A note on the effects of forced air movement and environmental temperature on weight gain in the pig after weaning

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Mount ◽  
I. B. Start ◽  
D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Period Variation ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Air Movement ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Forced Air ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

ABSTRACTTwenty-six groups of four or eight pigs of mean initial weight 23·2 kg and mean age 84 days were exposed to environmental temperatures of 8, 12, 16 or 20°C under still-air conditions (wind-speed = 0·1 m.s−1) or of 12CC with wind-speeds of 0·45 or 0·8 m.s−1. The animals were fed at a fixed level close to three times their maintenance requirement, with water ad libitum, and were weighed weekly over a 7-week period. Variation in temperature between groups from 8 to 20°C had no significant effect on weight gain, but increasing wind-speed to 0·8 m.s−1 at 12°C resulted in reduced weight gain.

The effects of environmental temperature and method of feeding on the performance and carcass composition of bacon pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Holme ◽  
W. E. Coey
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

A trial designed to investigate the effects of two environmental temperatures, three feeding regimes and the interactions between them is described. A temperature of 72° F. was better than one of 54° F. for bacon pigs between 40 lb. and 200 lb. weight. The higher temperature resulted in faster growth, more efficient feed conversion and increased length of carcass. Other carcass characteristics were not significantly altered. Ad libitum feeding resulted in faster growth and fatter carcasses than restricted feeding, but did not have a significant effect on efficiency of feed conversion. When feed intake was restricted, feeding pigs once daily or twice daily resulted in similar performance and carcass composition.There was a significant interaction between environmental temperature and feeding method for average daily gain in that pigs fed ad libitum grew faster at the low temperature and pigs fed restricted amounts of feed grew faster at the high temperature. No other interaction reached significant levels.

Effects of feed intake and environmental temperature on chick growth and development

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Smith ◽  
R. G. Teeter
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Chick Growth ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

SUMMARYBroiler chicks reared under three environmental temperatures (7·2, 23·9 and 35 °C) in the Southeastern United States of America in 1988/89 were precision-fed to levels which were c. 70, 90, 110 and 130% of the consumption observed in ad libitum-fed controls at 23·9°C, in order to examine the limitations imposed by feed intake upon growth rate, feed efficiency and survival. Ad libitum-fed birds that were housed at 7·2, 23·9 and 35 °C consumed feed at 12·1, 9·4 and 8·5% of body weight, respectively. Liveweight gain of birds consuming feed ad libitum was depressed by 26 and 46% in the 7·2 and 35 °C environments respectively. Increasing feed intake by precision feeding exceeded ad libitum consumption in the 23·9 and 35 °C environments, but not at 7·2 °C. Consumption of feed above thermoneutral ad libitum levels failed to increase (p <0·l) liveweight of carcass gain. Ration digestibility and dressing out percentage declined (P < 0·05) at the higher feed intake levels in the 7·2 °C environment.

scholarly journals Insulin-like growth factor-I and analogues increase growth in artificially-reared neonatal pigs

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 587-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank R. Dunshea ◽  
Chung S. Chung ◽  
Phil C. Owens ◽  
John F. Ballard ◽  
Paul E. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Increase Growth Rate ◽  
Neonatal Pigs ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Ad Libitum

