The effect of feed intake on nutrient and hormone levels in jugular and portal blood in goats

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Physiological Control ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Rule Changes

SUMMARYAdult goats provided with permanent jugular and portal vein catheters were used to study the effect of feeding hay and concentrates on blood composition in order to determine which blood constituents might act as signals in the control of feed intake. Animals were fed limited amounts of feed, or were allowed to eat unlimited amounts for restricted periods, once or twice daily. Blood samples were collected at hourly intervals up to 9 h after feeding and often more frequently in the initial hour, and were analysed for volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactate, glucose, insulin and glucagon.Feed consumption resulted in rapid and large increments of jugular blood acetate, propionate,n-butyrate and 3-methylbutyrate concentrations whereas isobutyrate and 2-methylbutyrate increased only slightly. Jugular propionate,n–butyrate and 3–methyl–butyrate increased within 10 min and acetate within 20 min after feed was offered, both when hay and when concentrates were eaten. Fasting decreased circulating VFA to very low values. As a rule changes of portal VFA paralleled those in the general circulation although both the concentrations and the changes were much greater. Plasma lactate increased within 30 min on a concentrate diet but not at all on a hay diet.Blood glucose declined in the initial hour after feeding and subsequently increased, resulting in a more or less elevated plateau. In some but not all experiments glucose declined before feed consumption, probably owing to ‘anticipation’. Circulating plasma insulin and glucagon appeared to increase slightly, if at all, after feeding. Increased feed intake was reflected in higher base line glucose and insulin concentrations in the jugular vein but the jugular glucose and insulin response to feed consumption was unaffected. Jugular glucagon was not influenced by the amount of feed. Jugular insulin and glucagon sometimes showed a brief peak during eating. Portal glucose, insulin and glucagon gave essentially the same pattern as seen in the jugular vein.In conclusion, it appears that, of the substances studied, acetate, propionate, nbutyrate and 3-methylbutyrate are most suited for the function of feedback signals in the physiological control of feed intake in goats under the conditions of the present experiment. It seems less probable that glucose, insulin and glucagon can play such a role.

scholarly journals Effect of the composition of starter diet fed in the rearing phase on the performance and certain physiological parameters of Holstein calves

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 367-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szandra Tóth ◽  
Melinda Kovács ◽  
Brigitta Bóta ◽  
Judit Szabó-Fodor ◽  
Gábor Bakos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Rumen Microbiota

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of calf starters of different starch and fibre content on the growth, blood and rumen parameters of Holstein female calves during the pre-weaning period. A total of 60 calves were divided into two groups. Group A/B was fed according to a two-phase calf nutrition system: the calves received calf starter “A” (28.5% starch content, 16% neutral detergent fibre (NDF), 9.2% acid detergent fibre (ADF)) in days 7–45 and then calf starter “B” (14.2% starch content, 32.4% NDF, 14.3% ADF) in days 46–70. Calves of group B received calf starter “B” throughout the experimental period. The calves were weaned between 52 and 61 days of life. The data on body weight, weight gain, starter feed intake, blood metabolites and rumen fermentation parameters were collected individually. In the first phase of experiment, the starter feed consumption of A/B group was higher than that of B group (P < 0.05), but it did not manifest in differences in body weight at weaning time. At some of the sampling times, the different composition of starter diets significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the plasma urea, albumin, glucose and triglyceride concentrations. The consumption of diet with different starch and NDF content had no significant effect either on the composition of the rumen microbiota or on the ruminal concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia. In some cases significant correlations (–0.83 and –0.93; 0.82 and 0.90) were found between the composition of rumen microbiota and ruminal VFA concentration. Feeding a diet of higher starch content (28.5 vs 14.2%) in the first 45 days of life did not affect rumen fermentation, rumen microbiota and the most important blood metabolites, apart from a few exceptions. The production parameters of calves, including total feed intake and body weight gain, were similar in the experiment.

scholarly journals Technical Note: Coccygeal vein catheterization for sampling of reproductive tract-derived products from the uterine–ovarian drainage

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney T Reese ◽  
Gessica A Franco ◽  
Ramiro V Oliveira Filho ◽  
Reinaldo F Cooke ◽  
Michael F Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Major Consequence ◽  
Exact Evaluation ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
Vein Catheterization

