Smectites: The key to the cost overruns in the construction of the third set of locks of the Panama Canal

The Panama Canal (PC) expansion will have an impact on trading patterns and the manner in which goods are transported around the world. Once the third set of locks at the Canal began their operation, it was clear that the way in which vessels transited the canal and their maximum dimensions were going to change. As such, the expanded Canal will undoubtedly mean that a new kind of vessel will come into existence. In terms of dimensions, these Neopanamax ships will be adapted to how the locks operate. However, this effect will not be the same across the full range of traffic. After the first transit on 26 June 2016, it was possible to obtain access to transit data for Neopanamax ships. A thorough statistical study of these new datasets would involve analysing how these new locks impact the vessel size and seaborne transport.

Download Full-text

The costs of functional gastrointestinal disorders and related signs and symptoms in infants: a systematic literature review and cost calculation for England

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015594 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. e015594 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

James Mahon ◽

Carlos Lifschitz ◽

Thomas Ludwig ◽

Nikhil Thapar ◽

Julie Glanville ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Systematic Literature Review ◽

Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Third Party ◽

Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽

Over The Counter ◽

Party Payer ◽

The Third ◽

The Cost

ObjectivesTo estimate the cost of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and related signs and symptoms in infants to the third party payer and to parents.Study designTo estimate the cost of illness (COI) of infant FGIDs, a two-stage process was applied: a systematic literature review and a COI calculation. As no pertinent papers were found in the systematic literature review, a ‘de novo’ analysis was performed. For the latter, the potential costs for the third party payer (the National Health Service (NHS) in England) and for parents/carers for the treatment of FGIDs in infants were calculated, by using publicly available data. In constructing the calculation, estimates and assumptions (where necessary) were chosen to provide a lower bound (minimum) of the potential overall cost. In doing so, the interpretation of the calculation is that the true COI can be no lower than that estimated.ResultsOur calculation estimated that the total costs of treating FGIDs in infants in England were at least £72.3 million per year in 2014/2015 of which £49.1 million was NHS expenditure on prescriptions, community care and hospital treatment. Parents incurred £23.2 million in costs through purchase of over the counter remedies.ConclusionsThe total cost presented here is likely to be a significant underestimate as only lower bound estimates were used where applicable, and for example, costs of alternative therapies, inpatient treatments or diagnostic tests, and time off work by parents could not be adequately estimated and were omitted from the calculation. The number and kind of prescribed products and products sold over the counter to treat FGIDs suggest that there are gaps between treatment guidelines, which emphasise parental reassurance and nutritional advice, and their implementation.

Download Full-text

PELATIHAN DAN SOSIALISASI SISTEM INFORMASI KEUANGAN PADA SEKOLAH ISLAM TERPADU PEKANBARU

Dinamisia Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ◽

10.31849/dinamisia.v2i2.1258 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 211-219

Author(s):

Wenni Syafitri ◽

Muhamad Sadar ◽

Eddisyah Putra Pane

Keyword(s):

