Development, the Second Time Around: The Political Logic of Developing Western China

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Shih

The Great Development of the West is no more than grand conferences held in the west (Xibu Dakaifa zhishi xibu dakaihui).—State Council officials in charge of developing the westOn the surface, the Great Development of the West (GDW, Xibu Dakaifa) campaign seems like a classic maneuver by a developmental state to bolster the growth of an underdeveloped region. Even in 2002, GDP per capita in western China, which includes the provinces of Xinjiang, Tibet, Ningxia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Qinghai, Yunnan, and Guizhou, remained at U.S.$666, or just more than half of the national average (see Table 1). The poorest province in China, Guizhou, had a GDP per capita of only U.S.$375, roughly equivalent to Haiti's GDP per capita in 1999. The effort to develop western China, according to the official rhetoric, was aimed at shifting western China's developmental trajectory closer to that of the rest of China, thus decreasing regional inequality and bolstering overall growth.

2015 ◽  
pp. 30-53
Author(s):  
V. Popov

This paper examines the trajectory of growth in the Global South. Before the 1500s all countries were roughly at the same level of development, but from the 1500s Western countries started to grow faster than the rest of the world and PPP GDP per capita by 1950 in the US, the richest Western nation, was nearly 5 times higher than the world average and 2 times higher than in Western Europe. Since 1950 this ratio stabilized - not only Western Europe and Japan improved their relative standing in per capita income versus the US, but also East Asia, South Asia and some developing countries in other regions started to bridge the gap with the West. After nearly half of the millennium of growing economic divergence, the world seems to have entered the era of convergence. The factors behind these trends are analyzed; implications for the future and possible scenarios are considered.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 365-368
Author(s):  
Luis Fernando Panelli

Abstract The Co-operative Republic of Guyana has become one of the most interesting and dynamic oil producing countries in the world at the start of the 21st century. The country already holds 5 billion barrels of proved reserves, which will certainly grow with new discoveries. Exxon leads a consortium of four companies that have the concession of the Stabroek Block (Liza Field), where nine discoveries have been made so far. Five FPSOs will be operating in the future, one of which is due to arrive in Guyana before the end of 2019 and another is due for 2020. By then, the country will be producing 340,000 barrels a day. This production will double and then reach 1 million barrels a day before the end of the next decade. The challenges and opportunities regarding the Guyanese people are dire. The lack of proper infrastructure is certainly one of the biggest challenges. But it is important to stress that the oil proceeds will transform Guyana into the highest GDP per capita of South America. The political stage is also analysed, since political instability might raise concerns for long-term investors. The Venezuela–Guyana differences regarding the sovereignty of the Essequibo Region are again a cause for concern. Brazil is a key player in supporting the geopolitical stability of South America. Presidential elections will be held in 2019/2020: the dispute will probably be between the current President Granger and the Opposition candidate Irfaan Ali. Guyana has a lot to profit from the wealth brought by oil exploitation, but its people fear the risk of growing corruption.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAULUS LARATMASE

This study aims to determine the classification of regions (districts / cities) in Maluku Province based on the Klassen typology. This research was conducted in Maluku Province with the consideration that Maluku is one of the provinces with a GDP level, PDR growth rate, and a relatively small GDP per capita compared to the Provinces in Indonesia, but with the potential it has a possibility to increase economic growth. This study uses secondary data in the form of data on Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) on the basis of constant prices, both growth rates, contributions and GDP per capita. The data collection method used, namely the documentation method, then carried out the analysis using the Klassen Typology analysis tool, Based on the results of the study there were 2 Cities and 1 District classified as fast-developing and fast-growing regions, fast developing regions consisting of two Regencies, Districts / Cities classified in the classification of advanced but depressed areas / potential to be left behind consists of 3 Three Districts. Regency / City Region classified as relatively underdeveloped region consists of 3 Districts


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomo Pramana Putri ◽  
Alianis Alianis

