Specific Performance with Compensation as a Purchaser's Remedy—A Study in Contract and Equity

1981 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-82
Author(s):  
Charles Harpum
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
The State ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Academic Discussion

The circumstances in which a party to a contract for the sale of land may recover damages have been the subject of considerable judicial and academic discussion recently. That discussion has focused on those situations in which the contract has been terminated for breach. The purpose of the present article is to consider the position where the purchaser either wishes or is obliged to keep the contract on foot notwithstanding the breach by the vendor. There are at least three possible situations:(1) Where the vendor misdescribes the property in the particulars of sale. That misdescription may take one of two forms. The vendor may either misdescribe the extent of the land (for example, he agrees to sell twenty acres when he has only fifteen) or the state of his title (for example, he contracts to sell as freeholder when the property is in fact leasehold). A purchaser may terminate the contract if the misdescription is substantial even if there is a conditien of sale which states that the contract will not be vitiated by reason of, or that compensation will be payable in the event of any misdescription.

scholarly journals Obce przepisy wymuszające swoje zastosowanie. Glosa do wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej z dnia 18 października 2016 r. w sprawie C-135/15 Republika Grecji przeciwko Grigoriosowi Nikiforidisowi

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 91-106
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Wowerka
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Article 9 ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Academic Discussion ◽  
Substantive Law ◽  
Rome I

This commentary examines the judgement of the CJEU of 18 October 2016 in case C-135/15 Republik Griechenland v. Grigorios Nikiforidis. The judgement in question concerns the issue of treatment of foreign overriding mandatory provisions under the Article 9(3) of Regulation No 593/2008. This topic is the subject to a great deal of controversy and academic discussion. The ECJ concluded that the mentioned provision must be interpreted as precluding overriding mandatory provisions other than those of the State of the forum or of the State where the obligations arising out of the contract have to be or have been performed from being applied, as legal rules, by the court of the forum, but as not precluding it from taking such other overriding mandatory provisions into account as matters of fact in so far as this is provided for by the national law that is applicable to the contract pursuant to the Regulation. This interpretation is not affected by the principle of sincere cooperation laid down in Article 4(3) TEU. In this respect the judgement of CJEU brings significant clarification on the question, whether a court of the forum can have regard to foreign overriding mandatory provisions, which do not belong to the legal system of the country of performance of the contract on the level of the applicable substantive law. However, there are still questions arising under Article 9(3) of Rome I Regulation, which need to be clarified.

scholarly journals A EVOLUÇÃO DA MALHA MUNICIPAL DO ESTADO DO PARANÁ E AS PROPOSIÇÕES RECENTES

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (16) ◽  
pp. 11268
Author(s):  
Idair Augusto Zinke
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
The State ◽  
Population Index ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Administrative Units