Basic Education ◽

Reporting System ◽

Education Practice ◽

The Third ◽

Poor Students ◽

Cost Of Education ◽

Third Stage ◽

The Government ◽

Reporting Mechanism ◽

The Cost

SMP IT Madani as one of the schools that apply the concept of islamic in its education practice. SMPIT Madani is a school formed by amil zakat self-supporting institution ummah Riau by using theconcept of free school. SMP IT stands in 2011 with a total of 20 students. Over time, the currentnumber of junior Madani IT students amounted to 75 students. The average students who attendjunior high school IT is the students who come from poor families.SMP IT Madani has received School Operational Assistance (BOS) a few years back. The BOSprogram uses a different approach than Special Assistance for Students (BKM) ie BOS funds are notgiven to poor students but are provided to schools and managed by schools. The mechanism forcalculating BOS funds is based on the number of students in each school. So the goal of this BOScan be achieved is to free the cost of education for poor students or not able and can alleviate forother students so they can get 9 years basic education services.The obligations of schools receiving BOS programs should report the realization of the use of theprogram to the government. Currently schools are having difficulties to make reporting realizationof BOS program to government and foundation. Differences in reporting formats to foundations andgovernments make the school experience serious problems. If it does not sync between reportingbetween the government and the foundation will cause many other questions and problems. Wheninterviewed, the school is very eager for this matter to be resolved immediately.Based on the problems of the partners, it can be concluded the solution of the problem is a reportinginformation system synchronized to the government and the foundation. So that SMP IT Madani nolonger experience obstacles to the reporting of BOS program activities. As a result the name ofUnilak increasingly fragrant in the eyes of society, especially SMP IT Madani.Method of implementation of activities used is direct observation to the location of partners toperform the first phase, this stage includes data collection and data processing. When this stage takesplace, we will get an overview of the Information Technology environment, and the partner's needfor the BOS program reporting mechanism. After the first phase is done, it will be held the secondphase of socialization, this stage to do the sosiasisasi about the benefits of synchronizing BOSreporting to the government and the foundation. Then in the third stage, the authors do the designand implementation of BOS reporting system based on information obtained from the foundation.Finally, the training phase: Each partner school sends its representative two people, to attend trainingon the use of reporting system that can synchronize BOS and foundation reporting.

Download Full-text

A THEORY OF AGENCY LAW

University of Pittsburgh Law Review ◽

10.5195/lawreview.2011.164 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Paula J Dalley

Keyword(s):

Cost Benefit ◽

Modern World ◽

Unified Theory ◽

Internalization Theory ◽

Agency Relationship ◽

The Third ◽

The Law ◽

The Cost ◽

To Receive

Despite the ubiquity of agents in the modern world, agency law does not have a coherent explanation or unified theory. The Restatement (Third) of Agency updates and attempts to explain the law, but its explanations are limited in scope and at times unpersuasive. Like other contemporary commentary on agency law, the Third Restatement draws from contract and tort theory, an approach which ignores the unique features of agency law. Agency law enables principals to act through agents; it also ensures that principals using agents do not thereby escape liability or other consequences of their choices. This paper develops a theory to fit agency law. The "costbenefit internalization theory" is based on the simple premise that the principal, who has chosen to conduct her business through an agent, must bear the foreseeable consequences of that choice. Conversely, as the bearer of the risks, the principal is entitled to receive the benefits created by the agency relationship. The cost-benefit internalization theory explains and illuminates virtually all agency law doctrine.

Download Full-text

Behnke_Armbruster_Strobel - The needs of the many - Influence of personality on third-party judgments of utilitarian rule violations

10.31234/osf.io/b3hcv ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander Behnke ◽

Diana Armbruster ◽

Anja Strobel

Keyword(s):

Emotional Responses ◽

Minority Rights ◽

Third Party ◽

Online Study ◽

The Third ◽

Moral Decisions ◽

The Many ◽

Personality Features ◽

The Cost ◽

Sense Of Justice

Safeguarding the rights of minorities is crucial for just societies. However, there are conceivable situations were minority rights might seriously impede the rights of the majority. Favoring the minority in such cases constitutes a violation of utilitarian principles. To investigate the emotional, cognitive, and punitive responses of observers of such utilitarian rule transgressions, we conducted an online study with 1004 participants. Two moral scenarios (vaccine policy and epidemic) were rephrased in the third-party perspective. In both scenarios the protagonist opted against the utilitarian option which resulted in more fatalities in total, but avoided harm to a minority. The scenarios varied in whether the minority would have been harmed accidentally or deliberate. The majority of participants chose not to punish the scenarios’ protagonists at all. However, 30.5% judged that protecting the minority over the interests of the majority when only accidental harm would have occurred (vaccine policy) was worthy of punishment. In comparison, only 11.5% opted to punish a protagonist whose decision avoided deliberate harm to a minority at the cost of the majority (epidemic). Emotional responses and appropriateness ratings paralleled these results. Furthermore, complex personality × situation interactions revealed the influence of personality features, i.e., psychopathy, empathy, altruism, authoritarianism, need for cognition and faith in intuition, on participants’ responses. The results further underscore the need to consider the interaction of situational features and inter-individual differences in moral decisions and sense of justice.

