scholarly journals Early nutrition and the development of immune function in the neonate

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kelly ◽  
A. G. P. Coutts
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Early Nutrition ◽  
Tolerance Response

The present review will concentrate on the development of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and the role of early nutrition in promoting immune function. The intestine is the largest immune organ in the body, and as such is the location for the majority of lymphocytes and other immune effector cells. The intestine is exposed to vast quantities of dietary and microbial antigens, and is the most common portal of entry for pathogens, some of which are potentially lethal. The development of normal immune function of the intestine is therefore vital for survival, and is dependent on appropriate antigen exposure and processing, and also an intact intestinal barrier. In early life innate mechanisms of defence are probably more important than active or adaptive mechanisms in responding to an infectious challenge, since the healthy neonate is immunologically naïve (has not seen antigen) and has not acquired immunological memory. During this period maternal colostrum and milk can significantly augment resistance to enteric infections. The mechanisms of enhancing disease resistance are thought to be passive, involving a direct supply of anti-microbial factors, and active, by promoting the development of specific immune function. A tolerance response to dietary and non-invasive antigens is generally induced in the gut. However, it must also be able to mount an adequate immune response to ensure clearance of foreign antigens. It is now recognized that regulation of tolerance and active immune responses is critical to health, and failure to regulate these responses can lead to recurrent infections, inflammatory diseases and allergies. The education of the immune system in early life is thought to be critical in minimizing the occurrence of these immune-based disorders. During this phase of development maternal milk provides signals to the immune system that generate appropriate response and memory. One factor that has been proposed to contribute to the increase in the incidence of immune-based disorders, e.g. atopic diseases in Western countries, is thought to be the increased prevalence of formula-feeding.

Nutritional Recommendation for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 753-757
Author(s):  
Anagha Gulhane ◽  
Shamli Hiware
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
System Quality ◽  
Life Phase ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
Nutritional Recommendation

It is the most unreliable truth that anybody can get infected by the COVID-19, and nobody can escape from the danger of getting tainted by the virus. Yet, the line of hope is that anyone and everyone can boost their resistance, thus avoid the risk of getting affected by the illness. The immunity of humans pulls down as they grow older. If their immune system is robust, them falling sick is feeble. If their resistance is weak, them getting ill is sound. Several factors affect the immune system and its ability, including its nourishment. A two-way connection between nutrition, infection and immunity presents. Changes in one part will affect the others part in our body that's the nature's rule. Well defined immune system quality which is present between each life phase may influence the type, generality and the degree of infections. At the same time, low nutrition to the body will decrease the immune function and expose the body to the danger of getting infected by infectious diseases. Different quantity of micronutrients is required for increasing the immunity power of our body. Generally the vitamins A,C,D,E,B2,B6,B12, iron, zinc and selenium.The deficiencies of micronutrients are acknowledged as a global health issue, and also low nutrition makes it prone to establishes the infections in the body.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Correlates of Immunologic Activation in Head and Neck and Cervical Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Saiz-Ladera ◽  
Mariona Baliu-Piqué ◽  
Francisco J. Cimas ◽  
Aránzazu Manzano ◽  
Vanesa García-Barberán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Favorable Prognosis ◽  
Immune Effector Cells ◽  
Tumor Types

Targeting the immune system has emerged as an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various tumor types, including Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) and Non-small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), and checkpoint inhibitors have shown to improve patient survival in these tumor types. Unfortunately, not all cancers respond to these agents, making it necessary to identify responsive tumors. Several biomarkers of response have been described and clinically tested. As of yet what seems to be clear is that a pre-activation state of the immune system is necessary for these agents to be efficient. In this study, using established transcriptomic signatures, we identified a group of gene combination associated with favorable outcome in HNSCC linked to a higher presence of immune effector cells. CD2, CD3D, CD3E, and CXCR6 combined gene expression is associated with improved outcome of HNSCC patients and an increase of infiltrating immune effector cells. This new signature also identifies a subset of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) patients with favorable prognosis, who show an increased presence of immune effector cells in the tumor, which outcome shows similarities with the HP-positive HNSCC cohort of patients. In addition, CD2, CD3D, CD3E, and CXCR6 signature is able to predict the best favorable prognosis in terms of overall survival of CSSC patients. Of note, these findings were not reproduced in other squamous cell carcinomas like esophageal SCC or lung SCC. Prospective confirmatory studies should be employed to validate these findings.

