The IWC moratorium on commercial whaling was not a value judgment and was not intended as a permanent prohibition

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joji Morishita ◽  
Dan Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Value Judgment ◽  
A Value ◽  
Commercial Whaling

scholarly journals An Introduction to Economic Evaluation: What's in a Name?

2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S Hoch ◽  
Carolyn S Dewa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Economic Study ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
A Value ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Evaluation Techniques

Objective: This paper describes the main types of economic evaluation techniques. Method: To examine the strengths and limitations of different types of economic evaluations, we used a hypothetical example to review the reasoning underlying each method and to illustrate when it is appropriate to use each method. Results: The choice of economic evaluation method reflects a decision about what should represent “success” and how success should be valued. Measures of benefit and cost must be considered systematically and simultaneously. Claiming that a new treatment is cost-effective requires making a value judgment based on the personal beliefs of the claimant. Even when cost and effect data are objective, a verdict of cost-effective is subjective. The conclusions of an economic study can change significantly, depending on which patient outcome is used to measure success. Conclusions: Clinicians must be sure that important patient outcomes are not excluded from economic evaluations. Economic evaluation is a process designed to produce an estimate rather than a decision. New treatment can be more costly and still be cost-effective (if the extra benefit is valued more than the extra cost to produce it). However, since economic evaluation does not explicitly consider a decision maker's available budget, a new treatment can be deemed cost-effective but too expensive to approve.

Host defense in malnutrition

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 490-495
Author(s):  
Michael Katz ◽  
E. Richard Stiehm
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Major Surgery ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
A Value ◽  
Important Health

It has not been possible to relate a particular immune failure or deficiency to absence of a specific nutrient. All of these studies have viewed the totality of malnutrition and, yet, it would seem reasonable to expect that specific nutrient deficiencies would affect the response differently and that the almost infinite number of possible interactions among nutrients may have their particular effect. Furthermore, it has not been possible to evaluate any of these studies in terms of the influences that infections themselves have brought to bear. These considerations have led us to conclude that studies of man cannot be carried out with a precision required for the definitive answers. This is not a defeatist notion, but rather a value judgment that prompts us to recommend a more intensive series of investigations in animal model systems, the conclusions of which could then be applied selectively to clinical studies of man. The important question that must be considered is possible nutritional interventions in severely infected patients, such as those undergoing major surgery or immunosuppressive therapy. Potential dangers of using live attenuated viral vaccines in malnourished populations must be evaluated. It is necessary to assess the possibility that such vaccine viruses unchecked by normal immune response in malnourished individuals may lead to the establishment of states of latency and, ultimately, slow infections. The need for further studies has been given recognition by a workshop conference held in May 1975 under the title "Malnutrition and the Immune Response"; the proceedings are soon to be published in book form.57 The question of the influences of infection upon the state of nutrition has also been considered in a recent workshop, the proceedings of which will also be published.58 We believe that the current critical approach to this important health problem will generate answers long wanting. When these answers do become available, they will guide us into better care not only of the malnourished in the developing world, but also of those in the industrialized countries.

RESEARCH METHODS FOR STUDYING EVALUATION: ACADEMIC DISCOURSE PERSPECTIVE

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
А.А. Водяницкая
Keyword(s):  
Academic Discourse ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
A Value ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Relationship Of

