scholarly journals Defense Sector Politics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collin Grimes
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Coalition Building ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Industrial Firms ◽  
Bureaucratic Institutions ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Military

AbstractOwnership and control of defense industrial firms affords the military power, autonomy, and a claim to economic rents. Why do some countries succeed at shifting some or all such firms from military to civilian ownership and control, while others do not? I argue that differing configurations of relative civilian and military coalitional and institutional strength contribute to outcomes. Civilian and military must find party and executive-branch allies who can compete for them to craft or defeat legislation affecting their interests, but coalition building alone is insufficient. Actors must also cultivate executive bureaucratic institutions able to design and implement policies promoting their interests. How coalitions and institutions form, ossify, or fail to develop is assessed through a comparative study of Chile, Argentina (1983–1989), and Argentina (1989–1997).

The Military Industrial Firm, Economic Control, and Local Development

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Ettlinger ◽  
J R Crump
Keyword(s):  
Local Development ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
External Funding ◽  
Military Technology ◽  
Industrial Firms ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Military ◽  
Local Leaders

Most US military technology is produced by military industrial firms (MIFs). The federal government substantially funds these firms, and provides the principal MIFs with a steady flow of profitable contracts. Unlike civilian-oriented firms, MIFs virtually have guaranteed profits, and need not emphasize cost minimization as a survival strategy. Instead, MIF management strategy focuses on information gathering, lobbying efforts, and marshalling the MIF labor force in order to influence the contract awards process. The operation of MIFs depends upon a set of alliances within defense-dependent communities and among local leaders, MIF management, Congress, and the Pentagon. These relationships empower MIF management, ensure MIF longevity, and provide a community with employment and an economic base. Endogenous control, a commonly cited ingredient of local or regional development, may be achieved in defense-dependent communities, despite external funding. The power and control exercised by MIFs may not, however, represent a sufficient condition for ‘development’, given problems of inefficiency that tend to characterize these specialized firms.

scholarly journals Military and Political Influence on the Portfolio of Global Reserve Currencies

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
M. Y. Alekseev ◽  
P. A. Kolyandra ◽  
B. M. Cheskidov
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Reserve Currency ◽  
Financial Infrastructure ◽  
Security Guarantees ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Military

This paper analyses a new concept presented in the works of B. Eichengreen, A.J. Mehl, L. Chitu “Mars or Mercury? The Geopolitics of International Currency Choice”, according to which the state’s possession of nuclear weapons is linked to its possession of reserve currency. The paper aims to provide a detailed assessment of how gaining reserve currency status depends on the military and political potential of the state issuer. The research method is an analysis of the historical material and the current state of the issue under discussion. The study shows the relationship between the global military and political leadership and control over the global financial infrastructure, which increases its importance as a space for interstate conflicts. It has been proven that neither the presence of military power nor the ability and willingness to provide partners with security guarantees do not predetermine the acquisition of the reserve status by the national currency. This status is acquired as a result of control over global investment processes, in the implementation of which military power plays a significant, but not exclusive role. This power, as the potential for economic and financial dominance, is a derivative of the scale and level of development of the national economy, with a key factor in its deep involvement in international trade. From the point of view of practical forecasting of economic, military and political development, the authors conclude that in the foreseeable future, despite the strengthening of its military potential, the PRC will not be able and, most likely, will not try to obtain the status of the yuan as a reserve currency. The United States, in turn, will increasingly use its dominance in the capital market and control over the global financial infrastructure as a tool to maintain global leadership. Further study of the considered issues will significantly increase the efficiency of forecasting economic processes in relation to the military and political situation.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMMAND, MANAGEMENT, AND COMMUNICATIONS. TO CONTINUE IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS OR TO REMAIN IN SAME FIELD

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1887-1891
Author(s):  
Todor Kalinov
Keyword(s):  
Data Exchange ◽  
Content Management ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Power Comparison ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Military Alliances ◽  
Military Systems ◽  
Military Command ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Military