Abstract Blood sample collection from the caudal vena cava at the site of uterine–ovarian drainage provides a more exact evaluation of the concentration and pattern of secretion of uterine or ovarian secreted products for studies of reproductive processes in cyclic and pregnant cattle compared with samples collected from general circulation. This paper describes a thorough and updated procedure for cannulating the coccygeal vein into the caudal vena cava for the collection of serial blood samples at or near the site of uterine–ovarian drainage. Concentrations of progesterone were quantified in cows of different reproductive tract sizes with an active corpus luteum to assess the distance for proper catheter placement compared with circulating concentrations collected from the jugular vein. This procedure has a low risk for side effects, can be used effectively in pregnant animals with no major consequence to the viability of the pregnancy, and provides means for frequent collections up to 12 d.

scholarly journals PSXI-6 Calculating energy efficiency use for Nellore bulls divergent in residual feed intake

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 393-394
Author(s):  
Camila D A Batalha ◽  
Fabiana L De Araújo ◽  
Renata H Branco ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi ◽  
Sarah F Bonilha
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Retained energy (RE) and energetic efficiency index were measured in Nellore bulls from divergent classes of residual feed intake (RFI). Thirty-four Nellore bulls (15 low RFI-LRFI and 19 high RFI-HRFI) were feedlot finished and slaughtered with 385 ± 40 kg of body weight (BW) and 520 ± 26.2 days of age. At the beginning of the experiment, five LRFI and three HRFI were slaughtered and used as base line. Individual dry matter intake was recorded daily; initial and final BW were recorded after 16 h of fasting. Eight bulls, four LRFI and four HRFI, were fed at maintenance, receiving 65 g of DM/kg0.75 BW, and 18 bulls (10 LRFI and eight HRFI) were fed ad libitum. Diet had 19:81 roughage:concentrate, 88% of DM and 15% of crude protein. Ultrasound measurements on the Longissimus muscle were performed at intervals of 28 days. When two ad libitum bulls reached 4 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness, one maintenance bull was randomly chosen and slaughtered on the same day. After slaughter, the centesimal composition of the empty body and carcass was measured. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model, and RFI class was included as a fixed effect. Least-square means were used to compare the means, and significance was declared for P ≤ 0.05. The LRFI had greater protein retention than HRFI (248 vs. 142 g/d; P = 0.009), and same fat and energy retention (313 g/d and 4.12 Mcal/d, respectively). The energy efficiency indexes, heat production per metabolic energy intake (Mcal/Mcal) and gain-to-feed (kg/kg) ratio, did not differ between RFI classes. Though LRFI had the same energy efficiency index, they were leaner. These results indicated an association of RFI and maturity patterns. Further research is needed to estimate the net energy requirements of Nellore bulls classified according to RFI. Acknowledgments: FAPESP Processes 2017/06709-2, 2018/20080–2 and 2019/17714-2.

Measurement of protein turnover in the small intestine of lambs. 2. Effects of feed intake

1997 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. NEUTZE ◽  
J. M. GOODEN ◽  
V. H. ODDY
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein

This study used an experimental model, described in a companion paper, to examine the effects of feed intake on protein turnover in the small intestine of lambs. Ten male castrate lambs (∼ 10 months old) were offered, via continuous feeders, either 400 (n = 5) or 1200 (n = 5) g/day lucerne chaff, and mean experimental liveweights were 28 and 33 kg respectively. All lambs were prepared with catheters in the cranial mesenteric vein (CMV), femoral artery (FA), jugular vein and abomasum, and a blood flow probe around the CMV. Cr-EDTA (0·139 mg Cr/ml, ∼ 0·2 ml/min) was infused abomasally for 24 h and L-[2,6-3H]phenylalanine (Phe) (420±9·35 μCi into the abomasum) and L-[U-14C]phenylalanine (49·6±3·59 μCi into the jugular vein) were also infused during the last 8 h. Blood from the CMV and FA was sampled during the isotope infusions. At the end of infusions, lambs were killed and tissue (n = 4) and digesta (n = 2) samples removed from the small intestine (SI) of each animal. Transfers of labelled and unlabelled Phe were measured between SI tissue, its lumen and blood, enabling both fractional and absolute rates of protein synthesis and gain to be estimated.Total SI mass increased significantly with feed intake (P < 0·05), although not on a liveweight basis. Fractional rates of protein gain in the SI tended to increase (P = 0·12) with feed intake; these rates were −16·2 (±13·7) and 23·3 (±15·2) % per day in lambs offered 400 and 1200 g/day respectively. Mean protein synthesis and fractional synthesis rates (FSR), calculated from the mean retention of 14C and 3H in SI tissue, were both positively affected by feed intake (0·01 < P < 0·05). The choice of free Phe pool for estimating precursor specific radioactivity (SRA) for protein synthesis had a major effect on FSR. Assuming that tissue free Phe SRA represented precursor SRA, mean FSR were 81 (±15) and 145 (±24) % per day in lambs offered 400 and 1200 g/day respectively. Corresponding estimates for free Phe SRA in the FA and CMV were 28 (±2·9) and 42 (±3·5) % per day on 400 g/day, and 61 (±2·9) and 94 (±6·0) on 1200 g/day. The correct value for protein synthesis was therefore in doubt, although indirect evidence suggested that blood SRA (either FA or CMV) may be closest to true precursor SRA. This evidence included (i) comparison with flooding dose estimates of FSR, (ii) comparison of 3H[ratio ]14C Phe SRA in free Phe pools with this ratio in SI protein, and (iii) the proportion of SI energy use associated with protein synthesis.Using the experimental model, the proportion of small intestinal protein synthesis exported was estimated as 0·13–0·27 (depending on the choice of precursor) and was unaffected by feed intake. The contribution of the small intestine to whole body protein synthesis tended to be higher in lambs offered 1200 g/day (0·21) than in those offered 400 g/day (0·13). The data obtained in this study suggested a role for the small intestine in modulating amino acid supply with changes in feed intake. At high intake (1200 g/day), the small intestine increases in mass and CMV uptake of amino acids is less than absorption from the lumen, while at low intake (400 g/day), this organ loses mass and CMV uptake of amino acids exceeds that absorbed. The implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Herbal Liver Stimulants on the Performance of Hy-line Commercial Layer

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Damodar Neupane ◽  
Mukesh Karki ◽  
C. R. Upreti ◽  
Tribhuveneshor Dhaubhadel
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Additional Income ◽  
Calculated Average ◽  
Observation Period

An investigation was undertaken on 180 day-old Hy-line layer chicks to assess the effect of herbal products on feed consumption, egg production and profitability. The experimental chicks were randomly divided in three groups with three replicates in each and were housed in identical management and environmental conditions. Dietary treatments were prepared by addition of herbal liver stimulants such as Livoliv 250 @500 g/ton (D2) and Superliv @500g/ton (D3) in the basal diet (D1). Feed intake, egg production and mortality were recorded throughout the observation period of 50 weeks. Feed per unit of egg production, hen day percentage, additional income of supplemented diet over the basal diet were calculated. Average daily intake (g) of the diets per bird were observed as 59.19±1.05 g, 58.31±0.337 g and 57.67±0.163 g up to 20 weeks and 108.94±0.06 g, 109.01±0.05 g and 108.26±0.41 g during the laying period fed with D3, D1 and D2 diets respectively. Similarly, higher hen day egg % (76.9%) was recorded in the birds fed with Superliv supplemented diet (D3), followed by Livoliv supplemented diet (D2) (73.4%) and Basal diet (D1) (72.1%) with feed intake per unit egg production of 179.3 g, 178.1 g and 193.0 g, respectively. Total egg production was found higher with D3 (161.49 egg), followed by D2 (154.15 egg) and basal diet (151.45 egg) with layer house cumulative mortality only in D3 (3.75%). Additional profits of Rs. 35.18 and Rs. 12.86 in terms of egg selling over feed cost per layer were calculated for the bird fed with Superliv supplemented diet (D3) and Liveloliv supplemented diet (D2) than that of the basal diet. Key words: layer; herbal products; liver stimulant; feed efficiency; profit DOI: 10.3126/njst.v9i0.3162 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 9 (2008) 37-40

Genetic variation in net feed efficiency in Hereford cattle and its association with other production traits

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 47-47
Author(s):  
R.M. Herd ◽  
S.C. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Performance Measurements ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Rate Selection

