The Rise of Normative Judaism. I. To the Reorganization at Jamnia

1924 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Foot Moore
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Great Achievement ◽  
The People ◽  
Distinctive Type ◽  
History Of

The centuries which we designate politically by the names of the dominant powers of the age successively as the Persian, Greek, and Roman periods of Jewish history constitute as a whole an epoch in the religious history of Judaism. In these centuries, past the middle of which the Christian era falls, Judaism brought to complete development its characteristic institutions, the school and the synagogue, in which it possessed, not only a unique instrument for the education and edification of all classes of the people in religion and morality, but the centre of its religious life, and to no small extent also of its intellectual and social life. Through the study of the Scriptures and the discussions of generations of scholars it defined its religious conceptions, its moral principles, its forms of worship, and its distinctive type of piety, as well as the rules of law and observance which became authoritative for all succeeding time. In the light of subsequent history the great achievement of these centuries was the creation of a normative type of Judaism and its establishment in undisputed supremacy throughout the wide Jewish world.

The Social Life of Opium in China, 1483–1999

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangwen Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Modern China ◽  
The Political ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Major Theme ◽  
Opium Trade ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Opium Wars

The history of opium is a major theme in modern Chinese history. Books and academic careers have been devoted to its study. Yet the question that scholars of the opium wars and of modern China have failed to ask is how the demand for opium was generated. My puzzle, during the initial stage of research, was who smoked opium and why. Neither Chinese nor non-Chinese scholars have written much about this, with the exception of Jonathan Spence. Although opium consumption is a well-acknowledged fact, the reasons for its prevalence have never been fully factored into the historiography of the opium wars and of modern China. Michael Greenberg has dwelt on the opium trade, Chang Hsin-pao and Peter Fay on the people and events that made armed conflicts between China and the West unavoidable. John Wong has continued to focus on imperialism, James Polachek on Chinese internal politics while Opium regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952, the latest work, has studied the political systems that controlled opium. But the political history of opium, like the opium trade and the theatre of war, is only part of the story. We need to distinguish them from the wider social and cultural life of opium in China. The vital questions are first, the point at which opium was transformed from a medicine to a luxury item and, secondly, why it became so popular and widespread after people discovered its recreational value. It is these questions that I address. We cannot fully understand the root problem of the opium wars and their role in the emergence of modern China until we can explain who was smoking opium and why they smoked it.

The Relationship between Translocal Chinese and their Hometowns (1920s–40s): The View from “Shining” Monthly of Jushan, Quemoy (跨境華僑及其僑鄉社會∶以顯影僑刊為中心的考察(1920s–40s))

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-292
Author(s):  
Bo-wei Chiang (江柏煒)
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Overseas Chinese ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
News Reports ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

Quemoy is a famous overseas Chinese hometown in modern China. Since the 17th Century, Western colonial power expanded to South Asia, Southeast Asia, China and Japan, and drew these areas into the network of the global economy. The Quemoy Islands, situated outside Xinmen (Amoy)-port, were influenced by external and internal factors that shaped the region’s history of overseas migration. Emigrants from Quemoy brought radical changes back to their hometown, including social, economic, cultural and architectural impacts. These historical phenomena, usually described as expressions of “transnationalism,” are important foci of current research. This research tries to study the modernization of one overseas Chinese native hometown by investigating “Shining,” a monthly publication of Jushan village in Quemoy. “Shining” is one of the most comprehensive overseas Chinese publications and news reports in the world, however, it has received little academic attention. “Shining” published its first issue in September 1928, but publication was interrupted by the Second Sino-Japan War, between 1937–45. In April 1946, the publication resumed until the kmt retreated to Taiwan in 1949. The monthly publication had 21 volumes in total and recorded many historical materials, such as social life, overseas Chinese remittances, events, cultural changes and architectural activities during the 1920s–30s. It also reported political conditions and made criticisms of political issues between 1945–49. “Shining” conveyed progressive ideas and values to the people of Quemoy at that time. This paper will use “Shining” to study social change in the native hometown, including the economic connection between Quemoy and overseas areas, the formation and characteristics of overseas Chinese families, the interaction between folk society and colonial culture, the modification of everyday life and values, the changes in landscape and architecture. I attempt to examine the use of overseas Chinese newsletters to develop a new field of social history in the study of modern overseas Chinese native hometowns. 閩粵為近代中國著名的僑鄉，海外移民及歸僑眾多。華僑的出洋主要是經濟上的因素，他們匯款返鄉支持了家鄉家眷生計、教育、剬益、實業等層面的發展，促成了僑鄉社會的近代化。在昔日交通不便捷的情況下，海外僑居地與僑鄉之間的聯繫，經常必須仰賴僑刊或鄉訊的報導。這些刊物一般由各僑鄉宗族所辦，刊行於海外，讓華僑得以了解家鄉動態與相關事聞。不過由於國共戰爭、文化大革命之故，多數僑刊沒有保存下來。 本文擬以保存完整的僑刊福建金門珠山《顯影》（Shining）為例，一方面深入分析1928至1949年間（1937–45年間因戰爭停刊）《顯影》史料，一方面也從刊物內容中理解1920s–40s年代金門社會生活、治安狀況、海外鄉僑事蹟、僑匯經濟、實業發展、政治時局、文化變遷等主題。最後，進一步探究《顯影》的史料價值及其侷限，說明其對於僑鄉研究的重要性。 (This article is in English.)