scholarly journals 335 The Gut-Lung Axis: The Human Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 69-70
Author(s):  
Michael Surette
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Asthma And Allergy

Abstract The human gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ in the body and consequently influences the overall immune state of all body sites. The gut also harbors the largest proportion of the microbiome. In early life, the maturation of the microbiome and immune system are closely entangled, forming a homeostatic system that imparts individuality and stability to the host microbiome. It is now well established that factors that affect early life gut microbiota modulate susceptibility to chronic inflammatory diseases, including airway diseases such as asthma and allergy. Despite this global influence of the gut on immune response in the lungs, local microbiome-immune interactions also shape the response and susceptibility to disease in the airways. The upper respiratory tract and lung microbiomes also contribute to acute and chronic airway diseases. Modulating the gut-lung axis as well as respiratory tract through microbiome-targeted interventions to promote health and reduce susceptibility to infection and chronic inflammatory disease may represent an effective strategy, particularly in early and late life.

scholarly journals The Immune System Can Hear Noise

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andi Zhang ◽  
Tianyuan Zou ◽  
Dongye Guo ◽  
Quan Wang ◽  
Yilin Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intensity Noise ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Exposure During Pregnancy

As a stressor widely existing in daily life, noise can cause great alterations to the immune system and result in many physical and mental disorders, including noise-induced deafness, sleep disorders, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases and other problems. The immune system plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis by recognizing and removing harmful substances in the body. Many studies have shown that noise may play vital roles in the occurrence and development of some immune diseases. In humans, both innate immunity and specific immunity can be influenced by noise, and different exposure durations and intensities of noise may exert various effects on the immune system. Short-term or low-intensity noise can enhance immune function, while long-term or high-intensity noise suppresses it. Noise can lead to the occurrence of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) through the production of autoantibodies such as anti-Hsp70 and anti-Hsp60 and exert adverse effects related to other immune-related diseases such as some autoimmune diseases and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The neuroendocrine system, mainly including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system, is involved in the mechanisms of immune-related diseases induced by noise and gut microbiota dysfunction. In addition, noise exposure during pregnancy may be harmful to the immune system of the fetus. On the other hand, some studies have shown that music can improve immune function and alleviate the adverse effects caused by noise.

scholarly journals A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System–Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian F. Gombart ◽  
Adeline Pierre ◽  
Silvia Maggini
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Vitamin C Deficiency ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Contradictory Data

Immune support by micronutrients is historically based on vitamin C deficiency and supplementation in scurvy in early times. It has since been established that the complex, integrated immune system needs multiple specific micronutrients, including vitamins A, D, C, E, B6, and B12, folate, zinc, iron, copper, and selenium, which play vital, often synergistic roles at every stage of the immune response. Adequate amounts are essential to ensure the proper function of physical barriers and immune cells; however, daily micronutrient intakes necessary to support immune function may be higher than current recommended dietary allowances. Certain populations have inadequate dietary micronutrient intakes, and situations with increased requirements (e.g., infection, stress, and pollution) further decrease stores within the body. Several micronutrients may be deficient, and even marginal deficiency may impair immunity. Although contradictory data exist, available evidence indicates that supplementation with multiple micronutrients with immune-supporting roles may modulate immune function and reduce the risk of infection. Micronutrients with the strongest evidence for immune support are vitamins C and D and zinc. Better design of human clinical studies addressing dosage and combinations of micronutrients in different populations are required to substantiate the benefits of micronutrient supplementation against infection.

