Codes, modalities, and the process of cultural reproduction: A model

1981 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basil Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cultural Reproduction ◽  
Class Relations ◽  
Social Division ◽  
The Social ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
Organizing Principles

“Class relations” will be taken to refer to inequalities in the distribution of power and in principles of control between social groups, which are realized in the creation, distribution, reproduction, and legitimation of physical and symbolic values that have their source in the social division of labor. In terms of the particular problems of the relationships between class and the process of its cultural reproduction, as developed in this thesis, what has to be shown is how class regulation of the distribution of power and of principles of control generates, distributes, reproduces, and legitimates dominating and dominated principles regulating the relationships within and between social groups and so forms of consciousness. What we are asking here is how the distribution of power and principles of control are transformed, at the level of the subject, into different, invidiously related, organizing principles, in such a way as both to position subjects and to create the possibility of change in such positioning. The broad answer given by this thesis is that class relations generate, distribute, reproduce, and legitimate distinctive forms of communication, which transmit dominating and dominated codes, and that subjects are differentially positioned by these codes in the process of their acquisition. “Positioning” is used here to refer to the establishing of a specific relation to other subjects and to the creating of specific relationships within subjects. In general, from this point of view, codes are culturally determined positioning devices. More specifically, class regulated codes position subjects with respect to dominating and dominated form of communication and to the relationships between them. Ideology is constituted through and in such positioning. From this perspective, ideology inheres in and regulates modes of relation. Ideology is not so much a content as a mode of relation for the realizing of contents.

Realism and the Middle-Class Balancing Act

2019 ◽  
pp. 463-483
Author(s):  
Patrick Chura
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
William Dean Howells ◽  
Class Relations ◽  
Literary Responses ◽  
Class Mobility ◽  
Social Scale ◽  
The Social ◽  
Realist Novels ◽  
The Subject

This chapter looks at the effects of capitalism and social stratification on notions of class identity in two groups of American realist novels. First, it analyzes a pair of literary responses by William Dean Howells to the 1886 Chicago Haymarket bombing as the lead-in to a discussion of realist works about voluntary downward class mobility or “vital contact.” With Howells’s A Hazard of New Fortunes as a reference point and paradigm, the chapter also explores the ideologies implicit in several novels about upward social mobility, noting how both groups of texts are ultimately guided by a genteel perspective positioned between dominant and subordinate classes. In similar ways, the novels treated in the chapter balance middle-class loyalties against identities from higher and lower on the social scale while sending messages of both complicity and subversion on the subject of capitalist class relations.

scholarly journals The female characters in Branislav Nušić's and Stefan Kostov's selected comedies

Bastina ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 95-109
Author(s):  
Đurđina Isić
Keyword(s):  
Small Town ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bereaved Family

The paper presents the results of research that included comparative study of the place and role of female characters in selected and representative comedies by Serbian comedigrapher Branislav Nušić (eng. MP, Suspicious person, Mrs Minister, Bereaved family, Dr, Deceased; srb. Narodni poslanik, Sumnjivo lice, Ožalošćena porodica, Dr, Pokojnik, Vlast) and Bulgarian comedigrapher Stefan Kostov (eng. Gold mine, Golemanov, Grasshoppers, Nameless comedy; blg. Zlamnama mina, Golemanov, Skakalci, Komediâ bez ime) in order to find similarities and differences in the process of comedigraphic shaping of female characters in the work of these two authors. The subject of the research was viewed primarily from a literary-theoretical point of view, and the dominant methods of study were comparative and analytical-synthetic. During the research, there was a differentiation of female characters in accordance with their motivational structures, psychological assemblies and the nature of the place and the role they play in the social environment in which they are located. Therefore, we can distinguish female characters who live in the province and who are fully representative of the small-town spirit, female characters who live in the capital and are a symbol of the modern age and female characters who dwell in the capital, but in fact, deeply down still carry a small-town view of the world. The structure of this paper is in line with this distinction. Conclusions made at the end of the study show that the representation of female characters in analyzed comedies of both comedigaphers is highly similar in its nature.

scholarly journals Analysis of Accessibility to Family Health Centers in Antalya Using GIS

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (sp) ◽  
pp. 2442-2448
Author(s):  
Orhun Soydan
Keyword(s):  
Social Ties ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
First Time