Exogenous insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I has been shown to increase growth rate in neonatal pigs while an analogue of IGF-I, long arginine (LR3) IGF-I, has been shown to be more potent than IGF-I in the rat. Therefore, two studies were conducted to determine whether IGF-I and LR3IGF-I increase growth in the artificially-reared neonatal pig. Expt 1 involved forty-two (2 kg initial weight) pigs infused with either control, IGF-I (2, 4 or 8 μg/h) or LR3IGF-I (2, 4 or 8 μg/h) infusions for 8 d. Pigs were weighed and then offered 1·7 MJ (gross energy) milk replacer/kg0·75 per d. Expt 2 involved eighteen pigs (2 kg initial weight) treated with control saline, IGF-I (8 μg/h) or LR3IGF-I (8 μg/h) infusions. After 9 d an additional pump was inserted to increase the infusion rates of each of the growth factors (16 μg/h) for a further 9 d. Cows' milk was provided ad libitum. In Expt 1 there was no overall effect of growth factors on daily weight gain or slaughter weight. However, milk intake was greater in pigs infused with growth factors (909 v. 867 g/d, P=0·027), with an apparently greater milk intake by the pigs infused with IGF-I compared with LR3IGF-I (920 v. 898 g/d, P=0·12). Infusion of LR3IGF-I decreased plasma IGF-I concentrations, but had no effect on plasma IGF-II concentrations. In Expt 2, neither IGF-I nor LR3IGF-I infusion had any effect upon daily weight gain over the first 9 d of the study. However, over the second 9 d of the study, daily weight gain was increased in LR3IGF-I-infused pigs (457 v. 386 g/d, P<0·01), but not in pigs infused with IGF-I (413 v. 386 g/d, P=0·15). Milk intake was not different during the first 9 d of the study but was significantly greater in pigs infused with growth factors over the second half of the study (3407 v. 2905 g/d, P<0·01). Plasma IGF-binding protein-3 concentrations were highly correlated (R=0·85) with average daily gain over the 3 d preceding blood sampling. In conclusion, exogenous IGF-I and particularly LR3IGF-I can increase growth rate and milk intake in artificially-reared pigs fed ad libitum but not in limit-fed piglets.

scholarly journals Effect of hay on performance of Holstein calves at suckling and post-weaning

Revista CERES ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 668-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robson Kyoshi Ueno ◽  
Mikael Neumann ◽  
Fabiano Marafon ◽  
Marcela Ambrogi ◽  
Balduino Adriano Daros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Intensively Managed

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of Holstein calves in suckling and post-weaning phases, intensively managed during suckling in the absence or presence of hay. Twenty-four male Holstein calves, at an average age of 15 days and initial weight of 43 kg were used in the experiment. The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of two treatments and six replications. The treatments were as follows: 1) suckling with milk substitute + initial concentrate for calves, ad libitum + temperate grass hay (oat/ryegrass), ad libitum; 2) suckling with milk substitute + initial concentrate for calves, ad libitum. No significant difference was found between treatments for weight gain and feed conversion. However, the supply of hay caused an increase in daily dry matter intake (2.127 vs 1.894 kg). The intake of hay promoted greater stimulus to consumption of concentrate and greater weight at weaning.

scholarly journals The Effect of Sample Height on Spray Coverage in Mature Pecan Trees

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 916-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive H. Bock ◽  
Michael W. Hotchkiss ◽  
Ted E. Cottrell ◽  
Bruce W. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Air Movement ◽  
Sample Height ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pecan Scab ◽  
Percent Area

Pecan scab (caused by Fusicladium effusum) is the most damaging disease of pecan in the southeastern United States. Large air-blast sprayers for orchards are used to apply fungicide to control the disease but little quantitative information exists on the spray coverage achieved in the canopy of these trees. A series of experiments using water-sensitive spray cards to record spray coverage (percent area) at different heights and locations up to 15 m in the canopy of pecan trees showed a significantly greater percentage of card area covered at the lowest sample height when compared with the highest sample height. At the lowest height (5 m), spray coverage on individual cards ranged from 4.7 to 73.5% and, at the highest sample height (15 m), spray coverage ranged from 0.02 to 9.5%. In general, there was little significant difference in spray card coverage up to at least 10 m but, at 12.5 and 15 m, there was significantly less spray coverage compared with the coverage at 5 m. Regression analysis indicated a consistent linear relationship between sample height in the tree and the percent area covered. When spray cards were positioned at different heights without possible interference from pecan limbs and foliage, similar effects of sample height on spray coverage were noted. Wind speed measurements showed that air movement declined rapidly with distance from the sprayer fan. Whereas, at 2 m from the fan, wind speeds were approximately 26 m s−1, by 10 m, speeds had declined to 2 to 4 m s−1. At distances >12 m, wind speed was approaching ambient air movement of about 1 to 3 m s−1. Although aerial application resulted in numerically greater spray coverage at sample heights >10 m, it was not significant even though a weak linear relationship (R2 = 0.21 to 0.25) suggested an effect of height. Characterizing and understanding pesticide spray coverage in pecan will allow us to discern limits imposed by existing technology, and provide the basis for improving spray application methods (or tree management) for more efficacious disease control.

