Role of U.S. military research programs in the development of U.S.-licensed vaccines for naturally occurring infectious diseases

Extended defects and interfaces control many processes in rock-forming minerals, from chemical reactions to rock deformation. In many cases, it is not the average structure of a defect or interface that is most important, but rather the structure of defect terminations or offsets in an interface. One of the major thrusts of high-resolution electron microscopy in the earth sciences has been to identify the role of defect fine structures in reactions and to determine the structures of such features. This paper will review studies using HREM and image simulations to determine the structures of defects in silicate and oxide minerals and present several examples of the role of defects in mineral chemical reactions. In some cases, the geological occurrence can be used to constrain the diffusional properties of defects.The simplest reactions in minerals involve exsolution (precipitation) of one mineral from another with a similar crystal structure, and pyroxenes (single-chain silicates) provide a good example. Although conventional TEM studies have led to a basic understanding of this sort of phase separation in pyroxenes via spinodal decomposition or nucleation and growth, HREM has provided a much more detailed appreciation of the processes involved.

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The Role of the Bacteriologist in the Diagnosis and Control of Acnte Infectious Diseases

Medical Clinics of North America ◽

10.1016/s0025-7125(16)35340-8 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 1589-1603

Author(s):

Earle H. Spaulding

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

And Control

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Treatment of ebola and other infectious diseases: melatonin “goes viral”

Melatonin Research ◽

10.32794/mr11250047 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 43-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Russel J Reiter ◽

Qiang Ma ◽

Ramaswamy Sharma

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Hemorrhagic Shock ◽

Safety Profile ◽

Ebola Virus ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Attractive Potential ◽

Potential Treatment

This review summarizes published reports on the utility of melatonin as a treatment for virus-mediated diseases. Of special note are the data related to the role of melatonin in influencing Ebola virus disease. This infection and deadly condition has no effective treatment and the published works documenting the ability of melatonin to attenuate the severity of viral infections generally and Ebola infection specifically are considered. The capacity of melatonin to prevent one of the major complications of an Ebola infection, i.e., the hemorrhagic shock syndrome, which often contributes to the high mortality rate, is noteworthy. Considering the high safety profile of melatonin, the fact that it is easily produced, inexpensive and can be self-administered makes it an attractive potential treatment for Ebola virus pathology.

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Role of Flavonoids in Neurodegenerative Disorders with Special Emphasis on Tangeritin

CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871527318666190916141934 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 581-597 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ambreen Fatima ◽

Yasir Hasan Siddique

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Mechanism Of Action ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

Plant Polyphenols ◽

Promising Candidate ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

The Brain

Flavonoids are naturally occurring plant polyphenols found universally in all fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. They have emerged as a promising candidate in the formulation of treatment strategies for various neurodegenerative disorders. The use of flavonoid rich plant extracts and food in dietary supplementation have shown favourable outcomes. The present review describes the types, properties and metabolism of flavonoids. Neuroprotective role of various flavonoids and the possible mechanism of action in the brain against the neurodegeneration have been described in detail with special emphasis on the tangeritin.

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Monosodium Glutamate Toxicity and the Possible Protective Role of L–Carnitine

Science & Technology Journal ◽

10.22232/stj.2018.06.01.06 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 45-56

Author(s):

Lalrinzuali Sailo ◽

◽

Meesala Krishna Murthy ◽

Khandayataray Pratima ◽

Vikas Kumar Roy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Subjects ◽

Monosodium Glutamate ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Protective Role ◽

Glutamate Toxicity ◽

Common Salt ◽

Genotoxic Effects ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Flavour Enhancer

Monosodium glutamate is naturally available non-essential amino acids, which found in naturally occurring foods and used as flavour enhancer worldwide. Monosodium glutamate is believed to be linked with diverse health problems. The aim of the study was toxic effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and the protective role of L-carnitine, light on the available literature from last 25 years about diverse toxicity studies which had been carried out on animal and human models. Google scholar, NCBI, PUBMED, EMBASE, Wangfang databases, and Web of Science databases were used to retrieve the available studies. MSG was linked with deleterious effects particularly in animals including induction of obesity, diabetes, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic and genotoxic effects showed in Literature. Few reports revealed increased hunger, food intake, and obesity in human subjects due to MSG consumption. Hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, and genotoxic effects of monosodium glutamate on humans carried out very limitedly. High consumption of monosodium glutamate may be linked with harmful health effects showed in available literatures. So, it is recommended to use common salt instead of MSG. Furthermore, intensive research is required to explore monosodium glutamate–related molecular and metabolic mechanisms. L-carnitine can protect from Hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, renal impairment and genotoxic effects functionally, biochemically and histopathologically with a corresponding reduction of oxidative stress.

