Personality and Prosocial Behavior: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuben Kline ◽  
Alexa Bankert ◽  
Lindsey Levitan ◽  
Patrick Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Simultaneous Estimation ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Multilevel Structure ◽  
Prosocial Tendencies ◽  
The Relationship

We investigate the effect of personality on prosocial behavior in a Bayesian multilevel meta-analysis (MLMA) of 15 published, interdisciplinary experimental studies. With data from the 15 studies constituting nearly 2500 individual observations, we find that the Big Five traits of Agreeableness and Openness are significantly and positively associated with prosocial behavior, while none of the other three traits are. These results are robust to a number of different model specifications and operationalizations of prosociality, and they greatly clarify the contradictory findings in the literature on the relationship between personality and prosocial behavior. Though previous research has indicated that incentivized experiments result in reduced prosocial behavior, we find no evidence that monetary incentivization of participants affects prosocial tendencies. By leveraging individual observations from multiple studies and explicitly modeling the multilevel structure of the data, MLMA permits the simultaneous estimation of study- and individual-level effects. The Bayesian approach allows us to estimate study-level effects in an unbiased and efficient manner, even with a relatively small number of studies. We conclude by discussing the limitations of our study and the advantages and disadvantages of the MLMA method.

scholarly journals Hubungan antara Empati dengan Tingkah laku Prososial dalam kalangan Pelajar Kejuruteraan Universiti

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Fatin Afifah Mohd Sukeri ◽  
Mastura Mahfar ◽  
Mohammad Saipol Mohd Sukor
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Prosocial Tendencies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Statistical Analysis

Prosocial behavior is any form of act or activity that is intended to help or give another person the benefit without expecting any reward. One of the factors that can contribute to prosocial behavior is empathy. This study was conducted to identify the relationship between empathy and university students’ prosocial behaviors at one of the schools of engineering. A total of 94 fourth-year engineering students were selected by employing a simple random sampling method in this study. The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), and the Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM) questionnaires were used to measure empathy and prosocial behavior. The study used descriptive statistical analysis through scores, mean and frequency to measure the level of empathy and prosocial behavior, while inferential statistics used t-test to measure differences in prosocial behavior by gender, and Pearson's correlation to identify the relationship between empathy and prosocial behavior. The findings of the study show that the levels of empathy and prosocial behavior of the respondents are moderate. There was no significant difference of prosocial behavior based on gender. Correlation analysis revealed that there was a relationship between empathy and prosocial behavior. All the dimensions of empathy which are “fantasy”, “perspective-taking”, “empathic concern” and “personal distress” have significant positive relationships with prosocial behavior.

scholarly journals Rising Ethnic Diversity in the United States Accompanies Shifts Toward an Individualistic Culture

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062096723
Author(s):  
Alex C. Huynh ◽  
Igor Grossmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Relational Structures ◽  
Individualistic Culture ◽  
The Relationship

We investigate the relationship between ethnic diversity and the rise of individualism in the United States during the 20th and 21st centuries. Tests of the historical rates of ethnic diversity alongside individualistic relational structures (e.g., adults living alone, single-/multi-child families) from the years 1950 to 2018 reveal that societal and regional rates of ethnic diversity accompanied individualistic relational structures. These effects hold above and beyond time-series trends in each variable. Further evidence from experimental studies ( N = 707) suggests that the presence of, and contact with, ethnically diverse others contributes to greater individualistic values (e.g., the importance of uniqueness and personal achievement). Converging evidence across societal-, regional-, and individual-level analyses suggests a systematic link between ethnic diversity and individualism. We discuss the implications of these findings for sociocultural livelihood in light of the rising rates of ethnic diversity across the globe.

scholarly journals Rising ethnic diversity in the United States accompanies shifts toward an individualistic culture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Huynh ◽  
Igor Grossmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Relational Structures ◽  
Individualistic Culture ◽  
The Relationship

We investigate the relationship between ethnic diversity and the rise of individualism in the United States during the 20th-21st centuries. Tests of the historical rates of ethnic diversity alongside individualistic relational structures (e.g., adults living alone, single/multi-child families) from the years 1950-2018 reveal that societal and regional rates of ethnic diversity accompanied individualistic relational structures. These effects hold above and beyond time series trends in each variable. Further evidence from experimental studies (N = 707) suggest that the presence of, and contact with, ethnically diverse others contributes to greater individualistic values (e.g., the importance of uniqueness and personal achievement). Converging evidence across societal, regional, and individual-level analyses suggests a systematic link between ethnic diversity and individualism. We discuss the implications of these findings for socio-cultural livelihood in light of the rising rates of ethnic diversity across the globe.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Music and Food Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2571
Author(s):  
Tianxiang Cui ◽  
Jiaxuan Xi ◽  
Chanyuan Tang ◽  
Jianwen Song ◽  
Jinbo He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
The Relationship