Net feed efficiency refers to variation in feed consumption between animals net of requirements for maintenance and production, and may be measured as residual feed intake (RFI). Because RFI is independent of liveweight (LW) and growth rate, selection for improved net feed efficiency is likely to reduce feed intake with little change in growth. The purpose of this study was to establish whether there exists genetic variation in RFI in young British Hereford bulls, and to determine the phenotypic and genetic correlations of RFI with key production traits.The data consisted of performance measurements on 540 bull progeny of 154 British Hereford sires, collected over ten 200-day postweaning performance tests conducted between 1979 and 1988. The traits analysed were food intake (FI), 200 to 400-day daily gain (ADG), 400-day weight (W400), predicted carcass lean content (LEAN), lean growth rate (LGR), food conversion ratio (FI/ADG) and lean FCR (LFCR; FI/(ADG x LEAN), described by Bishop (1992).

scholarly journals The contraction of the extrinsic muscles of the eye by choline and nicotine

1930 ◽  
Vol 107 (751) ◽  
pp. 332-343 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Similar Reaction ◽  
Vascular Events ◽  
Intra Ocular Pressure ◽  
Motor Nerves ◽  
Ocular Pressure ◽  
Extrinsic Muscles

It has long been known that choline, acetylcholine (Reisser, 1921), and nicotine (Langley, 1906-14) contract the normal striped muscle of Sauropsidæ (frog, fowl, etc.), and it has been recently demonstrated that a similar reaction occurs in the fœtal muscle of mammals (Rückert, 1930), but hitherto it has never been shown to occur in the muscles of the fully-developed mammalian. It has also been well established that the voluntary muscles of mammals, after degeneration of the motor nerves, exhibit a "pseudo-motor" contraction on the injection of choline. (Frank, Northmann and Hirsch-Kauffmann, 1922-23), a contraction which appears analogous in origin and in nature to that first described in the tongue by Vulpian and Phillipeaux (1863), and in the muscles of the limbs by Sherrington (1894), which occurs on stimulation of the sensory roots after the motor roots have degenerated. Recent writers in discussing the theoretical basis of these phenomena have stressed the point that this type of contraction occurs in mammals only after degeneration of the motor nerves, and have based some of their conclusions upon this assumption. The following experiments show, however, that this statement is no universally true, and that the extrinsic muscles of the eye form an exception to the general rule. The matter arose as a side-issue during an extended research on the mechanism controlling the intra-ocular pressure, when anomalous changes were noted while investigating the effect of choline and acetylcholine upon the pressure in the eye. These experiments are recorded in a separate publication (Duke-Elder, 1930): it is sufficient for the present purpose to say that in experiments upon anæthetised dogs, while small doses of choline such as produce a depressor effect when injected intra-venously (0·2 c. c. of a 1 in 20 solution) give rise to a fall in the intra-ocular pressure of the order which would be expected from the events in the vascular circulation, larger doses, on the other hand, lead to an increase in the intra-ocular pressure much larger than could be explained by any vascular events. In order, therefore, to reduce the number of variables with which we were dealing, the technique was extended to the perfusion of the eye with an artificial circulation, whereby the conditions in the general circulation were kept constant (Duke-Elder, 1930); and fig. 1 shows that in these circumstances, even when we would have expected a fall in the intra-ocular pressure owing to a local vasoconstriction when the pressor component of choline was elicited, a rise was obtained. The most significant feature was that this rise was accompanied by a movement of the base-line in the tracing registered by the optical manometer denoting a movement of the eye in the direction of enophthalmos.

scholarly journals Geo-Assessment of Chemical Composition and Nutritional Evaluation of Moringa oleifera Seeds in Nutrition of Broilers

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Annongu ◽  
O. R. Karim ◽  
A. A. Toye ◽  
F. E. Sola-Ojo ◽  
R. M. O. Kayode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Inclusion Level