Management and Command253 are two different words and terms, but military structures use them as synonyms. Military commanders’ authorities are almost equal in meaning to civilian managers’ privileges and power. Comparison between military command and the civilian management system structure, organization, and way of work shows almost full identity and overlapping. The highest in scale and size military systems are national ministries of defense and multinational military alliances and coalitions. Military systems at this level combine military command structures with civilian political leadership and support elements. Therefore, they incorporate both military command and civilian management organizations without any complications, because their nature originated from same source and have similar framework and content. Management of organizations requires communication in order to plan, coordinate, lead, control, and conduct all routine or extraordinary activities. Immediate long-distance communications originated from telegraphy, which was firstly applied in 19th century. Later, long-distance communications included telephony, aerial transmitting, satellite, and last but not least internet data exchange. They allowed immediate exchange of letters, voice and images, bringing to new capabilities of the managers. Their sophisticated technical base brought to new area of the military command and civilian management structures. These area covered technical and operational parts of communications, and created engineer sub-field of science, that has become one of the most popular educations, worldwide. Communications were excluded from the military command and moved to separate field, named Computers and Communications. A historic overview and analysis of the command and management structures and requirements shows their relationships, common origin, and mission. They have significant differences: management and control are based on humanities, natural and social sciences, while communications are mainly based on engineering and technology. These differences do not create enough conditions for defragmentation of communications from the management structures. They exist together in symbiosis and management structures need communications in order to exist and multiply their effectiveness and efficiency. Future defragmentation between military command and communications will bring risks of worse coordination, need for more human resources, and worse end states. These risks are extremely negative for nations and should be avoided by wide appliance of the education and science among nowadays and future leaders, managers, and commanders.

scholarly journals Drone Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Review

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 999
Author(s):  
Ahmad Taher Azar ◽  
Anis Koubaa ◽  
Nada Ali Mohamed ◽  
Habiba A. Ibrahim ◽  
Zahra Fathy Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Environment Monitoring ◽  
Simulated Environments ◽  
Infrastructure Inspection ◽  
Remote Sensing Mapping ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Military ◽  
Uav Navigation

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly being used in many challenging and diversified applications. These applications belong to the civilian and the military fields. To name a few; infrastructure inspection, traffic patrolling, remote sensing, mapping, surveillance, rescuing humans and animals, environment monitoring, and Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) operations. However, the use of UAVs in these applications needs a substantial level of autonomy. In other words, UAVs should have the ability to accomplish planned missions in unexpected situations without requiring human intervention. To ensure this level of autonomy, many artificial intelligence algorithms were designed. These algorithms targeted the guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) of UAVs. In this paper, we described the state of the art of one subset of these algorithms: the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) techniques. We made a detailed description of them, and we deduced the current limitations in this area. We noted that most of these DRL methods were designed to ensure stable and smooth UAV navigation by training computer-simulated environments. We realized that further research efforts are needed to address the challenges that restrain their deployment in real-life scenarios.

Overview of Path-Planning and Obstacle Avoidance Algorithms for UAVs: A Comparative Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 95-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Radmanesh ◽  
Manish Kumar ◽  
Paul H. Guentert ◽  
Mohammad Sarim
Keyword(s):  
Path Planning ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Sense And Avoid ◽  
Planning Algorithms ◽  
And Control ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Further Development

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have recently attracted the attention of researchers due to their numerous potential civilian applications. However, current robot navigation technologies need further development for efficient application to various scenarios. One key issue is the “Sense and Avoid” capability, currently of immense interest to researchers. Such a capability is required for safe operation of UAVs in civilian domain. For autonomous decision making and control of UAVs, several path-planning and navigation algorithms have been proposed. This is a challenging task to be carried out in a 3D environment, especially while accounting for sensor noise, uncertainties in operating conditions, and real-time applicability. Heuristic and non-heuristic or exact techniques are the two solution methodologies that categorize path-planning algorithms. The aim of this paper is to carry out a comprehensive and comparative study of existing UAV path-planning algorithms for both methods. Three different obstacle scenarios test the performance of each algorithm. We have compared the computational time and solution optimality, and tested each algorithm with variations in the availability of global and local obstacle information.