Cellular side of acquired immunity (T cells)

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assia Eljaafari ◽  
Pierre Miossec
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Th2 Cells ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Th22 Cells

The adaptive T-cell response represents the most sophisticated component of the immune response. Foreign invaders are recognized first by cells of the innate immune system. This leads to a rapid and non-specific inflammatory response, followed by induction of the adaptive and specific immune response. Different adaptive responses can be promoted, depending on the predominant effector cells that are involved, which themselves depend on the microbial/antigen stimuli. As examples, Th1 cells contribute to cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens, Th2 cells protect against parasites, and Th17 cells act against extracellular bacteria and fungi that are not cleared by Th1 and Th2 cells. Among the new subsets, Th22 cells protect against disruption of epithelial layers secondary to invading pathogens. Finally these effector subsets are regulated by regulatory T cells. These T helper subsets counteract each other to maintain the homeostasis of the immune system, but this balance can be easily disrupted, leading to chronic inflammation or autoimmune diseases. The challenge is to detect early changes in this balance, prior to its clinical expression. New molecular tools such as microarrays could be used to determine the predominant profile of the immune effector cells involved in a disease process. Such understanding should provide better therapeutic tools to counteract deregulated effector cells.

scholarly journals Interaction of early diet and the development of the immune system

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel Gil ◽  
Ricardo Rueda
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Area Of Interest

AbstractThe present review focuses on the specific effects of nutrients on the development of the immune system in early life. There is a big gap regarding the specific mechanisms that regulate immunity at the intestinal level and their impact in the systemic immune function. For this reason, during the last few years there has been great interest in ascertaining the mechanisms that regulate the intestinal immune function, as well as to understand how specific nutrients interact with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. We have reviewed this topic with special emphasis on how human milk, and its components, influence the early development of intestinal immunity in breast-fed infants compared with formula-fed infants. Interactions between nutrients and intestinal microbiota have also been reviewed. Some micronutrients such as nucleotides and gangliosides, which are present in human milk and also in most foods, are able to influence immune functionality at very low concentrations. The specific action of these micronutrients on some parameters of immunity, as well as their potential mechanisms of action, have been considered in detail. However, there are limited data on how other specific nutrients, namely protein and non-protein N-containing compounds, lipids, carbohydrates, and others, such as minerals, vitamins, fibre, non-nutritional dietary compounds (flavonoids, carotenoids, phyto-oestrogens, etc), influence immunity. In the present review we have provided data regarding the potential effects of these compounds on the immune response in early life. The increasing use of functional foods by the public to improve their general health and prevent the incidence of chronic diseases has become a major area of interest within the nutrition community. Of the many functional foods available, probiotics have been most studied in infancy and childhood, particularly with regard to the prevention of allergic diseases. Infant formulae and fermented milks containing large quantities of probiotics are produced and consumed by Europeans and in other industrialized countries. In the present review we cover the clinical effects of probiotics in preventing disease during early life, as well as the potential mechanisms of interaction between probiotics and the gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals Impact of Yeast-Derived β-Glucans on the Porcine Gut Microbiota and Immune System in Early Life

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1573
Author(s):  
Hugo de Vries ◽  
Mirelle Geervliet ◽  
Christine A. Jansen ◽  
Victor P. M. G. Rutten ◽  
Hubèrt van Hees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Weaning Piglets

Piglets are susceptible to infections in early life and around weaning due to rapid environmental and dietary changes. A compelling target to improve pig health in early life is diet, as it constitutes a pivotal determinant of gut microbial colonization and maturation of the host’s immune system. In the present study, we investigated how supplementation of yeast-derived β-glucans affects the gut microbiota and immune function pre- and post-weaning, and how these complex systems develop over time. From day two after birth until two weeks after weaning, piglets received yeast-derived β-glucans or a control treatment orally and were subsequently vaccinated against Salmonella Typhimurium. Faeces, digesta, blood, and tissue samples were collected to study gut microbiota composition and immune function. Overall, yeast-derived β-glucans did not affect the vaccination response, and only modest effects on faecal microbiota composition and immune parameters were observed, primarily before weaning. This study demonstrates that the pre-weaning period offers a ‘window of opportunity’ to alter the gut microbiota and immune system through diet. However, the observed changes were modest, and any long-lasting effects of yeast-derived β-glucans remain to be elucidated.