THE EVOLUTION OF THE MUNICIPAL NETWORK OF THE STATE OF PARANÁ AND THE RECENT PROPOSITIONSLA EVOLUCIÓN DE LA MALLA MUNICIPAL DEL ESTADO DEL PARANÁ Y LAS PROPUESTAS RECIENTESO presente artigo aborda a evolução da malha municipal no estado do Paraná a partir da criação de novos municípios, destacando os processos constitucionais e os elementos estimuladores que ocasionaram na atual configuração territorial. Além disso, tendo em vista as recentes proposições sobre a temática no Brasil e no Paraná, apresentam-se também os PLS recentes sobre a temática e a sugestão do Tribunal de Contas do estado do Paraná – TCE-PR para a fusão de municípios com baixo índice populacional, demonstrando as potencialidades caso estas proposições se efetivassem. Desta forma, pode-se afirmar que a divisão do território paranaense em unidades político-administrativas está vinculada a própria formação histórico-geográfica do estado e, mais recentemente, ao que se refere aos municípios pequenos, a Constituição Federal de 1988 que promoveu a criação de municípios com baixo índice populacional no interior do estado. No tocante as proposições recentes, em especial ao estudo para fusão de municípios do TCE-PR, apresenta-se a percepção da política local em municípios pequenos do estado do Paraná, demonstrando resistência à proposta. Todavia, os PLS e a proposta do TCE-PR permanecem apenas como proposições e o Brasil necessita de regulamentações para a fusão, incorporação e criação de municípios em todos os estados da federação.Palavras-chave: Emancipações; Município; Projetos recentes.ABSTRACT The present article approaches the evolution of the municipal network in the state of Paraná, starting from the creation of new municipalities, highlighting the constitutional processes and the stimulating elements that have caused in the current territorial configuration. In addition, in view of the recent proposals on the subject in Brazil and Paraná, we also present the recent PLS on the subject and the suggestion of the Court of Auditors of the state of Paraná - TCE-PR for the merger of municipalities with low population index, demonstrating the potentialities if these propositions become effective. In this way, it can be affirmed that the division of Paraná's territory into political-administrative units is linked to the state's own historical-geographical formation and, more recently, to what refers to small municipalities, the 1988 Federal Constitution that promoted creation of municipalities with low population index in the interior of the country. With regard to the recent proposals, especially to the study for the merger of municipalities of the TCE-PR, the perception of local politics in small municipalities of the state of Paraná is presented, demonstrating resistance to the proposal. However, the PLS and the TCE-PR proposal remain only propositions and Brazil needs regulations for the merger, incorporation and creation of municipalities in all states of the federation.Keywords: Emancipations; County; Recent Projects.RESUMENEl presente artículo aborda la evolución de la malla municipal en el estado de Paraná a partir de la creación de nuevos municipios, destacando los procesos constitucionales y los elementos estimuladores que ocasionaron en la actual configuración territorial. Además, teniendo en vista las recientes proposiciones sobre la temática en Brasil y en el Paraná, se presentan también los PLS recientes sobre la temática y la sugerencia del Tribunal de Cuentas del estado de Paraná - TCE-PR para la fusión de municipios con bajo índice poblacional, demostrando las potencialidades si estas proposiciones se efectúen. De esta forma, se puede afirmar que la división del territorio paranaense en unidades político-administrativas está vinculada a la propia formación histórico-geográfica del estado y, más recientemente, al que se refiere a los municipios pequeños, la Constitución Federal de 1988 que promovió la la creación de municipios con bajo índice poblacional en el interior del país. En cuanto a las propuestas recientes, en especial al estudio para fusión de municipios del TCE-PR, se presenta la percepción de la política local en municipios pequeños del estado de Paraná, demostrando resistencia a la propuesta. Sin embargo, los PLS y la propuesta del TCE-PR permanecen sólo como proposiciones y Brasil necesita de regulaciones para la fusión, incorporación y creación de municipios en todos los estados de la federación.Palabras clave: Emancipaciones; Municipio; Proyectos Recientes.

Ficino's Marginal Notes on Olympiodorus in Riccardi Greek MS 37

Traditio ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 351-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Westerink
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
The State ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Marsilio Ficino ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Marsilio Ficino is one of those scholars of whose habits and methods we can now form a fairly complete picture, thanks to the increasing accessibility of library materials. Besides autograph copies of his own work, we possess a great many books he used, and in most cases annotated extensively. The number of Greek manuscripts known to have been handled by him rose from seven in 1937 (Kristeller's Supplementum Ficinianum) to sixteen in 1962, when M. Sicherl reported on the state of the question in Scriptorium. Prof. Sicherl is continuing his research and preparing a comprehensive study of the subject; the present article, a by-product of my occupation with the text of Olympiodorus and Damascius, is concerned only with Ficino's marginalia to the commentaries on Plato's Phaedo and Philebus in Riccardianus gr. 37. For a correct understanding of the character of these texts and the relationship between them, a short outline of their history will be useful.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ПАРАДИГМЫ МЕТОДОЛОГИИ ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИИ

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Ю. М. Оборотов
Keyword(s):  
Legal Theory ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
The State ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Methodological Question ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Decisive Importance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Law