The historical development of the language - the basis of human history

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 119-121
Author(s):  
Murodova Nigora
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
National Language ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Culture And Language

The study of the national language is largely dependent on the study of the history of the people who speak the language. The people are the creators of their own culture and language as well as the creators of their own history. We study the history and culture of the people by learning the language. It is directly related to the study of the linguistic features of the dialects that exist in the language. As is known, everything that occurs in social life is reflected first and foremost in the vocabulary of the language. But over time, some words become consumed and gradually forgotten. Such words are mainly related to the material way of life of the people, but are also a rich source of information about the ethnos' history. This article discusses such words that are preserved in Uzbek dialects of Navoi region.

Book Review: Rav Sa‘adya Ga’on in the focus of controversies in Baghdad

Ginzei Qedem ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yudah Seewald
Keyword(s):  
Jewish History ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Biblical Commentary ◽  
Torah Study ◽  
The People ◽  
Proper Order ◽  
Personal Virtue ◽  
Hebrew University ◽  
History Of

On the occasion of Professor Joshua Blau’s centenary jubilee, the book Rav Sa‘adya Ga’on in the focus of controversies in Baghdad: Sa'adya’s Sefer Ha-Galuy and Mevasser's two books of critiques on him, by Joshua Blau himself and Joseph Yahalom, was published in 2019 by the Ben-Zvi Institute for the Study of Jewish Communities in the East of Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The book includes the original Hebrew version of Sefer Ha-Galuy; Sefer Eppiqoros, by Khalaf ibn Sarjadu; The Arabic version (Tafsir) of Sefer Ha-Galuy; and two critical works by by Mevasser ben Nissi Halevi: The Book of Correcting the Errors Found in the Writings of the Fayyumite Rosh Yeshiva, and The Book of Revealing the Errors Found in the Writings of the Fayyumite Rosh Yeshiva. I briefly review the content of these works as well as the cultural and historical background, and focus on the reasons for which Rav Sa‘adya composed Sefer Ha-Galuy and the ten benefits he detailed which may be gained from his work. We stress additional insights that the modern reader may find in this work, among them a glimpse into Rav Sa‘adya’s methodology in his Biblical commentary as reflected in his usage of biblical words in Sefer Ha-Galuy. We also discuss the history of the publication of Sefer Ha-Galuy throughout the past century and a half, little by little, until the nearly complete edition by Blau and Yahalom. The newly published translation reads fluently and is enlightening, bringing the reader into the atmosphere of those distant days. The reconstruction of the manuscript from the Geniza fragments is mostly plausible, but seems to be incorrect in a few places. I present here three additional yet unpublished fragments of the Sefer Ha-Galuy that include sections not included in the new printed edition, and suggest that some of the printed sections should be reordered. In addition, considerations regarding the internal coherency of the text, as well as the physical properties of the Geniza fragments, may lead to a slightly different ordering. One of the newly presented fragments reveals that in his commentary on the Sefer Ha-Galuy Rav Sa‘adya aimed at demonstrating the utility of high mathematics to Torah study, thereby emphasizing his own personal virtue as one having extensive knowledge in these fields. Furthermore, one can learn from the new Geniza sections about the proper order in which Rav Sa‘adya mentions the people whom he attacks in this manuscript, including a name that has disappeared so far from the eyes of the researchers, Judah the son of the Exilarch, David Ben Zakkai. The edition is accompanied by brief expansive comments. I illustrate how these may be the basis for further discussions, addressing the calculation of the end-of-days included in Sefer Ha-Galuy, probably as part of Rav Sa‘adya's method of historiography, which divides Jewish history into periods of 500 years.

scholarly journals THE NEW RESPONDS TOWARD THE CHALLENGE: ISLAMIC DA'WAH AND CATHOLIC MISSION IN SEMARANG, 1890s-1940s