scholarly journals Effect of Environmental Temperature During the First Week of Brooding Period on Broiler Chick Body Weight, Viscera and Bone Development

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
VMB Moraes ◽  
RD Malheiros ◽  
RL Furlan ◽  
LDG Bruno ◽  
EB Malheiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Brooding Period ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

The objective of the present study was to assess the development of broiler chicks during the first week post-hatching when reared at three different environmental temperatures. A total of 480 day-old chicks were placed in three environmentally controlled rooms (20, 25 and 35°C) from 1 to 7 days of age. Body weight gain, feed and water intake, as well as liver, gizzard, heart, yolk sac and bursa of Fabricius weights were measured daily. Tibia and femur bones were weighed and their length and width (medial diameter) were also obtained. The chicks reared at 20º C had lower weight gain and ingested less food than chicks reared at 25°C and less water than chicks kept at 35°C. Relative weights of the liver, heart, and gizzard were affected by environmental temperature, whereas yolk sac and bursa of Fabricius relative weights were not. The data showed that all bone parameters increased with bird age. Environmental temperature did not affect tibia or femur width, however a significant increase in bone weight and length occurred with increasing environmental temperature. These results indicate that brooding temperature of 20°C during the first seven days post-hatching was stressful decreasing broiler bone development and reducing chicks body weight.

Mathematical model for the prediction of available phosphorus and calcium requirements for European quails of 16-36 days old

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e364997150
Author(s):  
Caroliny Batista Lima Mariz ◽  
Fernando Guilherme Perazzo Costa ◽  
Danilo Vargas Gonçalves Vieira ◽  
Matheus Ramalho de Lima ◽  
José Humberto Vilar da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Calcium Requirement ◽  
Climatic Environment ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels

Were used 724 quails, with initial weight of 105.05±1.40g to determine the model requirements for European quails 16-36 days old. Were used 384 quails for the maintenance requirement experiment and 240 for the gain requirement experiment and the remaining 100 quails composed the birds of the comparative slaughter. Maintenance requirement: the treatments consisted of four levels of feed offerings (100, 75, 50 and 25% of consumption ad libitum) with four pens and four quails per pen for each climatic environment (18, 24 and 28ºC), being 192 quails for each nutrient under study. Gain requirement: the requirements of the studied nutrients for gain were determined from 240 quails, created and fed ad libitum, being 120 quails for each nutrient studied, that is, 30 quails were slaughtered at 21, 26, 31 and 36 days of age. The quails of the reference slaughter comprise the same as the experiment for determining the maintenance requirement. In conclusion. The prediction equations for estimating the requirements were: 1) Pr (mg/quail/day) = (27.029 + 1.5943 × T) × kg0.75 + 12.24 × WG, in which Pr is the phosphorus requirement, kg0.75 is metabolic weight (kg), WG is weight gain (g/quail/day). 2) Ca (mg/quail/day) = (158.93 - 5.187 × T) × kg0.75 + 23.66 × WG, in which Ca is the calcium requirement, kg0.75 is metabolic weight (kg), WG is weight gain (g/quail/day), T is temperature.