В современной методологии юриспруденции происходит переход от изучения состо­яний ее объекта, которыми выступают право и государство, к постижению этого объек­та в его изменениях и превращениях. Две подсистемы методологии юриспруденции, подсистема обращенная к состоянию права и государства; и подсистема обращенная к изменениям права и государства, — получают свое отображение в концептуальной форме, методологических подходах, методах, специфических понятиях. Показательны перемены в содержании методологии юриспруденции, где определяю­щее значение имеют методологические подходы, определяющие стратегию исследова­тельских поисков во взаимосвязи юриспруденции с правом и государством. Среди наи­более характерных подходов антропологический, аксиологический, цивилизационный, синергетический и герменевтический — определяют плюралистичность современной методологии и свидетельствуют о становлении новой парадигмы методологии юриспру­денции.   In modern methodology of jurisprudence there is a transition from the study the states of its object to its comprehension in changes and transformations. Hence the two subsystems of methodology of jurisprudence: subsystem facing the states of the law and the state as well as their components and aspects; and subsystem facing the changes of the law and the state in general and their constituents. These subsystems of methodology of jurisprudence receive its reflection in conceptual form, methodological approaches, methods, specific concepts. Methodology of jurisprudence should not be restricted to the methodology of legal theory. In this regard, it is an important methodological question about subject of jurisprudence. It is proposed to consider the subject of jurisprudence as complex, covering both the law and the state in their specificity, interaction and integrity. Indicative changes in the content methodology of jurisprudence are the usage of decisive importance methodological approaches that govern research strategy searches in conjunction with the law and the state. Among the most characteristic of modern development approaches: anthropological, axiological, civilization, synergistic and hermeneutic. Modern methodology of jurisprudence is pluralistic in nature alleging various approaches to the law and the state. Marked approaches allow the formation of a new paradigm methodology of jurisprudence.

PLANEJAMENTO FAMILIAR COMO ASSUNTO DE MULHER!? PERFIL DE GÊNERO NA PRODUÇÃO CIENTÍFICA NO BRASIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniella De Paula Chiesa ◽  
Mário Antônio Sanches ◽  
Daiane Priscila Simão-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Scientific Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Subject

O estudo do Planejamento familiar, no contexto da bioética, abre-se para diversas perspectivas, entre elas a valorização dos seus diferentes atores. Situado neste contexto o artigo tem como objetivo identificar o perfil de gênero na produção científica sobre Planejamento Familiar no Brasil, entre 2000 e 2014, assim como a área de formação e especialização dos autores. Foram utilizadas metodologias que permitiram mapear o estado da arte do tema estudado, a partir de uma revisão da literatura. O resultado da pesquisa identifica que a produção científica sobre Planejamento Familiar no Brasil se compõe de perfil destacadamente feminino (71,76%). Dos 73 artigos analisados, 42 (57,53%) o foco do tema está direcionado à mulher assim como evidencia-se a área de ciências da saúde com maior concentração das publicações do tema.  Este aspecto da pesquisa abre para uma realidade complexa onde se buscam criticamente as razões para a pesquisa em Planejamento Familiar ter ênfase na mulher e ser um tema de relevância nas ciências da saúde.Palavras-chave: Produção científica, Planejamento Familiar, Gênero.  ABSTRACT: The study of Family Planning, in the context of bioethics, opens to diverse perspectives, among them the appreciation of their different agents. Situated in this context the article aims to identify the profile of gender in scientific literature on Family Planning in Brazil, between 2000 and 2014, as well as the area of training and specialization of the authors. Methodologies were used which allowed to map the State of the art of the subject studied, from a review of the literature. The results found identify that the scientific production on Family Planning in Brazil is formed with a outstandingly female profile (71,76%). Of the 73 articles examined, 42 (57.53%) the focus of the topic is directed to women as well as showing the health sciences area with highest concentration of publications. This aspect of the research opens to a complex reality where we seek critically the reasons for Research in Family Planning have emphasis on woman and be a topic of relevance in health sciences.Keywords: Scientific Production, Family Planning, Gender.

Features of optative modality in Macedonian language (with emphasis on the functionalities of independent da-construction)

2020 ◽  
pp. 301-323
Author(s):  
Natalya I. Kikilo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Natural Context ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Text Types ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ritual Context

In the Macedonian literary language the analytic da-construction used in an independent clause has a wide range of possible modal meanings, the most common of which are imperative and optative. The present article offers a detailed analysis of the semantics and functions of the Macedonian optative da-construction based on fiction and journalistic texts. The first part of the article deals with the specificities of the optative as a category which primarily considers the subject of a wish. In accordance with the semantic characteristics of this category, optative constructions are used in those discourse text types where the speakers are explicitly designated (the most natural context for the optative is the dialogue). The analysis of the Macedonian material includes instances of atypical usage of the optative da-construction, in which the wish of the subject is not apparent and thereby produces new emotional tonalities perceptible to the reader of a fiction/journalistic text. The study describes Macedonian constructions involving two different verb forms: 1) present tense form (da + praes) and 2) imperfective form (da + impf). These constructions formally designate the hypothetical and counterfactual status of the optative situation, respectively. Thus, the examples in the analysis are ordered according to two types of constructions, which reflect the speaker’s view on the probability of the realisation of his/her wish. Unrealistic wishes can be communicated through the present da-construction, while the imperfective construction denotes situations in which the wish can be realised in the future. The second part of the article is devoted to performative optative da-constructions, which express formulas of speech etiquette, wishes and curses. The analysis demonstrates that these constructions lose their magical functions, when used outside of the ritual context, and begin to function as interjections.