Постановка задачи. Работа посвящена изучению традиционных подходов к исследованию оценочных значений и инновационных методов их изучения. Задача исследования заключается в анализе методов изучения оценки, которые можно было бы применить при выявлении оценочной специфики академического дискурса. Результаты. Как показало исследование, оценочные значения, оценка привлекают внимание исследователей различных областей знания, различных дискурсов. По-прежнему открыт вопрос разграничения эмоции, экспрессии и оценки. Тесная связь оценки с ценностями индивида, выносящего оценочное суждение, предполагает возможность ее изучения с позиций аксиологии, тогда как взаимосвязь с психологией позволяет подходить к оценке с точки зрения психологии (например, оценочные стили). Выводы. Комбинация традиционных и инновационных методов позволит выявить онтологические свойства оценки в академическом дискурсе. Речь идет о вербализованных оценочных суждениях, выносимых различными участниками академического дискурса. Вопросы оценочной категоризации, разграничение эмоции и оценки, оценочных стилей участников академического дискурса, привлечение корпуса текстов как источника материала и как инструмента познания представляются релевантными аспектами при изучении оценочной составляющей академического дискурса. Вместе с тем не все методы исследования оценки можно одинаково успешно использовать при изучении оценочной составляющей академического дискурса. Например, метод триады, предложенный Ж. Мартином, который на данном этапе исследован применительно к изучению устного академического дискурса в его специфическом проявлении - в драматическом тексте. Как представляется, данный метод требует более детальной разработки применительно к нехудожественной, повседневной, речи академического дискурса. Problem statement. The paper focuses on the study of traditional approaches evaluations and innovative methods of their study. The objective of the research. is to analyze the methods of studying evaluation that could be applied in identifying the evaluative specifics of academic discourse. Results. The research has revealed that evaluative meanings attract the attention of researchers in various fields of knowledge, various discourses. The question of differentiating emotion, expressive language means and evaluation is still open. The close relationship of assessment with the values of the individual making a value judgment suggests the possibility of studying it from the standpoint of axiology, while the relationship with psychology allows one to approach assessment from the point of view of psychology (for example, evaluative styles). Conclusion. The combination of traditional and innovative methods will reveal the ontological properties of assessment in academic discourse. We are talking about verbalized value judgments made by various participants in academic discourse. Issues of evaluative categorization, differentiation of emotion and evaluation, evaluative styles of participants in academic discourse, corpus-based analysis seem to be relevant aspects in the study of the evaluative component of academic discourse.

Values, Evidence, and Mastery Learning

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorin W. Anderson ◽  
Robert B. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Mastery Learning ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mind

The decision about learning and learners [is a decision] about an ideal, about how we [conceive] what a learner should be in order to assure that a society of a particular valued kind could be safeguarded. … At the heart of the decision process there must be a value judgment about how the mind should be cultivated and to what end. ( Bruner, 1985 , p. 5)

scholarly journals Konsep Pendistribusian Kekayaan Menurut Al-Quran

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Taufik Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
A Value ◽  
The People ◽  
Human Economic Activity ◽  
Structural Poverty ◽  
The Impact

Wealth according to the Qur'an: Distribution of current income is a very important thing. If the income distribution is not appropriate to do, then most of the income and resources would be controlled by the capitalist monopolies, resulting in many people remain in poverty despite the country having abundant resources. On these basic considerations can be affirmed that the welfare and prosperity of the people depend on the way how it should be equitable distribution system could be implemented. Islam as a source of value to combine economic development with the religious sector. The activities of distribution of goods and services and income, shall use a value judgment mechanistic determinism of Islam and not the other economic systems such as capitalism and socialism. Separation of positive and normative values lead to human economic activity economic destructive animal. The economic crisis that hit the Indonesian economy is the impact of the application of the system of political, legal, social system, education and the economy are not in accordance with value, impact on damage to ecosystems, forests, water pollution and the environment, and the process of structural poverty.

scholarly journals The Anthropology of Business Ethics: Worth Thinking about!

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghislaine Gallenga
Keyword(s):  
Business Ethics ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
A Value ◽  
Philosophical Background ◽  
Work Management

This article deals with epistemological thoughts about business ethics. My intention is to consider business ethics as a research subject in anthropology and not to judge the relevance of the morality or ethics: in other words, the integration of activities in a “common good” category. The article examines the philosophical ground of this notion and explores whether business ethics is related to this philosophical background. While, from an anthropological point of view, it is better to draw a value judgment from the notion of “business ethics” (applicability, truthfulness, intentionality, and so on), the argument presented here is that it is better to consider “business ethics” as a category of work management at the meeting point between theory and practice, and to observe in situ how this notion is used, articulated and circulated in the daily life of a workplace.