Abstract : This study aims to analyze the effect of population, GDP per capita and hotelson local tax revenues in districts / cities in West Sumatra. The data used are secondarydata in the form of panel regression in 19 districts / cities in West Sumatra province. Thesource of this data is the West Sumatra Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The variablesused in this study are population (X1), GDP per capita (X2) and hotels (X3). Themethods used in this research are: (1) Panel Regression Model (2) Classical AssumptionTest (3) t test (4) f test. The results of this study indicate that (1) total population has anegative and significant effect on local tax revenues in regencies / cities in WestSumatra. (2) PDRB Per capita has a positive and significant effect on local tax revenuesin districts / cities in West Sumatra. (3) The number of hotels has a positive andsignificant effect on local tax revenues in districts / cities in West Sumatra.Keywords: Tax Revenue, Population, PDRB Per capita, Hotel.


2000 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano De Matos Macedo

O objetivo desse artigo é mostrar que as idéias e as propostas de políticas vinculadas ao conceito de competitividade sistêmica e à “moderna teoria do crescimento econômico” são muito semelhantes e convergentes. Tanto esse conceito quanto essa teoria afirmam que condições sociais precárias (grandes desigualdades na distribuição de renda, atraso educacional, etc.) constituem fatores que podem limitar o crescimento econômico, a expansão da produtividade (PIB per capita) e, portanto, as possibilidades de competitividade internacional de um País. A explicação do “resíduo de Solow” pela “moderna teoria do desenvolvimento” - endogeneizando na função de produção todos aqueles fatores acumuláveis e potencializadores de riqueza (estritamente econômicos ou não), antes considerados exógenos ou residuais por Solow – leva, como nas concepções relativas à competitividade sistêmica, a um amplo leque de variáveis econômicas e sociais como determinante de fundamental importância na explicação da taxa de crescimento per capita do PIB. Essas concepções teóricas também escapam da armadilha dos rendimentos decrescente, presentes nos “antigos modelos”, e explicam porque as taxas de crescimento de alguns países podem crescer, ao longo do tempo, mais do que a de outros países, ampliando - ao invés de fazer convergir, pela liberdade dos mercados e mobilidade dos fatores - as diferenças de níveis de desenvolvimento econômico e de competitividade entre as Nações. Abstract The objective of this article is to show that the ideas and the political proposals tied to the concept of sistemic competitiveness and the “modern theory of the economic growth” are very similar and convergent. Both the concept and the theory affirm that precarious social conditions (great inequalities in the income distribution, educational delay, etc.) constitute factors that can limit the economic growth, the expansion of productivity (the GDP per capita) and, therefore, the possibilities of international competitiveness of a Country. The explanation of the “Solow’s residue” for the “modern theory of the development” – internalized in the production function all those factors that improve the wealth (strictly economic or not), before considered external or vestigial for Solow - leads, as in the conceptions related to the sistemic competitiveness, to an ample fan of economic and social variables as determinants of basic importance in the explanation of the per capita tax growth of the GIP per capita. These theoretical conceptions also escape of the the incomes decreasing trap, found in the “old models”, and explain why the growth rates of some countries can grow, along the time, more than other countries, extending - instead of making to it converge, through the freedom of the markets and mobility of the factors - differences of levels of economic development and competitiveness between the Nations.


