Developmental Trajectories of Sensorimotor and Cognitive Control in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-237
Author(s):  
Shu-Chen Li ◽  
Roxane Dilcher ◽  
Alexander Münchau
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Perception Action ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract. The relationship between tics and preceding urges in Tourette syndrome suggests that abnormal internal monitoring is reflected in abnormal perceptual, attentional, and response selection. This article uses the theory of event coding to conceptualize Tourette syndrome as a disorder of the integration of perception and action. Given that Tourette syndrome is a prototypical neurodevelopmental disorder with a characteristic clinical course in childhood and early adolescence, we focus on reviewing developmental trajectories of perception-action binding and their neural correlates in Tourette and healthy controls with a view toward the dopaminergic system. Future cross-sectional and longitudinal research systematically comparing typical development and Tourette-related alterations of neurophysiological correlates underlying perception-action binding may shed light on individual differences in the clinical course in adolescence and adulthood.

Toepassing van richtlijnen voor depressiezorg in verpleeghuizen en door professionals ervaren competentie, autonomie en verbondenheid

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Psychosocial Needs ◽  
Depression Care ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

Depression is highly prevalent in nursing homes residents and affects their quality of life. Both prevalence and impact of depression may decrease when effective guidelines or depression care programs are used, but this appears to be a challenging task. The Self Determination Theory postulates that the realization of complex tasks is being facilitated by meeting three basic human psychosocial needs: autonomy, competence and relatedness to others. This cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between the experienced autonomy, competence and relatedness and the extent to which depression care is given according to guidelines in 46 doctors, 49 psychologists and 53 nurses from 71 Dutch nursing homes. Although autonomy and competence were significantly related to depression care according to guidelines, hierarchical multiple regression analyses with all three basic needs showed a statistically significant result for competence only. The associations don’t allow conclusions about causal relationships, longitudinal research will shed light on the direction of the association for competence.

scholarly journals The relationship between chronic diseases and number of sexual partners: an exploratory analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Grabovac ◽  
Lee Smith ◽  
Lin Yang ◽  
Pinar Soysal ◽  
Nicola Veronese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lifetime Number ◽  
Number Of Sexual Partners ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Diagnosis Of Cancer ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundWe investigated sex-specific associations between lifetime number of sexual partners and several health outcomes in a large sample of older adults in England.MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from 2537 men and 3185 women aged ≥50 years participating in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Participants reported the number of sexual partners they had had in their lifetime. Outcomes were self-rated health and self-reported limiting long-standing illness, cancer, coronary heart disease, and stroke. We used logistic regression to analyse associations between lifetime number of sexual partners and health outcomes, adjusted for relevant sociodemographic and health-related covariates.ResultsHaving had 10 or more lifetime sexual partners was associated with higher odds of reporting a diagnosis of cancer than having had 0–1 sexual partners in men (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.83) and women (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.51), respectively. Women who had 10 or more lifetime sexual partners also had higher odds of reporting a limiting long-standing illness (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.35). No other statistically significant associations were observed.ConclusionsA higher lifetime number of sexual partners is associated with increased odds of reported cancer. Longitudinal research is required to establish causality. Understanding the predictive value of lifetime number of sexual partners as a behavioural risk factor may improve clinical assessment of cancer risk in older adults.

Cross-Sectional Research Designs in Criminology and Criminal Justice

Criminology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James V. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Criminal Career ◽  
Individual Change ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Criminology And Criminal Justice ◽  
Over Time