Download Full-text

A Panel Data Study of the Effects of Economic Freedom, Regulatory Quality, and Taxation on the Growth Rate of Per Capita Real GDP

Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice ◽

10.1332/251569212x15664519360506 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 103-122

Author(s):

Richard J. Cebula ◽

Maggie Foley

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Economic Freedom ◽

Government Regulation ◽

The Third ◽

Real Gdp ◽

Regulatory Quality ◽

Gdp Growth Rate ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Cost

Abstract This study empirically investigates three hypotheses. The first is that higher levels of economic freedom in an economy promote a higher growth rate of economic activity and hence yield a higher growth rate of per capita real GDP in that economy. The second hypothesis is that higher quality government regulation leads to a more efficient economic system, in large part by interfering less with market functioning and in part by not adding unnecessarily to the cost of conducting business in the marketplace, and thereby leads to a higher per capita real GDP growth rate. The third hypothesis is that the higher the taxation level/burden relative to GDP in an economy, the lower the growth rate of private sector spending and hence the lower the growth rate of per capita real GDP in that economy. Using a panel dataset for OECD nations over the 2003 through 2006 period, fixed effects PLS estimations find compelling evidence in support of all three of these hypotheses.

Download Full-text

Ductile Iron Piping Systems Used in the Design and Construction of the Panama Canal Third Set of Locks Project

Pipelines 2016 ◽

10.1061/9780784479957.066 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Jeffrey E. Erwin ◽

Remigijus Aruna ◽

Gabriel E. Restrepo

Keyword(s):

Ductile Iron ◽

Panama Canal ◽

Piping Systems ◽

Set Of Locks ◽

Design And Construction

Download Full-text

Enterprise Inventory Management and Simulation

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.933.874 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 933 ◽

pp. 874-878

Author(s):

Yun Rui Wang

Keyword(s):

Computer Simulation ◽

Supply Chain ◽

Inventory Management ◽

Simulation Software ◽

Total Cost ◽

The Third ◽

Inventory Strategy ◽

One Year ◽

The Cost ◽

Operation Cost

Inventory is an important link in supply chain, according to characteristics and objectives of inventory control, the reasonable safety inventory, order point, the highest inventory and inventory strategy were determined based on historical sales data. Using Witness simulation software, the optimal strategy was selected from nine inventory strategies by running simulation model for one year. If goods shortage was allowing, the seventh schemes (72000,158100) was better ,the minimum total cost was 888158 yuan ; considering allowing a small amount of shortage, the cost of eighth schemes ( 82000,158100) was least of 1095167; the third scenarios (92000,138100) was selected if without shortage, and the minimum total cost was 1254909 yuan. This shows, the application of computer simulation to assist in the management of inventory is scientific and feasible, it can help enterprises to save the order and operation cost.

Download Full-text

Case Study on a Maintenance and Reliability Management Model Proposal

Optimum Decision Making in Asset Management - Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-0651-5.ch001 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 1-31

Author(s):

Carlos Parra ◽

Adolfo Crespo Márquez ◽

Vicente González-Prida ◽

Fredy A. Kristjanpoller ◽

Pablo Viveros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Asset Management ◽

Optimal Strategies ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Panama Canal ◽

Management Model ◽

Management Process ◽

Reliability Management ◽

Management Optimization ◽

Maintenance And Inspection ◽

Set Of Locks

The purpose of this chapter, is to provide a Maintenance and Reliability Management Model for the project: Design and Construction of the Third Set of Locks in the Panama Canal, with the approach of the process of asset management optimization. A practical vision of the maintenance and reliability management process and framework is presented with the idea of: Structuring the maintenance management process by grouping management activities within a series of so-called management building blocks; Structuring the framework grouping techniques that can be used to support decisions to be taken within each of these building block. This chapter presents not only a process but also the framework and techniques to manage and improve maintenance and reliability effectiveness and efficiency. This report will be used to assist different plant teams to elaborate the optimal strategies for maintenance and inspection for the assets, specified for the project: Third Set of Locks in the Panama Canal.

Download Full-text