The effect of inclusion of mineral salts in the diet on dilution rate, the pattern of rumen fermentation and the composition of the rumen microflora

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
M. J. Latham ◽  
M. E. Sharpe ◽  
R. A. Terry
Keyword(s):  
Dilution Rate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThe mixed buffer salts of artificial saliva were incorporated at three rates: 0 (diet 1), 5·7 (diet 2) and 11·4% (diet 3) (w/w) in pelleted diets prepared from60% ground flaked maize and 40% dried ground grass. The control and mineral-supplemented diets were fed to sheep hourly (Expt 1) or twice daily (Expt 2).When the sheep were fed hourly or twice daily the pattern of fermentation in the rumen was altered from a predominantly propionate to mainly acetate fermentation. Dilution rate in the rumen increased from 0·036 to 0·053 to 0·064 when diets 1, 2 and 3 were fed hourly, and dilution rate was negatively related to the molar proportion of propionic acid (P< 0·05) and positively related (P< 0·05) to the molar proportion of acetic acid in rumen fluid, but these relationships were not apparent in Expt 2.Nitrogen retention was higher for lambs fed diet 2 than for those fed diets 1 and 3 (P< 0·05) in Expt 1.In sheep fed hourly, selenomonads and bacteroides were the predominant rumen bacteria associated with the control diet but the inclusion of mineral salts resulted in the bacteroides being replaced by large number of chain-forming cocci. Numbers of protozoa were variable. The relationship of these changes to the fermentation pattern is discussed. In sheep fed twice daily there was much variation between animals.

scholarly journals Characteristics of cows’ cicatricial metabolism of different linearity

2021 ◽  
Vol 213 (10) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
E. Razhina
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ideal Line ◽  
Microsoft Office ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Veterinary Laboratory

Abstract. The aim of this work is to investigate the relationship between indicators of cicatricial digestion and linearity of cows. Methods. The research was carried out in the breeding enterprises of the Sverdlovsk region on the livestock of Ural-type cows. Cicatricial fluid was collected with an oropharyngeal rubber probe, and a wooden yaw was also used. Cicatricial content was assessed at the Chelyabinsk Interregional Veterinary Laboratory. The pH value was determined by the electrometric method, VFA – in the Markgam apparatus, ammonia – by the microdiffusion method. Ciliates – in Goryaev’s chamber and under a microscope, bacteria – under a microscope with the addition of sodium chloride solution. Statistical data processing was carried out in the Microsoft Office Excel 2010 program. Results. In terms of the number of ciliates and bacteria in the rumen fluid, the Montwick Chieftain cows, characterized by high productive qualities, had an advantage. In terms of pH and VFA, the Vis Back Ideal line was the best. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the amount of ammonia in the rumen. The best animals from the point of view of influence on cicatricial metabolism were the animals of the Vis Back Ideal and Montwick Chieftain lineage. Scientific novelty. Studies have shown that linearity is associated with cicatricial digestion in cows. The relationship of bull lines with indicators of cicatricial metabolism of cows has been determined for the first time. The food in the rumen is digested due to the action of bacteria, ciliates, and fungi. An environment has been created in the rumen for the active development of microflora. Bacteria are able to synthesize amino acids and vitamins. The proventriculus can contain up to 50 species of ciliates.

scholarly journals Effect of Supplementing TMR Diets with Artificial Saliva and Acid Buf on Optimizing Ruminal pH and Fermentation Activity in Cows

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Bilik ◽  
Juliusz Strzetelski ◽  
Iwona Furgał-Dierżuk ◽  
Bogdan Śliwiński
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Experimental Diet ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Concentrate Mixture

AbstractThe objective of the study was to determine the effect of adding buffering agents to a total mixed ration (TMR) on the pH and on the VFA, lactic acid and NH3-N content of rumen fluid. The experiment was carried out with three nonproductive cows fitted with permanent rumen fistulas in a 3×3 Latin square design with two stages differing in the amount of added buffer (50 g/day in stage I or 100 g/day in stage II). The control diet (C) contained no buffering agent. The AB experimental diet was supplemented with Acid Buf (Noack Polen Ltd.) containing calcium carbonate, major and trace elements, and the AS experimental diet was supplemented with our own produced artificial saliva powder containing a mixture of chemical compounds (NaHCO3, KCl, CaCl2, Na2HO4·12H2O, NaCl, MgSO4·7H2O) in the appropriate proportions (McDougall, 1948), combined with wheat bran at a 1:1 ratio. The preparations were added to the concentrate mixture in TMR which contained (% DM): maize silage, 29.9; wilted grass silage, 17.4; ensiled brewers’ grains, 2.4; barley straw, 10.3; and concentrate mixture, 40.0. Samples of rumen fluid collected before feeding (0 h) and after feeding (2, 4, 6 and 8 h) were analysed for pH, and the samples collected 4 h postprandial were analysed for VFA, lactic acid and NH3-N. The artificial saliva added at 100 g/day to the mixture of chemical compounds (without a carrier) contributed to a significant (P≤0.01) increase in rumen fluid pH at 4 h compared to cows receiving diets C and AB. In both stages of the experiment, cows receiving the buffering agents tended to achieve higher pH values in the other hours of the test compared to group C. In the collected samples of rumen fluid, no significant (P>0.05) differences were observed among the cows in VFA and total VFA, in C2/C3 and C3/C4 acid ratios, and in NH3-N content. Neither did the type and amount of buffers had a significant effect on the percentage ratios of selected fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric) in total VFA. No presence of lactic acid was detected in the analysed samples of rumen fluid. It can be stated that when the total mixed ration is properly balanced, the type and amount of buffers have no significant effect on changes in the rumen fermentation activity of cows.