COVID-19 IN KERALA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMPARTMENTAL MODELS AND SOCIAL NETWORK-BASED ANALYSIS AND THE CURRENT PERFORMANCE OF THE STATE

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 2549-2559
Author(s):  
K.R. Kumar ◽  
E.N. Satheesh ◽  
V.R. Pravitha
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Compartmental Models ◽  
The State ◽  
Southern State ◽  
Prediction And Control ◽  
Kerala State ◽  
Control And Management ◽  
And Control

Kerala, a southern state of India, has shown better performance in the initial months of the spread of the disease. But in the last few months, the spread of the disease in the state has grown breaking all controls and the control and management system has shown very poor performance. Mathematical modeling of the spread of the disease is effectively is being used in the prediction and control of the disease world over. In this paper, we make a comparative study of the research conducted on this subject based on the compartmental models and social network analysis based models giving special emphasis to Kerala state. We also point out the drawbacks of the current studies in comparison with the intensity of the actual spread of disease.

The Special Corps of Railway Troops’ command and control staff training in the Moscow Military Railway School (1932–1941)

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-199
Author(s):  
Denis S. Lapay
Keyword(s):  
Staff Training ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
School Activities ◽  
Red Army ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Military ◽  
And Training

The study is devoted to the Moscow Military Railway School activities in the command and control staff qualifying for the Special Corps of Railway Troops during its existence from 1932 to 1941. The relevance of the research is due to the lack of the issues of construction and training studies of the Special Railway Corps military personnel and the little studied aspects of command and control staff training in the Moscow Military Railway School during the period of Russian historiography. Factor analysis of justification of Railway School foundation historical necessity is carried out. We reveal the main activities of the military authorities, management and teaching staff of the school to train specialists for the Railway troops of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army. The experience of deploying the material and training base of the military school within a limited time frame is analyzed. The specificities of the school’s variable staffing system are also noted. The background for the school establishment discontinuing is analyzed, and the conclusion is drawn that this reorganization in March 1941 on the eve of the Great Patriotic War is unjustified, as well as the need to restore historical memory of the school.

scholarly journals The Military Coups in Shadow of Democratization (A Comparative Study of Turkey and Mauritania)

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
EkramBadr El-din ◽  
Mohamed Dit Dah Ould Cheikh
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Democratic Transition ◽  
Political Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Military Establishment ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
The Military

The current study tries to examine the military coups that have occurred in Turkey and Mauritania. These coups differ from the other coups that occurred in the surrounding countries in the phase of democratization as these coups served as a hindrance to the process of democratization in Turkey and Mauritania. The problem of the study revolves around the analysis of the coups that happened in Turkey and Mauritania in the phase of democratic transition. The research is designed to answer the following question: what are the reasons that prompted the military establishment to intervene in political life in the shadow of the process of democratization in Turkey and Mauritania? The study aims at understanding reasons that pushed the military establishment to intervene in the political life. To discuss this phenomenon and achieve the required results, the analytical descriptive approach is adopted for concluding key results that may contribute to understand reasons that pushed the military establishment to intervene in the political life in Turkey and Mauritania in the aftermath democratization occurred in the two countries. The study concluded that the military establishment in both countries engaged in the political action and became ready to militarily intervene in the case of harming its interests and acquisitions. 

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HYPOGLYCEMIC SHOCK TREATMENT AND CONTROL OBSERVATION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

1939 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. NOTKIN ◽  
C. E. NILES ◽  
F. J. DENATALE ◽  
G. WITTMAN
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Shock Treatment ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Roman Iron Slags Discovered in the Roman Auxiliary Fort and Settlement of Călugăreni

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enikő Bitay ◽  
Irén Kacsó ◽  
Szilamér Péter Pánczél ◽  
Erzsébet Veress
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Iron Slag ◽  
Eastern Border ◽  
The Military ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

Abstract Iron slag samples unearthed at the eastern border of Roman Dacia, in the auxiliary fort and the military settlement of Călugăreni (Mikháza) are investigated by macroscopic inspection, optical microscopy (OM) and FTIR spectroscopy in order to comparatively characterize their macro- and microstructure as well as their mineralogical composition. During the recent archaeological excavations, a large number of iron artefacts were discovered together with a great quantity of iron slag fragments. The present paper focuses on the data obtained from 17 slag samples.

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