Family health centers in Turkey started to be implemented for the first time in Düzce in 2004 years within the scope of Law No. 5258. While determining the physical conditions of the places where family health centers are built, the first item in the regulation is that the building should be easily accessible. This situation shows the importance of the subject in terms of accessibility. While determining the features of the places where FHCs will be made, environmental characteristics are also taken into consideration. Environmental features are effective in determining the FHCs location in different ways. These impacts are divided into two groups: the physical features that pavements, roads and parks can include, and the social, cultural and institutional features of neighborhoods that include local social ties and collective activities. From this point of view, the importance of the location of family health centers relative to roads and houses is understood. The aim of this study is to examine the accessibility of Family Health Centers in Konyaaltı, Antalya, on a neighborhood basis using Geographic Information Systems. Konyaaltı has 21 Family Health Centers. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that most of the neighborhoods had problems in terms of accessibility, while a very few of them did not experience problems in terms of accessibility. In terms of the total number of buildings, the ratio of buildings that are 500 meters walking distance from any family health center by using highways is 35.56%. With these rates, 3,634 of the 10,2018 buildings remain within the limits of the regulation. Finally; suggestions were made to increase accessibility to these areas.

scholarly journals Funkcje form komicznych (memów internetowych i dowcipów) związanych z pandemią COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-270
Author(s):  
Dorota Szagun
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Main Channel ◽  
Social Consciousness ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Social Reaction ◽  
The Social ◽  
Current Events ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Stranger

The subject of the study is the analysis of a series of Internet memes and linguistic jokes made available in pseudomemic form in connection with the COVID-19 pan­demic. Comedy itself feeds on any deviations from the norm observed in social, and especially political, life; it captures all the aberrations, nonsense and inconsistencies. The pandemic emergency is fraught with new situations and rules that constitute such a deviation. A vivid social reaction is especially visible in the multisemiotic comic genres, such as Internet memes, due to their channel of entry (the Internet becomes the main channel of communication outside of family communities during social isolation), plasticity and susceptibility to replication. Comic forms, apart from peculiarly ludic and humorous functions, also perform persuasive functions, activating the social need to differentiate between oneself and the stranger, and consequently isolate or integrate certain social groups. In addition, Internet memes also serve as a commentary on current events, thus prompting the audience to take a position. Persuasion dressed in a comic costume seems to be one of the strongest ways of social influence, because it spreads in its innocent and playful form like a viral and becomes firmly fixed in social consciousness.

Transgressing between consumption and production: Materialistic outlook on the digital labour of prosumers

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Mika
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Social Division ◽  
Exchange Value ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

This article explores the subject of unpaid digital labour on the Internet. Often presented as co-creation or prod-using the work of that kind is the matter of much controversy. The article tries to critically refer to the most popular concepts, reaches out to the authors using the Marxian dictionary, detail their arguments, and finally propose their own typology. The text treats the hypothesis about the vanishing boundaries between production and consumption as unprofitable. The distinction between personal and private property and the use and exchange value are highlighted to precisely define the place of quasiwork in the social division of labour.

Ontology

2021 ◽  
pp. 194-199
Author(s):  
Eric Fabri
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Scientific Realism ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Ontology ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Modes Of Existence ◽  
Objective Existence

This chapter addresses ontology, which is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of being. As a branch of metaphysics, ontology is mainly concerned with the modes of existence of different entities (tangible and intangible). Every subdiscipline in the social sciences relies on an ontology that defines which elements really matter when it comes to explaining the phenomenon they set out to elucidate. A specific branch of ontology is devoted to the modes of existence of social phenomena: social ontology. Two main positions emerge: realism and constructivism. Scientific realism assumes that social phenomena have an objective existence, independent of the subject. By contrast, constructivism claims that social phenomena have no objective existence and are a construction of the human mind. Its fundamental axiom is that, even if reality exists outside the subject’s perception, the subject cannot reach it without perceiving it. This implies the mediation of imaginary structures, which are provided by social groups. It is important to note, however, that many other positions exist apart from realism and constructivism.