scholarly journals Evaluation of cassava foliage as a protein supplement for sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
J. K. Alli-Balogun ◽  
C. A. M. Lakpini ◽  
J. P. Alawa ◽  
A. Mohammed ◽  
J. A. Nwanta
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Metabolic Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weight Gains

Three trials were conducted to evaluate the potential of cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage (leaves and petioles) as a protein supplement for sheep. In the first trial, nylon bag degradability of cassava foliage was studied. Proximate analysis of cassava foliage was conducted before and after the incubation. Rumen Ammonia Concentration (RAC) and pH were determined at 0, 4 and 8 hours after feeding cassava foliage diet (30%). Proximate composition of sundried cassava foliage was (%) DM 91.25, CP 18.55, NDF, 31.41, ADF, 29.2, EE, 6.6, Ash, 12.95. Nylon-bag dry matter disappearance (DMD) increased significantly (P<0.05) from 15.75% to 75.5% RAC values increased significantly from 8.20mg NH3/100ml at zero hour to 11.41mg NH3/100ml at 8 hours post feeding. Rumen fluid pH was not significantly changed by the 30% cassava foliage diet. In the second trial lasting 56 days, twenty-eight Yankasa/ WAD yearling rams of initial average weight of 18kg were balanced for weight and randomly allotted to seven treatments. All rams except those on control diet were fed cassava foliage or groundnut haulms or both at 1.0% or 1.5% of body weight (BW) as supplements to a basal diet of Gamba hay. Feeding Gamba hay alone (control) resulted in weight loss (-30.5g/day) but with cassava foliage or groundnut haulms supplementation at 1.0% BW, significantly higher gains of 39.2 and 44.6g/day were achieved respectively. At 1.5%BW level of supplementation with cassava foliage or groundnut haulms higher weight gains of 41.2 and 51.7g/day were achieved while feeding the (50.50) combined supplements at 1.0 and 1.50% BW resulted in live weight gains of 65.1 and 69.3g/day respectively. The third trial consisted of a four week grazing trial followed by a metabolic study. Twenty-one Yankasa/WAD yearling rams were randomly allotted to seven treatments and were balanced for live weight. All rams were allowed to graze standing digitaria hay as basal diet, except the rams on control diet. Those on treatment were fed cassava foliage or groundnut haulms or a (50:50) combination of both at 0.5% and 1.0% (BW). The metabolic study consisted of a seven day adjustment period and a seven day total collection period. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the live weight gains of rams on the control diet compared with those supplemented except for those supplemented with cassava foliage and groundnut haulms combined at 1% level where the weight gain was significantly higher (P<0.05). Feed intake was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by feeding either supplement. Supplementing digitaria hay with cassava foliage at both 0.5% and 1.0% BW did not significantly increase the nitrogen retention values, but groundnut haulms supplemented at 1.0% BW significantly (P<0.05) increased the nitrogen retention values.

scholarly journals Alteration of Rumen Fermentation in Steers by Increasing Rumen Fluid Dilution Rate with Mineral Salts

1979 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 1599-1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Rogers ◽  
B.C. Marks ◽  
C.L. Davis ◽  
J.H. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Dilution Rate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Mineral Salts

THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHLOROPHYLL IN RUMEN CONTENTS AND THE ONSET OF BLOAT IN CATTLE

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. MAJAK ◽  
J. W. HALL ◽  
R. E. HOWARTH
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Solid Phases ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Liquid And Solid Phases ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentrations

Chlorophyll levels in rumen contents from the dorsal and ventral sac were examined before alfalfa ingestion to determine the relationship of chloroplast particles to the onset of pasture bloat in cattle. Chlorophyll concentrations were significantly higher in cattle that subsequently bloated than in those that did not. The higher levels were observed in both the liquid and solid phases of rumen contents from cattle predisposed to bloat but the liquid phase showed a greater increase. Chlorophyll levels were uniformly distributed in the rumen with little or no difference between samples obtained from the ventral and dorsal sacs. In agreement with previous results, animals predisposed to bloat showed higher rates of gas production and greater buoyancy of particulate matter in prefeeding rumen fluid. The results suggest that chloroplast particles in the rumen have a slower rate of clearance in bloating animals than in nonbloating ones. Key words: Bloat, alfalfa, cattle, rumen, chlorophyll, chloroplast particles

scholarly journals The Relationship of Tree Nuts and Peanuts with Adiposity Parameters: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2251
Author(s):  
Rubén Fernández-Rodríguez ◽  
Arthur E. Mesas ◽  
Miriam Garrido-Miguel ◽  
Isabel A. Martínez-Ortega ◽  
Estela Jiménez-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Tree Nuts ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Baseline Characteristics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The network meta-analysis and systematic review conducted aim to comparatively assess the effects of tree nuts and peanuts on body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BF%). A systematic search up to 31 December 2020 was performed. A random-effects network meta-analysis was conducted following the PRISMA-NMA statement. A total of 105 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with measures of BW (n = 6768 participants), BMI (n = 2918), WC (n = 5045), and BF% (n = 1226) were included. The transitivity assumption was met based on baseline characteristics. In the comparisons of nut consumption versus a control diet, there was no significant increase observed in any of the adiposity-related measures examined except for hazelnut-enriched diets, which raised WC. Moreover, almond-enriched diets significantly reduced WC compared to the control diet and to the pistachio-, mixed nuts-, and hazelnut-enriched diets. In subgroup analyses with only RCTs, designed to assess whether nut consumption affected weight loss, almonds were associated with reduced BMI and walnuts with reduced %BF. The evidence supports that: (1) tree nut and peanut consumption do not influence adiposity, and (2) compared to a control diet, the consumption of almond-enriched diets was associated with a reduced waist circumference.

scholarly journals Effect of quantity and source of rumen nitrogen on the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in steers consuming tropical forage

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Bowen ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
S. R. McLennan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Dilution Rate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Grass Hay

Low values for the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) in cattle consuming tropical forages are related to low rumen degradable crude protein (RDP) intakes. This study examined the effect on the EMPS of the quantity and source of nitrogen (N) supplied to the rumen of eight entire and four rumen-fistulated Brahman steers consuming mature tropical grass hay (57.3 g crude protein/kg DM). Four treatment diets were fed in a Latin square design and included a basal diet of mature pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha) hay (control) and hay plus supplements estimated to provide 150 g RDP/kg digestible organic matter intake (DOMI), as urea or casein, or 300 g RDP/kg DOMI as casein. The EMPS was only increased (P < 0.05) above that for the control diet (167 vs 123 g microbial crude protein (MCP)/kg DOMI) when RDP was provided at the highest rate of 293 g/kg DOMI. This increase was also associated with an ~4-fold increase in the concentration of NH3-N (277 vs 73 mg/L) and of branched-chain volatile fatty acids (44 vs 10 mmol/mol of total volatile fatty acids) in rumen fluid of the steers. However, the source of rumen degradable N (urea or casein) had no effect on the EMPS (109–115 g MCP/kg DOMI) when supplied at ~150 g RDP/kg DOMI. There was no effect of treatment on in vivo neutral detergent fibre digestibility (599 g/kg DM) or the rate (0.037/h) or extent (potential degradable fraction: 636 g/kg OM) of in sacco disappearance of pangola grass hay. In addition, rumen particle dilution rate was unaffected by treatment (0.022/h) and rumen fluid dilution rate, although showing some treatment differences (0.048–0.062/h), was poorly correlated with EMPS. It was concluded that only high amounts of RDP supply to the rumen, in the form of true protein, resulted in increased EMPS whereas at the lower intakes of RDP formulated to achieve EMPS in the range suggested in the feeding standards (130–170 g MCP/kg DOMI) there was no difference in providing the RDP as non-protein N or degradable-protein.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF RUMEN CATIONS AND SOLUBLE PROTEIN WITH PREDISPOSITION OF CATTLE TO ALFALFA BLOAT

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. HALL ◽  
W. MAJAK ◽  
A. L. VAN RYSWYK ◽  
C. M. KALNIN ◽  
R. E. HOWARTH
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Colloidal Aggregation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Monovalent Ions ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Rumen-fistulated cattle were fed fresh alfalfa herbage daily during two growing seasons. Samples of rumen fluid were collected daily prior to feeding and the frothiness of the rumen fluid was assessed. Concentrations of soluble protein nitrogen in the rumen fluid were higher in animals that subsequently bloated than in those that did not (P < 0.01). There was no relation between soluble protein nitrogen and the occurrence of foam in the rumen prior to feeding. The concentrations of Na and K in the rumen fluid were negatively correlated. Bloat was associated with a low concentration of Na and a high concentration of K (P < 0.01). Concentrations of Ca and Mg were lower than those of the two monovalent ions but were also positively associated with bloat (P < 0.01). The high concentration of chlorophyll associated with a predisposition to bloat may be the result of a colloidal aggregation of chloroplast particles stabilized by cations. Key words: Pasture bloat, alfalfa, chlorophyll, ions, cattle

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