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Mukhamad Shokheh
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Catholic Mission

<p>This study discusses the growth and development of religious movements and their effects on social life of religious communities during the period 1890s-1940s Semarang. The main problems of this study are the growth and development of Islamic da’wah and Catholic mission and its influence on socio-religious life to the people in Semarang. This study used the historical method in order to answer the problem. The development of Islamic da'wah and Catholic missions in Semarang in the period 1890s-1940s could be seen into two mainstream, namely the renewal of da’wah and indigenization of mission. Islamic da'wah and Catholic mission have brought progress to the social religious life of societies. Poeple in Semarang recognized the religious organization and new forms of leadership which more rational and democratic, and the growth of new awareness of identity from  people to the identity as citizens.</p><p> </p><p>Penelitian ini mendiskusikan muncul dan berkembangnya gerakan keagamaan dan dampaknya pada kehidupan sosial pada komunitas agama periode 1890-an sampai 1940-an di Kota Semarang. Permasalahan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah pertumbuhan dan perkembangan dakwah Islam dan misi Katolik, serta pengaruhnya terhadap kehidupan sosial keagamaan di Semarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah untuk menjawab permasalahan. Perkembangan dakwah Islam dan misi Katolik pada periode 1890-an sampai 1940-an dapat dilihat dari dua mainstream, yakni pembaharuan dakwah dan indigenisasi (pelokalan) dari misi. Dakwah Islam dan misi Katolik memberikan progress terhadap kehidupan sosial keagamaan di Semarang. Masyarakat di Semarang mengenal organisasi keagamaan dan bentuk baru dari kepemimpinan yang lebih rasional dan demokratis, dan tumbuhnya kesadaran atas identitas personal menjadi identitas sebagai warga masyarakat.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals MAJELIS TAKLIM DAN PERANANNYA DALAM PENINGKATAN DAKWAH DI KECAMATAN WARA SELATAN KOTA PALOPO

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Ramlah M
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Spiritual Education ◽  
Religious Development ◽  
The People ◽  
Economic Politics ◽  
The City

Religious life in the city of Palopo in recent times again looks lively. It is an indication of a change in social life, the culture of economic politics in society. One form of the development of religious life, especially in the formation of the ummah is the growing splendor majelis taklim institution which is one of the nonformal educational institutions that have the function and role in the guidance of the ummah, as a place of spiritual education and as a place of syiar Islam and silaturrahmi between ulama, umara (government ) with the people. This research will examine the important role played by majelis taklim institution in increasing the activity of da'wah and religious development in South Wara Subdistrict of Palopo City.

scholarly journals The role of mask in art culture of the Russian Silver Age

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-93
Author(s):  
Natal'ya Borisovna Kirillova
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Analysis Of Dynamics

The subject of this article is the role of mas in art culture of the Silver Age as a peculiar era of the &ldquo;Russian Renaissance&rdquo;. The term was introduced by N. A. Berdyaev and is present in a number of hisp philosophical writings. The object of this research is the Silber Age, perceived by the author as a somewhat mythological concept. Within the history of Russian culture &ldquo;Golden Age&rdquo; is attributed to the time of Pushkin, while &ldquo;Silver Age&rdquo; is a period of the bloom of modernism at the turn of XIX-XX centuries, when creative revival coincided in the visual and scenic arts, literature, music, science, and social life. The goal of this work consists in the analysis of dynamics and interconnection between artistic pursuits of the era of Russian modernism and the role of mask in this process The research results testify to the fact that in the Silver Age art prevails the cult of mask as a so-called challenge, protest against reality, which defined its special role in the works of painters, theatrical designers, symbolist poets, avant-garde filmmakers, whose experiments were aimed at determination of the new forms of relationships between art and the public. The relevance of study is substantiated by &ldquo;interchange&rdquo; of eras: new trends in development of sociocultural sphere of turn of XX-XXI centuries, when mask came into the people&rsquo;s everyday life, and the image (persona) becomes an intrinsic part of communication process.

scholarly journals SPIRIT KEILMUAN WAHYU MEMANDU ILMU DALAM PENGEMBANGAN HUKUM ISLAM

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-256
Author(s):  
Deden Najmudin
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
The People ◽  
The Times ◽  
Advanced Development

