Influence of Maternal Protein Intake on Nitrogen Fractions of Human Milk

2003 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 447-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boniglia ◽  
Carratù ◽  
Chiarotti ◽  
Giammarioli ◽  
Sanzini
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Nitrogen Fractions

Objectives: Studies relating maternal diet to milk composition in humans have led to contradictory conclusions with regard to protein intake. The purpose of this paper was to examine if differences of protein intake in a group of lactating women can impact the protein and non-protein nitrogen fraction of their milk. Subjects and Methods: Healthy lactating women (117) were recruited in Northern, Central, and Southern Italy. Their anthropometric measurements were obtained one month after delivery, while dietary evaluation was based on two consecutive 24-hour recalls. Infants' growth parameters were measured at birth and at one month. Milk collected at one month was analyzed for content of total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, and free amino acid profile. Results: Maternal energy intakes were below the recommended values, while protein intakes were higher, with significant differences between geographical areas. There were no differences in the nitrogenous components of the milk examined with the exception of the non-protein nitrogen fraction and serine. Despite the different maternal intakes, no correlations were found between the mothers' parameters and milk components. Conclusion: This study shows that when protein requirements are met and there are no remarkable differences between intakes and requirements, there are no repercussions in nitrogen fractions.

scholarly journals Impact of Maternal Diet on Human Milk Composition Among Lactating Women in Latvia

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Līva Aumeistere ◽  
Inga Ciproviča ◽  
Dace Zavadska ◽  
Juris Andersons ◽  
Viktors Volkovs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Milk Samples

Background and objectives: Many studies indicate that the maternal diet is an important factor affecting human milk composition. Human milk composition among lactating women in Latvia, as well as the maternal diet during lactation, has not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this research was to assess dietary habits and macronutrient intake among lactating women in Latvia and to examine the effect of diet on human milk composition. Materials and Methods: Research was conducted between November 2016 and December 2017. Mature human milk samples (n = 61) along with a 72h food diary, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and a questionnaire about maternal and infant characteristics were obtained from voluntary women who were recruited via an invitation published in a social media member group for nursing mothers. Fat content in human milk was determined by LVS ISO 2446:2008, protein content was determined by LVS EN ISO 8968-1:2014, lactose was determined by ISO 22662:2007, and the fatty acid profile was analyzed using gas chromatography. Dietary data were evaluated using the Finnish food composition database Fineli, release 19 (3 March 2018). Results: Median values for fat, protein, and lactose in mature human milk were 4.40%, 1.08%, and 6.52%, respectively. Predominant fatty acids in human milk were oleic acid (C18:1 n9c), palmitic acid (C16:0), and linoleic acid (C18:2 n6c) at 34.60%, 24.00%, and 11.00% of total fatty acids, respectively. The trans elaidic acid (C18:1 n9t) level was <0.10% in all human milk samples. Significant, positive associations (p < 0.05) were found between maternal dietary intake of linoleic, α-linolenic, docosahexaenoic, total cis-monounsaturated, total cis-polyunsaturated, and total n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the ratio of n-6/n-3, and the level of these fatty acids in human milk. Total energy and carbohydrate intake among participants were lower, but total fat, saturated fat, and sugar intake were higher than recommended. Protein, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid intake were adequate, but docosahexaenoic acid intake was noticeably lower than recommended. Women should be supported with information regarding their nutritional needs during lactation and the possible impact of diet on human milk composition. Conclusion: Macronutrient (fat, protein, and lactose) content in human milk is not affected by maternal diet. Conversely, the human milk fatty acid profile is affected by the immediate diet consumed by the mother. Habitual dietary habits can also impact the fatty acid profile of human milk.

scholarly journals The Triad Mother-Breast Milk-Infant as Predictor of Future Health: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvira Verduci ◽  
Maria Lorella Giannì ◽  
Giulia Vizzari ◽  
Sara Vizzuso ◽  
Jacopo Cerasani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcome ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Interconnected System ◽  
Offspring Health ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle

The benefits of human milk for both mother and infant are widely acknowledged. Human milk could represent a link between maternal and offspring health. The triad mother-breast milk-infant is an interconnected system in which maternal diet and lifestyle might have effects on infant’s health outcome. This link could be in part explained by epigenetics, even if the underlining mechanisms have not been fully clarified yet. The aim of this paper is to update the association between maternal diet and human milk, pointing out how maternal diet and lifestyle could be associated with breast-milk composition, hence with offspring’s health outcome.