2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dharendra Wardhana

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to find the relationship between local direct elections and the change in social spending, controlling for GDP per capita, revenues and wide-range socio-welfare indicators at the regional level. Design/methodology/approach This research uses a model of time-series cross-sectional panel data set for 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2001 to 2012. Findings The main finding of this research is that the political budget cycle does exist in Indonesia. Incumbents responded to the direct elections more sensitively rather than to other variables in the model. The most important variables that are significant in the model are not only direct election but also inter-governmental grants. Interestingly, the local economy (as measured by GDP per capita) does not clearly exhibit a meaningful impact. Research limitations/implications Although the importance of decentralisation in Indonesia is actually at the regency level, obtaining the data is really challenging. Therefore the exercise on this paper is currently limited only for the provincial level. Practical implications This finding conveys the message that there is large room for improvement in inter-governmental transfer formulation, more importantly to the regions where they still entail significant budget support from central government. In addition, transfers during specific periods such as elections need to be modified to avoid the misappropriation of local budget and to mitigate the adverse impact of PBC. The formulation of inter-governmental transfers is pivotal in reducing over-dependence to the central government funding and to ensure the effectiveness of budget devolved at the local level. Originality/value To the author’s understanding, the paper is the first to discuss the presence of the political budget cycle on social protection programs in Indonesia. The expected contribution of the current work is twofold: Firstly, the author used a recent data set hosted by the World Bank (INDO-DAPOER). Secondly, the findings are relevant to the discussion within the sphere of development studies and political science.


2018 ◽  
pp. 71-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Lyubimov ◽  
M. V. Lysyuk ◽  
M. A. Gvozdeva

Well-established results indicate that export diversification might be a better growth strategy for an emerging economy as long as its GDP per capita level is smaller than an empirically defined threshold. As average incomes in Russian regions are likely to be far below the threshold, it might be important to estimate their diversification potential. The paper discusses the Atlas of economic complexity for Russian regions created to visualize regional export baskets, to estimate their complexity and evaluate regional export potential. The paper’s results are consistent with previous findings: the complexity of export is substantially higher and diversification potential is larger in western and central regions of Russia. Their export potential might become larger if western and central regions, first, try to join global value added chains and second, cooperate and develop joint diversification strategies. Northern and eastern regions are by contrast much less complex and their diversification potential is small.


2008 ◽  
pp. 94-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sorokin

The problem of the Russian economy’s growth rates is considered in the article in the context of Russia’s backwardness regarding GDP per capita in comparison with the developed countries. The author stresses the urgency of modernization of the real sector of the economy and the recovery of the country’s human capital. For reaching these goals short- or mid-term programs are not sufficient. Economic policy needs a long-term (15-20 years) strategy, otherwise Russia will be condemned to economic inertia and multiplying structural disproportions.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joses Kirigia ◽  
Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri

<div>A variant of human capital (or net output) analytical framework was applied to monetarily value DALYs lost from 166 diseases and injuries. The monetary value of each of the 166 diseases (or injuries) was obtained through multiplication of the net 2019 GDP per capita for Kenya by the number of DALYs lost from each specific cause. Where net GDP per capita was calculated by subtracting current health expenditure from the GDP per capita. </div><div> </div><p>The DALYs data for the 166 causes were from IHME (Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network, 2018), GDP per capita data from the International Monetary Fund world economic outlook database (International Monetary Fund, 2019), and the current health expenditure per person data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (World Health Organization, 2019b). A model consisting of fourteen equations was calculated with Excel Software developed by Microsoft (New York).</p><p> </p>


Mediaevistik ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-53
Author(s):  
Bernard S. Bachrach

During the first thirty-three years of his reign as king of the Franks, i.e., prior to his coronation as emperor on Christmas day 800, Charlemagne, scholars generally agree, pursued a successful long-term offensive and expansionist strategy. This strategy was aimed at conquering large swaths of erstwhile imperial territory in the west and bringing under Carolingian rule a wide variety of peoples, who either themselves or their regional predecessors previously had not been subject to Frankish regnum.1 For a very long time, scholars took the position that Charlemagne continued to pursue this expansionist strategy throughout the imperial years, i.e., from his coronation on Christmas Day 800 until his final illness in later January 814. For example, Louis Halphen observed: “comme empereur, Charles poursuit, sans plus, l’oeuvre entamée avant l’an 800.”2 F. L. Ganshof, who also wrote several studies treating Charlemagne’s army, was in lock step with Halphen and observed: “As emperor, Charlemagne pursued the political and military course he had been following before 25 December 800.”3


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