Radical Freedom

Philosophy ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 60 (231) ◽  
pp. 89-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd Reinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Hilary Putnam ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
A Value ◽  
Radical Freedom ◽  
The Church

Hilary Putnam has recently observed that the fact/value distinction has acquired a strength and pervasiveness in our culture that make it akin to an institution.1 I take it he meant an institution in the sense that Taboo is an institution in some cultures, not in the sense that the Church is an institution in ours. Invoking the distinction is a widespread conversational gambit in social life, not only in academic discussions. ‘That's a value judgment’ and ‘That's emotive’ are to be heard at dinner parties more often than ‘Pass the salt’.

Societal Perspectives about Earthquake Performance: The Fallacy of “Acceptable Risk”

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 725-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. May
Keyword(s):  
Performance Standards ◽  
Acceptable Risk ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Seismic Safety ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Earthquake Losses ◽  
A Value ◽  
Earthquake Performance ◽  
Technical Details ◽  
The One

Seismic safety is a matter of public welfare involving potential loss of life or injury, disruption of communities, and costs to governments for addressing earthquake losses and recovery. Societal perspectives are incorporated into minimum seismic performance standards for codes and other guidelines. Discussion of revisions to these often entails consideration of acceptable levels of risk from a societal perspective. However, there is a fundamental Catch-22 in addressing acceptable levels of risk. On the one hand, determining these is fundamentally a value judgment that presumably requires some form of collective decision making. On the other hand, knowledge of relevant risk considerations, technical details, and costs and benefits are important for establishing meaningful standards. The first consideration argues for public processes for establishing safety goals. The second argues for deference to technical experts. Finding the appropriate middle ground is a serious challenge. I argue that a recasting of the discussion of acceptable risk is important for advancing seismic safety.

The Imprint of Herder's Linguistic Theory on His Early Prose Style

PMLA ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 512-518
Author(s):  
Eric A. Blackall
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Aesthetic Judgment ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
A Value ◽  
Prose Style ◽  
Specific Description

Herder's whole attitude to language develops quite coherently out of one single remark. This is the description, early in the Fragmente, of primitive language as “sinnlich.” As a qualification this would hardly have ranked high amongst aesthetic criteria at the time. Indeed it is doubtful whether, when here first enunciated by Herder, it was meant to imply praise or even approval. Having just said: “Bei den Gegenständen fürs Auge muste die Geberdung noch sehr zu Hülfe kommen, um sich verständlich zu machen,” Herder goes on to say of this early stage of language “und ihr ganzes Wörterbuch war noch sinnlich.” The wording of this statement is significant. “Die Geberdung muste noch sehr zu Hülfe kommen … ihr ganzes Wörterbuch war noch sinnlich”—in these two noch's there is the suggestion of imperfection. This is not surprising. Adelung suggests that sinnlich, meaning “based on unclear perceptions” is opposed to vernünftig meaning “based on clear perception.” Sinnlich, for him, implied therefore a certain degree of imperfection. It has been suggested that Herder was merely echoing G. F. Meier's rendering of Baumgarten's term sensitivus meaning “pertaining to the faculties of sensation.” Poetry, according to Baumgarten, was “oratio perfecta sensitiva.” And this is how Herder's apparently neutral description turns almost imperceptibly into a value-judgment; for it soon becomes apparent that he considers poetry not only as the earliest, but as the highest form of literature. A historical statement has therefore turned into an aesthetic judgment. Perfection is rather an ambiguous quality. Of the progress of language towards perfection, Herder says: “desto vollkommener wird sie [language] zwar, aber desto mehr verliert die wahre Poesie” (i, 154). Sinnlichkeit connotes immediacy. Adelung admitted that it was “in dieser unmittelbaren Empfindung äusserer Gegenstände … gegründet.” It depends whether one considers this an advantage. Adelung did not. Herder did. “Die stärksten Machtwörter, die reichste Fruchtbarkeit, kühne Inversionen, einfache Partikeln, der klingendste Rhythmus, die stärkste Declamation—alles belebte sie [language], um ihr einen sinnlichen Nachdruck zu geben, um sie zur Poetischen zu erheben” (i, 157). Sinnlichkeit gives emphasis; it elevates language to poetry. Note the means which Herder enumerates. For this is the most specific description of his ideal in language which we are to get for some time.

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