In the development of Islamic law that covers all aspects of people's lives, both in the hereafter problem with all its problems, as well as world problems with all these problems require a new paradigm of scientific mindset. The more advanced development of science and technology also influences the progress of social life, culture, politics, economics and others. So the authors take up this theme using descriptive and comparative methods, and the type of data used in this study is qualitative data. Islamic law requires a new paradigm of mindset and renewal of the views of a problem, especially in everyday life or we can call it contemporary fiqh. The paradigm of the new paradigm becomes more severe, due to contemporary problems, even more complicated when seen from the perspective of fiqh. However, the tradition of the fuqaha used to guide the dynamics of life in his day, so that in this day and age we can imitate the ulama fuqaha by at least contributing to the development of science and understanding, with various kinds of problems in society in accordance with the times, so that the problems of religious life the people are always guided. This paper will raise the opportunity given by Islamic law itself to its people to always criticize it, which allows the emergence of new paradigms along with the emergence of new problems in society.

scholarly journals TARI GUEL SEBAGAI IDENTITAS MASYARAKAT GAYO

JOGED ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-41
Author(s):  
Gustira Monita
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Cultural Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

ABSTRAKTari Guel dipahami sebagai sebuah simbolis gerak yang memberikan interaksi dinamis pada penontonnya, yaitu tentang pembentukan makna dalam realitas kehidupan sehari-hari oleh-orang-orang Gayo. Dalam memahami bentuk keseluruhan ataupun makna yang terkandug di dalamnya Tari Guel lebih mengutamakan rasa. Tari Guel juga dipandang sebagai museum gerak tak benda yang menyimpan banyak sejarah masyarakat Gayo. Guel adalah identitas penting suku Gayo, menyimpan banyak simbol sejarah yang sudah sepatutnya dipecahkan dan diungkapkan. Agar suku Gayo dan keberadaannya tidak hilang terbawa arus modernisasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Antropologi, yang memandang seni sebagai bagian dari aktivitas budaya manusia. Pendekatan Antropologi digunakan untuk melihat konteks, yang akan membedah kehidupan sosial masyarakat dan adat istiadat Gayo, yang berkaitan dengan Tari Guel dan keberadaannya yang masih dijaga serta dilestarikan oleh masyarakat Gayo. Selain itu penelitian ini juga menggunakan pendekatan Koreografis. Pendekatan ini adalah sebagai teks yang digunakan untuk membedah bagaimana bentuk penyajian dan keseluruhan struktur yang terdapat pada Tari Guel.ABSTRACT Guel dance is understood as a symbolic movement that provides dynamic interaction to the audience, namely about the formation of meaning in the reality of daily life by the Gayo people. In understanding the overall form or meaning contained in it, Guel Dance prioritizes taste. The Guel dance is also seen as a museum of intangible objects that holds much of the history of the Gayo people. Guel is an important identity of the Gayo tribe, holding many historical symbols that should be solved and revealed. So that the Gayo tribe and its existence will not be lost in the current of modernization. This research uses the Anthropology approach, which views art as part of human cultural activities. Anthropology is defined as the science of humans, specifically about their origin, race, customs, beliefs in the past, society and culture. Anthropology used as a context, which will dissect the social life of the people and the customs of Gayo, relating to the Guel Dance and its existence which is still preserved and preserved by the Gayo people. Besides this research also uses a choreographic approach. This approach is a text used to dissect the form of presentation and overall structure contained in the Guel Dance.

SEA, COMMUNITY AND LANGUAGE: A STUDY ON THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARABI- MALAYALAM LANGUAGE OF MAPPILA MUSLIMS OF MALABAR

2019 ◽  
pp. 406-416
Author(s):  
Musadhique Kottaparamban
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Written Language ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Specificity ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Malayalam Language ◽  
Muslim Culture ◽  
Rich History

Mappila Muslim culture is a mixture of Indian and Arabian traditions and its origin can be traced back to pre-Islamic Arabia. There are many references for tracing Mappilas origin into pre Islamic Arabia. It is believed that Arab Merchants travel to Malabar frequently even before Islam emerged in Arabia. Their historical specificity granted them a unique language, culture, religion, and social life. Cultural assimilation was one of the most notable aspect in Mappila history. The marriage of Hindu women to the Arabs historically helped to form a new progeny called Mappila. When Islam was introduced into the Kerala coast, the people who are known as Mappila did not change totally, they did not accept Arabic as their mother tongue and they did not want to give up Malayalam. Instead they invented a new language, Arabi-Malayalam, to community within the community. This new language played an important role in shaping and negotiating Mappila identity. They faced immense crisis of both the identities of Arab and Malayalam. When they faced a crisis to accommodate both into the community and the larger Malabar, Mappila invented a new way to express and share identity. This is Arabi- Malayalam language which was a religious necessity for Mappila. The rich tradition of this community written language reflects a rich history of cultural interactions, as it is a sensitive barometer of social and historical conditions of the Mappila community.

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