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How Artefacts Do Leadership: A Ventriloquial Analysis

Management Communication Quarterly ◽

10.1177/0893318921998078 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 089331892199807

Author(s):

Jonathan Clifton ◽

Fernando Fachin ◽

François Cooren

Keyword(s):

Organizational Communication ◽

Recent Work ◽

Distributed Leadership ◽

Network Theory ◽

Actor Network Theory ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Human Actors

To date there has been little work that uses fine-grained interactional analyses of the in situ doing of leadership to make visible the role of non-human as well as human actants in this process. Using transcripts of naturally-occurring interaction as data, this study seeks to show how leadership is co-achieved by artefacts as an in-situ accomplishment. To do this we situate this study within recent work on distributed leadership and argue that it is not only distributed across human actors, but also across networks that include both human and non-human actors. Taking a discursive approach to leadership, we draw on Actor Network Theory and adopt a ventriloquial approach to sociomateriality as inspired by the Montreal School of organizational communication. Findings indicate that artefacts “do” leadership when a hybrid presence is made relevant to the interaction and when this presence provides authoritative grounds for influencing others to achieve the group’s goals.

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Selenium and Dogs: A Systematic Review

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020418 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 418

Author(s):

Viola Zentrichová ◽

Alena Pechová ◽

Simona Kovaříková

Keyword(s):

Male Fertility ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Complex Data ◽

Selenium Status ◽

Dog Food ◽

Balanced Diet ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Correct Function ◽

Indirect Assay

The intent of this review is to summarize the knowledge about selenium and its function in a dog’s body. For this purpose, systematic literature search was conducted. For mammals, including dogs, a balanced diet and sufficient intake of selenium are important for correct function of metabolism. As for selenium poisoning, there are no naturally occurring cases known. Nowadays, we do not encounter clinical signs of its deficiency either, but it can be subclinical. For now, the most reliable method of assessing selenium status of a dog is measuring serum or plasma levels. Levels in full blood can be measured too, but there are no reference values. The use of glutathione peroxidase as an indirect assay is questionable in canines. Commercial dog food manufactures follow recommendations for minimal and maximal selenium levels and so dogs fed commercial diets should have balanced intake of selenium. For dogs fed home-made diets, complex data are missing. However, subclinical deficiency seems to affect, for example, male fertility or recovery from parasitical diseases. Very interesting is the role of selenium in prevention and treatment of cancer.

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Arsenic Removal by Advanced Electrocoagulation Processes: The Role of Oxidants Generated and Kinetic Modeling

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal10080928 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 928

Author(s):

Micah Flor V. Montefalcon ◽

Meliton R. Chiong ◽

Augustus C. Resurreccion ◽

Sergi Garcia-Segura ◽

Joey D. Ocon

Keyword(s):

Kinetic Modeling ◽

Arsenic Removal ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Electrochemical Treatment ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Iron Electrodes ◽

Removal Capacity ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Treatment Technologies

Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring element in the environment that poses significant risks to human health. Several treatment technologies have been successfully used in the treatment of As-contaminated waters. However, limited literature has explored advanced electrocoagulation (EC) processes for As removal. The present study evaluates the As removal performance of electrocoagulation, electrochemical peroxidation (ECP), and photo-assisted electrochemical peroxidation (PECP) technologies at circumneutral pH using electroactive iron electrodes. The influence of As speciation and the role of oxidants in As removal were investigated. We have identified the ECP process to be a promising alternative for the conventional EC with around 4-fold increase in arsenic removal capacity at a competitive cost of 0.0060 $/m3. Results also indicated that the rate of As(III) oxidation at the outset of electrochemical treatment dictates the extent of As removal. Both ECP and PECP processes reached greater than 96% As(III) conversion at 1 C/L and achieved 86% and 96% As removal at 5 C/L, respectively. Finally, the mechanism of As(III) oxidation was evaluated, and results showed that Fe(IV) is the intermediate oxidant generated in advanced EC processes, and the contribution of •OH brought by UV irradiation is insignificant.

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MicroRNAs: Biological Regulators in Pathogen–Host Interactions

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells9010113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 113 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Stephanie Maia Acuña ◽

Lucile Maria Floeter-Winter ◽

Sandra Marcia Muxel

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Small Rnas ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Fine Tuning ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Host Interactions ◽

The Past ◽

Biological Aspects

An inflammatory response is essential for combating invading pathogens. Several effector components, as well as immune cell populations, are involved in mounting an immune response, thereby destroying pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. In the past decade, microRNAs (miRNAs), a group of noncoding small RNAs, have emerged as functionally significant regulatory molecules with the significant capability of fine-tuning biological processes. The important role of miRNAs in inflammation and immune responses is highlighted by studies in which the regulation of miRNAs in the host was shown to be related to infectious diseases and associated with the eradication or susceptibility of the infection. Here, we review the biological aspects of microRNAs, focusing on their roles as regulators of gene expression during pathogen–host interactions and their implications in the immune response against Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Toxoplasma, and Plasmodium infectious diseases.

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