La sociologie de la religion en Grèce

1975 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Anastase Tzanimis
Keyword(s):  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Theological Thought

Sociology of religion has not developed in Greece as it has in the western countries. It is not easy to determine the reasons for the scarcity of studies and research projects con cerning sociology of religion. In fact, neither religion, taken as a universal social phenomenon, nor orthodox theological thought and its application to the individual and to the social, political and economic life of the Greek people have been sufficiently studied from a sociological point of view. Con temporary Greek sociologists have only touched on the subject of religion. Some effort has been made during the last decade by young Greek theologians to properly establish and develop the science of sociology of religion. This effort, however, has, so far, not brought about the anticipated scientific results. Moreover, it has failed to gain the confidence and acknow ledgement in theological and ecclesiastical circles where socio logy as a science is still generally regarded with much re servation. It should be noted that the development of sociology of religion in Greece was first prompted by various Christian — social movements for the purpose of opposing several anti- Christian ideological movements which have appeared since the beginning of our century.

An Unexpected Path to Modernisation: The Case of German Artisans during the Second World War

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Mckitrick
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Class Relations ◽  
World War ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

On 10 July 1950, at the celebrations marking the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Wiesbaden Chamber of Artisans (Handwerkskammer), its president Karl Schöppler announced: ‘Today industry is in no way the enemy of Handwerk. Handwerk is not the enemy of industry.…’ These words, which accurately reflected the predominant point of view of the post-war chamber membership, and certainly of its politically influential leadership, marked a new era in the social, economic and political history of German artisans and, it is not too much to say, in the history of class relations in (West) Germany in general. Schöppler's immediate frame of reference was the long-standing and extremely consequential antipathy on the part of artisans towards industrial capitalism, an antipathy of which his listeners were well aware.

scholarly journals Az információtechnológia civilizációs pályája: mérés és osztályozás

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Ian Morris,
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The West ◽  
Energy Capture ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

Ian Morris a társadalmi fejlődés (social development) fogalmával az emberi közösségek képességét fejezi ki „dolgok elintézésére” a világban. Az így értelmezett társadalmi fejlettség mérhető és összehasonlító állapotokat jelent, térben és időben. Morris 4 tényező (az energiafelhasználás, a társadalmi szerveződés, az információtechnológia és a hadviselő kapacitás) kvantifikálásával megszerkesztett indexét kifejtő könyvéből az információtechnológiára vonatkozó, a többihez hasonlóan a Kelet és a Nyugat összehasonlítására épülő fejezetet fordítottuk le. Úttörő okfejtései és becslései remek kiindulópontok, hogy újraértékeljük és alaposan végiggondoljuk az információtechnológia helyét és „küldetését” a beavatkozásképesség, a cselekvési hatékonyság szempontjából. A tanulmányt Z. Karvalics László bevezetésével közöljük. --- The civilization path of information technology: measurement and classification Ian Morris defines social development as “social groups’ abilities to master their physical and intellectual environments and get things done in the world”. From this approach, “social development is - in principle - something we can measure and compare through time and space”. The Social Development Index of Morris is based on the quantifiable attributes of four pillars: energy capture, social organization, information technology, war-making capacity, comparing the numbers of the West and the East. We have translated and published the information technology chapter of his book with Laszlo Z. Karvalics’ introduction to support the re-evaluation of the role and mission of information technology throughout the ages from a special point of view: to facilitate the ability to act effectively.

scholarly journals Sociology of Poverty and Sociological Assessment of the Poverty Alleviation Program

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
A. Ya. Bolshunov ◽  
A. G. Tyuriko
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Subsistence Minimum ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Social Topology

Officially, the poverty line in Russia is tied to the subsistence minimum but from the sociological point of view, its linkage to the subsistence minimum is arbitrary. The subject of the research is social boundaries, social space of poverty. The purpose of the research was to formulate the principles of an approach to overcoming poverty as a social phenomenon. The paper attempts to outline the social space of poverty as an attribute (stigma) by which a person is placed in a specific exclusion space that forms the specific ethos of poverty and the poor man’s habitus preventing any attempts to climb out of poverty. Belonging to this space institutionalizes the poor as a “kind of people”, which is reflected in specific mechanisms of referencing and self-referencing of poverty expressed in the life-purpose deficits. “Combating poverty” implies the creation of participation institutions through which relations and processes of social differentiation, social participation and reference are withdrawn from the dictate of economic factors. It is concluded that the poverty alleviation program should take into account the social limology of poverty and include the development of participation practices and institutions that exclude the stigmatization of poverty and the transformation of the poor into the “kind of people”. Such institutions should provide the poor with ample opportunities to participate in the formation of elites (professional, intellectual, and political). It is particularly important that children, teenagers and young people have access to such practices and institutions because each generation produces and reproduces the “social topology” in which poverty forms a specific “exclusion space”.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document