Food intake has been shown to be related to several environmental factors including the presence of music. However, previous findings of the relationship between music and food intake are inconsistent. In the present study, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively review the extent to which music is associated with food intake as well as to investigate potential moderators that might have contributed to the heterogeneity of the existing findings. Literature was searched on four databases (i.e., PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses) and Google Scholar. Nine articles published from 1989 to 2020 met our inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis was carried out via a three-level random-effects model. The overall effect size (i.e., Hedges’ g) was 0.19 (95% Confidence Interval: −0.003, 0.386; SE = 0.10, t = 1.99, p = 0.054), indicating a marginally significant but small effect size. Body Mass Index (F(1, 21) = 5.11, p = 0.035) was found to significantly contribute to the heterogeneity of effect sizes, with larger positive effects of music on food intake for individuals with higher BMI. However, music-related features did not significantly moderate the relationship between music and food intake. More experimental studies are needed to update the current meta-analysis and get a better understanding of this topic.

scholarly journals The effect of cooperative learning on academic achievement: A meta-analysis on the relationship between the study group size and effect size İşbirlikli öğrenmenin başarıya etkisi: Çalışma grubu ile etki büyüklüğü arasındaki ilişkiye dair bir meta analiz çalışması

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Tuncer ◽  
Melih Dikmen
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Random Effects Model ◽  
Learning Groups ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cooperative learning on achievement and the relationship between the study group and effect size by means of meta-analysis. Meta-analysis is the method employed in order to statistically analyze the quantitative data collected in independent and multiple studies carried out on similar topics, and to reach a general judgment regarding the results of these studies.  Certain criteria were used in order to decide which researches would be included in the meta-analysis. Based on these criteria, it was decided to include 6 experimental studies in the meta-analysis. As a result, for the six studies, the effect size calculated within 95 % confidence interval has proved to be .518 based on random effects model. When two studies with the largest learning groups are excluded from the research respectively, firstly this effect size increases to .528, later it is calculated as .817 without any model discrimination. When effect size intervals in literature (≥ 0.5: strong, ≥ 0.3: moderate and  ≥ .01 weak) is taken into consideration, the effect of cooperative learning on achievement has been observed as  “Strong”. In addition to this, contrary to some views in literature, it has been seen that large learning groups have higher standard errors and a bigger effect size has been achieved when such studies have been excluded from the analysis. What is more, even the limitation of fixed effects model has disappeared, and the effect size calculated in fixed effects and random effects model has been balanced.  ÖzetBu araştırmanın amacı, işbirlikli öğrenmenin başarı üzerindeki etkisini ve çalışma grubu ile etki büyüklüğü arasındaki ilişkiyi meta-analiz yöntemiyle belirlemektir. Meta-analiz, benzer konularda yapılmış birbirinden bağımsız ve çok sayıda çalışmadan elde edilmiş sayısal verileri istatistiksel olarak analiz etme ve bu çalışmaların sonuçları hakkında genel bir yargıya varma yöntemidir. Hangi araştırmaların meta-analize dâhil edileceğine yönelik seçimlerin yapılmasında belirli ölçütler kullanılmıştır. Bu ölçütlere dayalı olarak 6 adet deneysel araştırmanın meta-analize dâhil edilmesine karar verilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; altı çalışma için %95 güven aralığında hesaplanan etki büyüklüğü rastgele etkiler modeline göre .518’dir. En büyük çalışma grubuna sahip iki araştırma sırasıyla araştırma dışında tutulduğunda bu etki büyüklüğü önce .528’ e çıkmakta, sonrasında ise model ayrımı olmaksızın .817 olarak hesaplanmaktadır. Alan yazındaki etki büyüklüğü aralıkları (≥ 0.5: güçlü, ≥ 0.3: orta düzey ve ≥ .01 zayıf) dikkate alındığında işbirlikli öğrenmenin başarı üzerindeki etkisi “Güçlü” bir etki olarak gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca alan yazındaki bazı görüşlerin aksine büyük çalışma gruplarının standart hatalarının daha yüksek olduğu, bu araştırmaların analiz dışında tutulması ile daha büyük etki büyüklüklerine ulaşıldığı, hatta sabit etki modelinin sınırlılığının bile ortadan kalktığı, sabit etki ve rastgele etki modelinde hesaplanan etki büyüklüğünün eşitlendiği görülmüştür.