scholarly journals The Potential Mechanisms of High-Velocity, Low-Amplitude, Controlled Vertebral Thrusts on Neuroimmune Function: A Narrative Review

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 536
Author(s):  
Heidi Haavik ◽  
Imran Khan Niazi ◽  
Nitika Kumari ◽  
Imran Amjad ◽  
Jenna Duehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immune Mediators ◽  
Low Amplitude ◽  
The Impact

The current COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated the need to find healthcare solutions that boost or support immunity. There is some evidence that high-velocity, low-amplitude (HVLA) controlled vertebral thrusts have the potential to modulate immune mediators. However, the mechanisms of the link between HVLA controlled vertebral thrusts and neuroimmune function and the associated potential clinical implications are less clear. This review aims to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that can explain the HVLA controlled vertebral thrust--neuroimmune link and discuss what this link implies for clinical practice and future research needs. A search for relevant articles published up until April 2021 was undertaken. Twenty-three published papers were found that explored the impact of HVLA controlled vertebral thrusts on neuroimmune markers, of which eighteen found a significant effect. These basic science studies show that HVLA controlled vertebral thrust influence the levels of immune mediators in the body, including neuropeptides, inflammatory markers, and endocrine markers. This narravtive review discusses the most likely mechanisms for how HVLA controlled vertebral thrusts could impact these immune markers. The mechanisms are most likely due to the known changes in proprioceptive processing that occur within the central nervous system (CNS), in particular within the prefrontal cortex, following HVLA spinal thrusts. The prefrontal cortex is involved in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the immune system. Bi-directional neuro-immune interactions are affected by emotional or pain-related stress. Stress-induced sympathetic nervous system activity also alters vertebral motor control. Therefore, there are biologically plausible direct and indirect mechanisms that link HVLA controlled vertebral thrusts to the immune system, suggesting HVLA controlled vertebral thrusts have the potential to modulate immune function. However, it is not yet known whether HVLA controlled vertebral thrusts have a clinically relevant impact on immunity. Further research is needed to explore the clinical impact of HVLA controlled vertebral thrusts on immune function.

scholarly journals Immune System Alterations in Multiple Myeloma: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies to Reverse Immunosuppression

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1353
Author(s):  
Andrea Díaz-Tejedor ◽  
Mauro Lorenzo-Mohamed ◽  
Noemí Puig ◽  
Ramón García-Sanz ◽  
María-Victoria Mateos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Disease Evolution ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Surface Molecules ◽  
Immune Effector Cells

Immunosuppression is a common feature of multiple myeloma (MM) patients and has been associated with disease evolution from its precursor stages. MM cells promote immunosuppressive effects due to both the secretion of soluble factors, which inhibit the function of immune effector cells, and the recruitment of immunosuppressive populations. Alterations in the expression of surface molecules are also responsible for immunosuppression. In this scenario, immunotherapy, as is the case of immunotherapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), aims to boost the immune system against tumor cells. In fact, mAbs exert part of their cytotoxic effects through different cellular and soluble immune components and, therefore, patients’ immunosuppressive status could reduce their efficacy. Here, we will expose the alterations observed in symptomatic MM, as compared to its precursor stages and healthy subjects, in the main immune populations, especially the inhibition of effector cells and the activation of immunosuppressive populations. Additionally, we will revise the mechanisms responsible for all these alterations, including the interplay between MM cells and immune cells and the interactions among immune cells themselves. We will also summarize the main mechanisms of action of the four mAbs approved so far for the treatment of MM. Finally, we will discuss the potential immune-stimulating effects of non-immunotherapeutic drugs, which could enhance the efficacy of immunotherapeutic treatments.

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