The goal of treatment for motor impairment is not to “normalize” but to “functionalize” through facilitative modulation and enabling context

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Goldberg ◽  
Nathaniel H. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Volitional Control ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Functional Movement ◽  
External Context ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Functional Context ◽  
Motor Neuron Syndrome

AbstractAdaptations occurring in the central nervous system (CNS) in the presence of pathology are not uniformly “good” for the organism when viewed in a functional context. A functional reordering of CNS priorities can be produced by allowing restructuring of the external context or through modification of neuromuscular physiology or anatomy designed to reduce the inherent restriction of functional movement in upper motor neuron syndrome. In fact, volitional control can often be “unmasked” through such interventions. Therapeutic interventions should not be directed toward “normalization” of motor patterns but should permit a functional reordering of CNS priorities that would otherwise not be possible.

Bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease and cocontraction activity in dystonia are unlikely to be due to adaptive changes in the CNS

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-69
Author(s):  
A. Berardelli ◽  
R. Agostino ◽  
A. Currà ◽  
M. Manfredi
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Spatial Accuracy ◽  
Adaptive Changes ◽  
Postural Reactions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractLatash & Anson's explanation of bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease and cocontraction in dystonic patients is intriguing. However, the proposed adaptive changes in the central nervous system do not fit well with both clinical and experimental evidence of motor impairment in these patients. In particular, we question the explanation of: (1) the role of postural reactions and spatial accuracy in bradykinesia, (2) certain abnormalities during the execution of sequential and simultaneous movements, (3) the sudden changes in mobility (ON and OFF) of Parkinsonian patients, and (4) the meaning of reflex circuitry changes in dystonia.

scholarly journals CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Target for Neuroprotection

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiqing Chen ◽  
Wenjuan Zhao ◽  
Yanjie Guo ◽  
Juan Xu ◽  
Ming Yin
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Chemokine Ligand ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Receptor Cx3cr1

CX3C chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) is an intriguing chemokine belonging to the CX3C family. CX3CL1 is secreted by neurons and plays an important role in modulating glial activation in the central nervous system after binding to its sole receptor CX3CR1 which mainly is expressed on microglia. Emerging data highlights the beneficial potential of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a common progressive neurodegenerative disease, and in the progression of which neuroinflammation plays a vital role. Even so, the importance of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in AD is still controversial and needs further clarification. In this review, we make an attempt to present a concise map of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 associated with AD to find biomarkers for early diagnosis or therapeutic interventions.

Leukodystrophies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Schrifl ◽  
SakkuBai Naidu ◽  
Ali Fatemi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Genetic Techniques

The term “leukodystrophies” refers to a group of genetic diseases characterized by degeneration of white matter in the central nervous system. Depending on the type of leukodystrophy, the phenotype can range from early infantile-onset, rapid, progressive forms to adult-onset slowly progressive variants. The understanding, definition, and classification have been enhanced greatly by the combined use of neuroimaging, especially MRI, and genetic techniques. The window for targeted therapeutic interventions remains brief and management is often limited to symptomatic, supportive, and palliative care, and new approaches for treatment remain a great task for future research.

What are “normal movements” in atypical populations?

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Latash ◽  
J. Greg Anson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Control Structures ◽  
Current State ◽  
Primary Disorder ◽  
Motor Problems ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Control Patterns

AbstractRedundancy of the motor control system is an important feature that gives the central control structures options for solving everyday motor problems. The choice of particular control patterns is based on priorities (coordinative rules) that are presently unknown. Motor patterns observed in unimpaired young adults reflect these priorities. We hypothesize that under certain atypical conditions, which may include disorders in perception of the environment and in decision making, structural or biochemical changes within the central nervous system (CNS), and/or structural changes of the effectors, the central nervous system may reconsider its priorities. A new set of priorities will reflect the current state of the system and may lead to different patterns of voluntary movement. Under such conditions, changed motor patterns should be considered not pathological but rather adaptive to a primary disorder and may even be viewed as optimal for a given state of the system of movement production. Therapeutic approaches should not be directed toward restoring the motor patterns to as close to “normal” as possible but rather toward resolving the original underlying problem. We illustrate this approach using, as examples, movements in amputees, in patients with Parkinson's disease, in patients with dystonia, and in persons with Down syndrome.

Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (03) ◽  
pp. 343-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Tong Jia ◽  
Kiran Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Fungal central nervous system infections present in a myriad of clinical manifestation and remain a significant diagnostic challenge. Presenting symptoms, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, conventional fungal serum markers and imaging correlates of disease are seldom sensitive or specific; fungal culture growth or histopathologic analysis are often required for definitive diagnoses but limited by feasibility. Novel diagnostic tools (such as the cryptococcal antigen and next-generation sequencing) have increased diagnostic potency when available but require further studies to define their utility.Invasive fungal infections are an emerging health threat in the setting of increased immunomodulatory treatments, advancements in transplant medicine and increased world-wide travel. Therefore, strong clinical suspicion from epidemiologic clues, clinical progression and presence of CNS dissemination risk factors must be exercised to pursue broad diagnostic workups and rapidly initiate medical and surgical management. This article will describe the epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic approach and therapeutic interventions for fungal infections in the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Social preference is maintained in mice with impaired startle reflex and glutamate/D-serine imbalance induced by chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Acquarone ◽  
A. Poleto ◽  
A. F. Perozzo ◽  
P. F. R. Gonçalves ◽  
R. Panizzutti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Startle Amplitude ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractToxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic protozoan pathogen with a wide geographic distribution. The chronic phase of toxoplasmosis is often asymptomatic in humans and is characterized by tissue cysts throughout the central nervous system and muscle cells. T. gondii and other pathogens with tropism for the central nervous system are considered risk factors in the etiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, besides neurological diseases. Currently, it is known that cerebral toxoplasmosis increases dopamine levels in the brain and it is related to behavioral changes in animals and humans. Here we evaluate whether chronic T. gondii infection, using the cystogenic ME-49 strain, could induce behavioral alterations associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and glutamatergic neurotransmission dysfunction. We observed that the startle amplitude is reduced in the infected animals as well as glutamate and D-serine levels in prefrontal cortical and hippocampal tissue homogenates. Moreover, we did not detect alterations in social preference and spontaneous alternation despite severe motor impairment. Thus, we conclude that behavioral and cognitive aspects are maintained even though severe neural damage is observed by chronic infection of C57Bl/6 mice with the ME-49 strain.

scholarly journals MODERN METHODS OF FETAL ANTENATAL DIAGNOSTICS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE SUBSEQUENT CHILD DEVELOPMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
N. V. Kazantseva ◽  
V. A. Izranov ◽  
O. A. Shevtsova ◽  
Yu. V. Shotik
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Ultrasound Diagnostics ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The fetal neurobehaviour helps to evaluate the integrativity of the brain function. The distinctive signs of the fetal motor patterns allow us to diagnose developmental disorders at early stages.The purposeis to review literature related to the study of the integrative activity of the central nervous system, the development and use of modern methods of fetal neuropsychological ultrasound diagnostics - the antenatal test of neurodevelopment after A. Kurjak (Kurjak Antenatal Neurodevelopmental Test - KANET).The results and conclusion.Using ultrasound of pregnant women at different gestation periods helps us to directly observe and evaluate fetal movements reflecting activity of the maturing central nervous system. The KANET test based on the observation of the fetal motor pattern according to the Prechtl’s method allows us to evaluate the fetal motor activity and predict development and functioning of the central nervous system after birth. The fetal antenatal neuropsychological diagnostics is used for timely detection of the disorders of central nervous system and early implementation of preventive and curative measures for the consequences of CNS damage: neurological, emotional and behavioral disorders in older children.

scholarly journals Molecular neuroimaging of inflammation in HIV

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmini Alagaratnam ◽  
Alan Winston
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Translocator Protein ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
1H Mrs ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neuro Inflammation

Abstract People-with-HIV now have near-normal life expectancies due to the success of effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Following cART initiation, immune recovery occurs, and opportunistic diseases become rare. Despite this, high rates of non-infectious comorbidities persist in treated people-with-HIV, hypothesised to be related to persistent immuno-activation. One such comorbidity is cognitive impairment, which may partly be driven by ongoing neuro-inflammation in otherwise effectively-treated people-with-HIV. In order to develop therapeutic interventions to address neuro-inflammation in effectively-treated people-with-HIV, a deeper understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms driving persistent neuro-inflammatory responses and the ability to better characterise and measure neuro-inflammation in the central nervous system is required. This review highlights recent advances in molecular neuroimaging techniques which have the potential to assess neuro-inflammatory responses within the central nervous system in HIV-disease. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1H-MRS) has been utilised to assess neuro-inflammatory responses since early in the HIV pandemic and shows promise in recent studies assessing different antiretroviral regimens. 1H-MRS is widely available in both resource-rich and some resource-constrained settings and is relatively inexpensive. Brain positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using Translocator Protein (TSPO) radioligands is a rapidly evolving field; newer TSPO-radioligands have lower signal-to-noise ratio and have the potential to localise neuro-inflammation within the brain in people-with-HIV. As HIV therapeutics evolve, people-with-HIV continue to age and develop age-related comorbidities including cognitive disorders. The use of novel neuroimaging modalities in the field is likely to advance in order to rapidly assess novel therapeutic interventions and may play a role in future clinical assessments.

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