Coordinated trials on the protein requirements of sows 1. A comparison of four levels of dietary protein in gestation and two in lactation

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh ◽  
F. W. H. Elsley ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
A. L. Lightfoot ◽  
D. W. Saul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Satisfactory Performance ◽  
Additional Group ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Size At Birth

SUMMARY1. Gestation diets formulated to contain A, 9; B, 11; C, 13 or D, 15% protein, and lactation diets with C, 13 or E, 17% protein provided eight treatment combinations. They were given at seven centres at 2 kg/day in gestation and approximately 5·7 kg/day in lactation to sows which remained on experiment for three to five parities and produced in total 468 litters. Mean results for parities one to four are given in this summary.2. For gestation diets A to D mean litter size at birth was 9·7, 10·1, 10·3 and 10·4 live pigs, and at weaning (at 6 weeks), 8·2, 8·7, 8·8 and 8·8. Sows which received lactation diets C and E subsequently produced 10·4 and 10·3 pigs at birth and 8·9 and 8·3 at weaning.3. Gestation diets had no consistent effects on piglet weights. During lactation, however, diet E gave heavier pigs than C, by 0·2 kg at 3 weeks and 0·5 kg at weaning.4. Extra protein for either gestation or lactation had a positive effect on sow weight at that stage, but a negative effect in the following stage. There were no direct treatment effects on the time required for re-conception.5. Twenty experimental sows at the Rowett Institute, together with an additional group given diet A for both gestation and lactation, showed strong positive relationships between lactation protein intake and milk yield or composition.6. The treatment combination AC (i.e. 9% protein in gestation and 13% in lactation) gave the lowest weight of weaned pigs per litter, and CC gave the highest. The remaining treatments gave similar weights; of these BC (nominally 11 with 13, but actually 11·5 with 13·5% protein) was concluded to provide the lowest protein intake consistent with satisfactory performance.

scholarly journals Dietary Protein, Muscle and Physical Function in the Very Old

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Franzke ◽  
Oliver Neubauer ◽  
David Cameron-Smith ◽  
Karl-Heinz Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Ingestion

There is an ongoing debate as to the optimal protein intake in older adults. An increasing body of experimental studies on skeletal muscle protein metabolism as well as epidemiological data suggest that protein requirements with ageing might be greater than many current dietary recommendations. Importantly, none of the intervention studies in this context specifically investigated very old individuals. Data on the fastest growing age group of the oldest old (aged 85 years and older) is very limited. In this review, we examine the current evidence on protein intake for preserving muscle mass, strength and function in older individuals, with emphasis on data in the very old. Available observational data suggest beneficial effects of a higher protein intake with physical function in the oldest old. Whilst, studies estimating protein requirements in old and very old individuals based on whole-body measurements, show no differences between these sub-populations of elderly. However, small sample sizes preclude drawing firm conclusions. Experimental studies that compared muscle protein synthetic (MPS) responses to protein ingestion in young and old adults suggest that a higher relative protein intake is required to maximally stimulate skeletal muscle MPS in the aged. Although, data on MPS responses to protein ingestion in the oldest old are currently lacking. Collectively, the data reviewed for this article support the concept that there is a close interaction of physical activity, diet, function and ageing. An attractive hypothesis is that regular physical activity may preserve and even enhance the responsiveness of ageing skeletal muscle to protein intake, until very advanced age. More research involving study participants particularly aged ≥85 years is warranted to better investigate and determine protein requirements in this specific growing population group.

Threshold of Daily Energy and Protein Requirements to Prevent Weight Loss in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nakamura T ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Point Energy ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Daily Energy

Background and Aims: Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) frequently develop weight loss. However, little is known about the energy and protein thresholds that cause weight loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the threshold of daily energy and protein requirements to prevent weight loss in patients with AD. Methods: We included 75 Japanese long-term care hospital patients with probable AD (22 men and 53 women, aged 65–101 years) in an interventional study. After a one-week survey using weighed food records weighed food records, the relationship between the obtained energy and protein intake and weight loss after three months was examined. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the daily determinants of weight loss. Subsequently, receiver operating characteristic curves were used to examine the threshold for discriminating weight loss. Results: Sixty-one (81.3%) patients were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. Twenty patients (26.7%) had >5% weight loss. The significant associations with weight loss were Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) point, energy intake, and protein intake; with a MNA point at cutoff of 17.25, an energy intake at cutoff of 29.93kcal/kg, and a protein intake at cutoff of 1.122g/kg. Conclusion: To prevent weight loss in AD patients, it is important to prevent malnutrition and administer more than 30kcal/kg energy intake and more than 1.1g/kg protein intake. Future studies with a larger sample size are needed to determine the threshold of daily energy and protein requirements to prevent weight loss.

scholarly journals Maternal Intake of Cow’s Milk during Lactation Is Associated with Lower Prevalence of Food Allergy in Offspring

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3680
Author(s):  
Mia Stråvik ◽  
Malin Barman ◽  
Bill Hesselmar ◽  
Anna Sandin ◽  
Agnes E. Wold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Allergy ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

Maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation may affect the propensity of the child to develop an allergy. The aim was to assess and compare the dietary intake of pregnant and lactating women, validate it with biomarkers, and to relate these data to physician-diagnosed allergy in the offspring at 12 months of age. Maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation was assessed by repeated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires in a prospective Swedish birth cohort (n = 508). Fatty acid proportions were measured in maternal breast milk and erythrocytes. Allergy was diagnosed at 12 months of age by a pediatrician specialized in allergy. An increased maternal intake of cow’s milk during lactation, confirmed with biomarkers (fatty acids C15:0 and C17:0) in the maternal blood and breast milk, was associated with a lower prevalence of physician-diagnosed food allergy by 12 months of age. Intake of fruit and berries during lactation was associated with a higher prevalence of atopic eczema at 12 months of age. Our results suggest that maternal diet modulates the infant’s immune system, thereby influencing subsequent allergy development.

The associative effect of level of energy and protein intake in the dairy cow

1970 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Low Protein

SummaryEight lactating cows were used in a Latin square experiment, to study the associative effects of level of energy and protein intake on milk yield and composition. Four diets were used, supplying 80 and 120% of estimated energy requirements and 80 and 120% of estimated protein requirements. The level of energy intake significantly affected milk yield, milk energy output, percentage butterfat, ash and non-protein nitrogen. The level of protein intake only significantly affected milk energy output and the non-protein nitrogen content of the milk. Although only the interaction of the effects of energy and protein intake on the milk content of solidsnot-fat (SNF) and ash was significant, it was evident that the effect of each of these factors on milk yield or composition was related to the level of the other in the diet.Input-output relationships within each protein level were used to compute the response in milk energy output and bodyweight change to a change in energy intake. These showed a greater partitioning of additional energy toward milk energy output with the high than with the low protein level. Multiple regression analysis within each level of protein intake was used to partition energy intake between that used for maintenance, milk energy output and liveweight change. The results showed efficiencies of utilization of metabolizable energy for milk output of 63 and 50% on the high- and low-protein diets, respectively.Nitrogen balance data are presented.

scholarly journals Growth, Protein and Energy Intake in Children with PKU Taking a Weaning Protein Substitute in the First Two Years of Life: A Case-Control Study

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Evans ◽  
Anne Daly ◽  
Jo Wildgoose ◽  
Barbara Cochrane ◽  
Satnam Chahal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Protein Substitute ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Control Study

Growth issues have been observed in young children with phenylketonuria (PKU), but studies are conflicting. In infancy, there is an increasing trend to introduce a second-stage semi-solid weaning protein substitute (WPS) but there is concern that this may not meet energy requirements. In this longitudinal, prospective study, 20 children with PKU transitioning to a WPS, and 20 non-PKU controls were observed monthly from weaning commencement (4–6 months) to 12 m and at 15, 18 and 24 months of age for: weight, length, head circumference, body mass index (BMI), energy and macronutrient intake. Growth parameters were within normal range at all ages in both groups with no significant difference in mean z-scores except for accelerated length in the PKU group. No child with PKU had z-scores < −2 for any growth parameter at age 2 years. Total protein and energy intake in both groups were similar at all ages; however, from 12–24 months in the PKU group, the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate increased (60%) but from fat decreased (25%) and inversely for controls (48% and 36%). In PKU, use of low volume WPS meets Phe-free protein requirements, facilitates transition to solid foods and supports normal growth. Further longitudinal study of growth, body composition and energy/nutrient intakes in early childhood are required to identify any changing trends.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile of Human Milk of Spanish Lactating Women during the First Month of Lactation Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A Comparison with Infant Formulas

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Sánchez-Hernández ◽  
Adelaida Esteban-Muñoz ◽  
Rafael Giménez-Martínez ◽  
María José Aguilar-Cordero ◽  
Beatriz Miralles-Buraglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Milk Samples

Breastfeeding is the ideal way to provide infants with the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development. Milk composition changes throughout lactation, and fat is one of the most variable nutrients in human milk. The aim of this study was to determine the main differences between the fatty acid (FA) profile of human milk samples (colostrum, transitional, and mature milk group) and infant formulas. Human milk samples were provided by lactating women from Granada. Moreover, different commercial infant formulas were analyzed. FAs were determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. According to the results, oleic acid was the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid (41.93% in human milk and 43.53% in infant formulas), while palmitic acid was the most representative saturated fatty acid (20.88% in human milk and 23.09% in infant formulas). Significant differences were found between human milk groups and infant formulas, mainly in long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC-PUFAs). The content of araquidonic acid (AA) and docoxahexaenoic acid (DHA) was higher in human milk (0.51% and 0.39%, respectively) than in infant formulas (0.31% and 0.22%, respectively). Linoleic acid (LA) percentage (15.31%) in infant formulas was similar to that found in human milk (14.6%). However, α-linolenic acid (ALA) values were also much higher in infant formulas than in human milk (1.64% and 0.42%, respectively).

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