The state of democracy in the European Union in scenarios: federation, empire and Europe à la carte

2016 ◽  
pp. 90-108
Author(s):  
Marta Witkowska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Scenario Development ◽  
Normative Approach ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Eu ◽  
A La Carte

The aim of the article is to present possible scenarios on maintaining democracy in the EU, while assuming different hypothetical directions in which it could develop as a federation, empire and Europe à la carte. Selected mechanisms, norms and values of the EU system that are crucial for the functioning of democracy in the European Union are the subject of this research. The abovementioned objective of scenario development is achieved through distinguishing the notions of policy, politics and polity in the research. In the analysis of the state of democracy in the European Union both the process (politics) and the normative approach (policy) have been adopted. The characterised norms, structures, values and democratic procedures in force in the EU will become a reference point for the projected scenarios. The projection refers to a situation when the existing polity transforms into a federation, empire or Europe à la carte. The article is to serve as a projection and is a part of a wider discussion on the future of the basis on which the European Union is build.

Studies of Islam, Economics, and Governance

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-70
Author(s):  
Florence Eid
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ford Foundation ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Edward Said ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Islamic Values

IntroductionThis paper is a report on the state of research in two areas of Islamicstudies: Islam and economics and Islam and governance. I researched andwrote it as part of my internship at the Ford Foundation during the summerof 1992. On Discourse. The study of Islam in the United States has moved far beyondthe traditional historical and philological methods. This is perhapsbest explained by the development of analytically rigorous social sciencemethods that have contributed to a better balance between the humanisticconcerns of the more traditional approaches and efforts at systematizingthe study of Islam and classifying it across boundaries of communities,religions, even epochs. This is said to have s t a d with the developmentof irenic attitudes towards Islam, which changed the direction of westemorientalist writings from indifference (at best) and often open hostility toand contempt of Islamic values (however they were understood) to phenomenologicalworks by scholars who saw the study of Islam as somethingto be taken seriously and for its own sake, which is best exemplifiedby Clifford Geertz's Islam Observed.The work of Edward Said contested this evolution, and the publicationof his Orientalism has been described as "a stick of dynamite"' that,despite its impact in mobilizing a reevaluation of the field, was unwarrantedin its pessimism. In any case, the field has continued to evolve,with the most powerful force moving it being the subject itself. Thephenomenological/orientalist approach, if we can point to one today, ...

ANALYSIS OF THE STATE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAIN INDICATORS OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY OF THE TOKTOGUL REGION OF KYRGYZSTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 71-73
Author(s):  
M. U. USUPOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Money Markets ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
State Of The Economy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Production Losses

The article is devoted to the state of the economy of the subject of the agricultural sector – the Toktogul region of Kyrgyzstan, as well as the formation of a land division, which is impossible without an influx of investments and ensuring the availability of monetary resources for agricultural producers. In our time, innovation is becoming the main means of increasing the benefits of economic entities by better meeting market demand and reducing production losses compared to competitors. Despite repeated attempts by the country to create a system of lending to agricultural companies, only a small percentage of them use credit resources. Various state aid schemes support a competitive environment in the money markets and guarantee relatively equal access to them for financial institutions and agricultural enterprises.

Human Rights Activities as a Function of the Prosecutor’s Office

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
K.N. Golikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Law

The subject of this article is the problems of the nature, essence and purpose of prosecutorial activity. The purpose of the article is to study and justify the role of the human rights function in prosecutorial activities in the concept of a modern legal state. At the heart of prosecutorial activity is the implementation of the main function of the Prosecutor’s office – its rights and freedoms, their protection. This means that any type (branch) of Prosecutor's supervision is permeated with human rights content in relation to a citizen, society, or the state. This is confirmed by the fact that the Federal law “On the Prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation” establishes an independent type of Prosecutor's supervision-supervision over the observance of human and civil rights and freedoms. It is argued that the legislation enshrines the human rights activities of the Prosecutor's office as its most important function. It is proposed to add this to the Law “On the Prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation”.

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