Türkiye’de Besiye Alınan Simmental, Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Limousin ve Charolais Irkı Sığırların Besi Performansı ve Karkas Özellikleri

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 1383
Author(s):  
Serdar Duru ◽  
Halil Sak
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Fattening Performance ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Fattening Period ◽  
Better Than

In this research, it was aimed to determine fattening performance and carcass characteristics of Simmental (SIM), Aberdeen Angus (ANG), Hereford (HER), Limousin (LIM) and Charolais (CHA) breeds. For this purpose, 606 male cattle between 10 and 12 months old imported from Uruguay and France in 2015 were used. All animals were fed ad-libitum for the same ration throughout the fattening period for approximately 7-9 months. Since the animals were slaughtered between April-June 2016, their fattening period were different. As a result of variance analysis, the effects of breed, initial weight (IW) and fattening period (FP) were found to be significant. For SIM (n=100), ANG (n=147), HER (n=149), LIM (n=104) and CHA (n=106); IW were 261.6, 267.3, 276.7, 264.1, 276.7 kg; FP were 206.7, 238.1, 261.4, 227.0, 283.6 days; final weight were 523.4, 543.3, 563.1, 545.5, 589.7 kg; daily weight gain were 1362.9, 1275.9, 1214.2, 1266.9, 1101.1 gr; hot carcass weight were 303.4, 317.7, 332.1, 319.3, 351.2 kg, respectively. CHA performed better than the others for the carcass weight, while SIM for daily weight gain is higher.

The effects of ambient temperature and air movement on heat loss from the pig

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Close ◽  
R. P. Heavens ◽  
D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Air Movement ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

ABSTRACTThe heat losses of 24 individually housed pigs (initial body weights 20·0 to 31·8 kg) were measured for periods of 7 days at environmental temperatures of 10, 20 and 30°C. Within each environmental temperature three levels of air movement, 3, 33 and 56cm/s, were applied for a 2- or 3-day period either in an increasing or decreasing order.Heat loss was dependent on the environmental temperature and level of air movement to which the animals were exposed. The decrease in total thermal insulation at the highest air movement was equivalent to reducing the air-ambient insulation to almost zero. In terms of its thermal effect a 5cm/s increase in wind-speed was equivalent to a 1°C decrease in temperature.The lower critical temperature increased with increase in air movement from 19° at 3cm/s to 25° and 30°C at 33 and 56cm/s, respectively. Between air movement rates of 33 and 56cm/s, a 1°C decrease in critical temperature resulted from a 5·3cm/s decrease in air movement.The effect of increasing air movement from 3 to 56cm/s was to increase the animal's maintenance energy requirements from 706 to 881 kJ/kg0·75 per day at 10°C, from 490 to 715 at 20°C and from 517 to 625 at 30°C.

SELECTION FOR FEED EFFICIENCY IN MICE UNDER AD LIBITUM AND RESTRICTED FEEDING TERMINATED BY FIXED TIME OR QUANTITY OF INTAKE

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Parker ◽  
M. A. Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Selection For

Mass selection for feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in mice was practiced for six generations in two lines fed ad libitum (AL) and two lines restricted to 80% of ad libitum (R). In one line of each pair of selected lines the test period was terminated after a fixed time (14 days) (TAL and TR) and in the second line of the pair after consumption of a fixed quantity of feed (WAL and WR). A random mating control line (C), also fed ad libitum was maintained throughout the study. Correlated traits measured were initial weight, final weight, weight gain, feed consumption and litter size. A significant response in FCE was found in the TR and WR lines, the regression of response on generation number being −1.36 ± 0.31 and −1.09 ± 0.39 respectively. There was a significant decrease in initial weight on test in the TR and WAL lines and in those lines mature body weight was significantly lower than in the C line when measured in the sixth generation. Heritability of FCE was higher in the restricted lines (0.31 ± 0.12 for TR and 0.37 ± 0.29 for WR) than in the ad libitum lines (0.13 ± 0.20 for TAL and 0.13 ± 0.25 for WAL). Heritability of FCE was 0.17 ± 0.31 in the C line. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between FCE and weight gain were high and negative in all lines. Progeny from each line were tested in each of the other feeding regimes each generation to measure line × feeding regime interaction. This interaction was statistically significant.

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