Chemical composition of Moringa oleifera seeds obtained from the middle belt of Nigeria, Benue State, was determined and the seed was blended to form a seed meal. The Moringa oleifera Seed Meal, MOSM was included in diets at graded levels of 2.50, 5.00 and 7.50% and the dietary performance of the broiler chicks on the test diets was compared with that of a corn-soy reference diet. Results on the chemical/nutritional composition of MOSM showed that the full-fat seeds contained (%) on proximate basis, reasonable concentration of 90.38 dry matter, 25.37 crude protein, 14.16 crude fat, 4.03 mineral matter, 30.64 crude fiber, 25.80 soluble carbohydrate and 5.79 kcal/g gross energy. Analyses also gave appreciable quantities of the water and fat soluble vitamins, macro - and micro-minerals. Feeding chicks with the seed meal at graded levels in diets resulted in decrease in feed intake and body weight gain as the inclusion level increased in diets relative to the conventional diet (p < 0.05). Reduction in feed consumption could be attributed to the full-fat nature of the seed meal used which might have imparted extra-caloric effect in the test diets and slowed digestion and absorption as the analyzed nutrients content of diets. A higher ether extract value on Moringa based diets relative to the control diet was obtained. Phytochemical composition of Moringa namely phenols including tannins, saponins, phytate, cyanogenic glucoside, glucosinolates and other numerous chemical constituents affected the body weight of the chicks negatively with increasing dietary MOSM. Decrease in weight gain following increase in dietary seed meal could also be due to decrease in feed intake as a result of the bitter taste of alkaloids, saponins, acting in concert with the other Moringa phytotoxins in test diets. Survival rate (100%) was not affected indicating that the level of highest inclusion in this study (7.50%) was not fatal to the experimental animal models. Further research is progressing to ascertain the highest inclusion level possible to elicit fatality and attempts to detoxify or treat the seed meal before feeding to animals.

scholarly journals Dietary rambutan peel powder as a rumen modifier in beef cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-769
Author(s):  
Thiwakorn Ampapon ◽  
Metha Wanapat
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Negative Effect

Objective: The experiment was conducted to study the effect of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) fruit peel powder (RP) on feed consumption, digestibility of nutrients, ruminal fermentation dynamics and microbial population in Thai breed cattle.Methods: Four, 2-year old (250±15 kg) beef bull crossbreds (75% Brahman×25% local breed) were allotted to experimental treatments using a 4×4 Latin square design. Four dietary supplementation treatments were imposed; non-supplementation (control, T1); supplementation of RP fed at 2% of dry matter intake (DMI) (low, T2); supplementation of RP fed at 4% of DMI (medium, T3) and supplementation of RP fed at 6% of DMI (high, T4). All cattle were given a concentrate supplement at 1% of body weight while Napier grass was provided as a free choice.Results: The findings revealed that RP supplementation did not negatively affect (p>0.05) DMI of Napier grass, while RP intake and total DMI were the greatest in the RP supplementation at 4% and 6% DMI. Nevertheless, the nutrients (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) digestibilities were not changed in the RP supplementation groups. Rumen fermentation parameters especially those of total volatile fatty acids, acetate and butyrate were not significantly changed. However, the propionate concentration was remarkably increased (p<0.05) in the RP supplementation. Notably, the ratio of acetate to propionate, the number of protozoa, as well as the methane estimation were significantly reduced in the RP supplemented groups (4% and 6% of DMI), while the counts of bacteria was not altered.Conclusion: Supplementation of RP (4% of DMI) improved rumen propionate production, reduced protozoal population and methane estimation (p<0.05) without a negative effect on feed consumption and nutrients total tract digestibilities in beef cattle. Using dietary rambutan fruit peel powder has potential promise as a rumen regulator.

The effect of adding a feed flavour to the diets of young pigs before and after weaning

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (101) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH King
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Daily Growth Rate ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Before And After

Sixteen sows and their progeny were allotted to treatments in a 23 factorial experiment involving two levels of feed flavour (0 and 50 ppm of Firanor No. 24) in each of the sow, creep and starter diets. Weaning occurred at a mean piglet age of 26.9 days and observations continued for 31 days after weaning. The feed flavour, when added to the sow diet, was incorporated in sow's milk; milk from one sow fed the flavoured diet contained 9 ppm of Firanor No. 24. The addition of the feed flavour to the creep diet failed to improve creep feed consumption or weaning weight; the average daily creep feed intake and daily growth rate prior to weaning being 47.8 g/head and 207 g/head, respectively. During the postweaning period, pigs that were weaned from sows receiving the flavour and then given the flavoured starter diet ate more feed (P<0.05) and tended to grow faster (839 and 400 g day-1, respectively) than pigs given the unflavoured starter diet, or those weaned from sows given no flavour; their average feed intake and growth rate being 764 and 362 g day-1, respectively.

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