INGROUP BIAS AND SELF-ESTEEM: A META ANALYSIS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Aberson
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Ingroup Bias ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Social Identity Theory contains two seemingly incompatible predictions regarding the relationship between self-esteem and ingroup bias. The first focuses on low self-esteem as motivation for bias, predicting that low self-esteem individuals exhibit more ingroup bias. The second posits that high self-esteem results from exhibiting bias, thus, high self-esteem individuals exhibit greater bias. A meta analysis examined the relationship between self-esteem and ingroup bias. Additionally, the project examined methodological issues such as the lack of consistency in measurement of self-esteem, artificial dichotomization of self-esteem scores, classification of individuals as low self-esteem, and theoretical considerations such as the use of different ingroup bias strategies and the role of social category salience. Thirty-four studies yielding 102 effect sizes from 6660 subjects were included in the analysis.Results indicated a consistent pattern whereby high self-esteem individuals exhibited more ingroup bias than did individuals with low self-esteem. However, this result was moderated by ingroup bias strategy. When using ingroup bias strategies that required ratings of ingroup superiority, high self-esteem individuals showed more ingroup bias than individuals with low self-esteem. However, when using "indirect" strategies, such as rating groups that the individual did not contribute to, differences between low and high self-esteem individuals were not found. This result leads to the conclusion that both groups exhibit ingroup bias; however, individuals with low self-esteem are limited in the types of bias they exhibit. The pattern of results held for all self-esteem measures except for the Collective Self-Esteem Scale (CSES). No differences between low and high self-esteem individuals were found when scores on the CSES defined self-esteem. These results may however be an artifact of interactions with social identity salience. Methodological shortcomings were found in the definition of low self-esteem. Individuals were most commonly classified as "low self-esteem" based on median splits of self-esteem scores. This strategy resulted in classification of some individuals as low self-esteem despite relatively high self-esteem scores. Results of the current analysis are interpreted as indicating that individual level phenomena such as self-esteem may be predictive of group level behaviors. Implications for social identity theories are discussed.

Navigating research methods: quantitative and clinical/epidemiological methods

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Healthcare Research ◽  
Epidemiological Methods ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

This chapter focuses on various types of study design used in clinical and healthcare research with an emphasis on observational studies whilst randomised controlled trials are explained in Chapter 15. Within observational studies, the distinction between descriptive and analytical studies is made and different sources of error in epidemiological studies are reviewed. Main features, advantages and disadvantages of analytical observational studies are described for the following designs: ecological studies, cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies. A brief overview of experimental studies is also given. Measures of disease occurrence (prevalence, cumulative incidence, incidence rate) as well as effect measures (1.difference measures, ie. attributable risk, and 2. ratio measures, i.e. relative risk, odds ratio, relative risk reduction, attributable fraction) are reviewed. The chapter also presents major characteristics of meta-analysis.

scholarly journals How does light-intensity physical activity associate with adult cardiometabolic health and mortality? Systematic review with meta-analysis of experimental and observational studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 370-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastien F M Chastin ◽  
Marieke De Craemer ◽  
Katrien De Cocker ◽  
Lauren Powell ◽  
Jelle Van Cauwenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Light Physical Activity ◽  
Intensity Physical Activity ◽  
Light Activity ◽  
The Relationship

AimTo assess the relationship between time spent in light physical activity and cardiometabolic health and mortality in adults.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesSearches in Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL and three rounds of hand searches.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesExperimental (including acute mechanistic studies and physical activity intervention programme) and observational studies (excluding case and case–control studies) conducted in adults (aged ≥18 years) published in English before February 2018 and reporting on the relationship between light physical activity (<3 metabolic equivalents) and cardiometabolic health outcomes or all-cause mortality.Study appraisal and synthesisStudy quality appraisal with QUALSYST tool and random effects inverse variance meta-analysis.ResultsSeventy-two studies were eligible including 27 experimental studies (and 45 observational studies). Mechanistic experimental studies showed that short but frequent bouts of light-intensity activity throughout the day reduced postprandial glucose (−17.5%; 95% CI −26.2 to −8.7) and insulin (−25.1%; 95% CI −31.8 to –18.3) levels compared with continuous sitting, but there was very limited evidence for it affecting other cardiometabolic markers. Three light physical activity programme intervention studies (n ranging from 12 to 58) reduced adiposity, improved blood pressure and lipidaemia; the programmes consisted of activity of >150 min/week for at least 12 weeks. Six out of eight prospective observational studies that were entered in the meta-analysis reported that more time spent in daily light activity reduced risk of all-cause mortality (pooled HR 0.71; 95% CI 0.62 to 0.83).ConclusionsLight-intensity physical activity could play a role in improving adult cardiometabolic health and reducing mortality risk. Frequent short bouts of light activity improve glycaemic control. Nevertheless, the modest volume of the prospective epidemiological evidence base and the moderate consistency between observational and laboratory evidence inhibits definitive conclusions.

Overcoming Resistance Through Narratives: Findings from a Meta-Analytic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea L Ratcliff ◽  
Ye Sun
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Narrative Persuasion ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Narrative Engagement ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract To understand the mechanisms underlying narrative persuasion, a growing body of theoretical and empirical work suggests that narratives reduce audience resistance, possibly via narrative engagement. To synthesize this research, we performed a two-part meta-analysis using three-level random-effects models. Part I focused on experimental studies that directly compared narratives and non-narratives on resistance. Based on 15 effect sizes from nine experimental studies, the overall effect size was d = −.213 (equivalent r = −.107; p &lt; .001), suggesting that narratives generated less resistance than non-narratives. Part II was a synthesis of studies of the relationship between narrative engagement and resistance, consisting of 63 effect sizes from 25 studies. Narrative engagement and resistance were negatively correlated (r = −.131; p &lt; .001), and this relationship was moderated by narrative message characteristics, including genre, length, medium, and character unit. Implications of our findings and directions for future research are discussed.

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