable of improving the mechanical and tribological characteristics of both layers. The newly developed cladding device can be used as an alternative additive manufacturing (AM) method, but efforts and upgrades need to progress in order to increase the productivity of the device and also improve the quality of the layers.

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