Cross-sectional research allows researchers to study a phenomenon or the relationship between variables at one point in time. In cross-sectional research data are collected once for each case (e.g., individual, neighborhood, city, state) at a single point in time. Cross-sectional research is most appropriate for studies that have descriptive or exploratory aims and in many cases are inadequate to assess causal processes due to an inability for researchers to establish temporal order—a necessary but not sufficient condition for causality. However, in some cases cross-sectional research may be adequate or even preferable to assess mediational models such as when the mediator variable is contemporaneous. Due to the nature of cross-sectional research, it is also not possible to utilize this approach to examine patterns or within-individual change in behavior over time. Alternatively, longitudinal designs typically follow the same cases over time and make observations (e.g., surveys, interviews) for each case at multiple time points. This approach allows for researchers to establish temporal order and assess both between and within-individual change over time. There is an ongoing debate among criminologists, particularly those interested in developmental processes and theories, regarding the worth of cross-sectional designs over longitudinal designs. This debate largely stems from the relationship between age and crime in what is typically referred to as the age-crime curve and the criminal career paradigm. That is, traditional cross-sectional research has found that crime peaks in mid- to late adolescence and then gradually declines across adult age groups. Despite the criticisms waged against cross-sectional research and the benefits of longitudinal research to establish temporal order, cross-sectional research designs still dominate criminology and criminal justice research. This may be due to some of the advantages of cross-sectional research and disadvantages of longitudinal research. For instance, cross-sectional research is relatively quick and affordable to carry out, making it a fairly accessible research design to conduct without funding and enables production of timely findings. Most importantly, researchers have developed unique methods of data collection and statistical analyses to overcome concerns of causality in cross-sectional research including retrospective or life history analyses, experimental survey designs, and repeated cross-sections or trend data. While these “fixes” do not allow researchers to assess within-individual change in outcomes (e.g., behaviors, attitudes, personality), they do address issues of temporal order and nonspuriousness within the cross-sectional design. The following article presents works that address various aspects of cross-sectional research and some examples of research utilizing this design.

Psychological distress and circulating inflammatory markers in healthy young adults

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 2079-2087 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Goldman-Mellor ◽  
L. Brydon ◽  
A. Steptoe
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundAlthough a substantial body of research points to a link between psychological distress and inflammatory responses in middle-aged and older adults, particularly those with cardiovascular disease, the relationship between inflammation and distress in young, healthy individuals has not been established. This study was designed to investigate the cross-sectional association between psychological distress and inflammatory proteins in a young, healthy representative population of English adults.MethodParticipants were 1338 individuals aged 16–34 years from the 2006 Health Survey for England (HSE). Blood samples to measure plasma fibrinogen and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), as well as measures of psychological distress (using the General Health Questionnaire 12-item scale, GHQ-12) and covariates, were collected during home visits. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between psychological distress and fibrinogen and hsCRP.ResultsHigher self-rated distress was positively associated with fibrinogen level in this young population, independently of age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, smoking, and alcohol and medication use (β=0.024, p<0.01). Psychological distress was not related to hsCRP.ConclusionsPsychological distress may negatively impact inflammatory processes in young adulthood before the onset of chronic health problems such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Longitudinal research is needed to elucidate the relationship between distress and inflammation in young adults and its significance for later disease states.

scholarly journals Increased perception-action binding in Tourette syndrome

Brain ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Kleimaker ◽  
Adam Takacs ◽  
Giulia Conte ◽  
Rebecca Onken ◽  
Julius Verrel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Perception And Action ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Event File ◽  
Cognitive Framework ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Feature Overlap ◽  
Sensory Processes ◽  
Perception Action

Abstract Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics. Research in Tourette syndrome has traditionally focused on the motor system. However, there is increasing evidence that perceptual and cognitive processes play a crucial role as well. Against this background it has been reasoned that processes linking perception and action might be particularly affected in these patients with the strength of perception-action binding being increased. However, this has not yet been studied experimentally. Here, we investigated adult Tourette patients within the framework of the ‘Theory of Event Coding’ using an experimental approach allowing us to directly test the strength of perception-action binding. We included 24 adult patients with Tourette syndrome and n = 24 healthy control subjects using a previously established visual-motor event file task with four levels of feature overlap requiring repeating or alternating responses. Concomitant to behavioural testing, EEG was recorded and analysed using temporal signal decomposition and source localization methods. On a behavioural level, perception-action binding was increased in Tourette patients. Tic frequency correlated with performance in conditions where unbinding processes of previously established perception-action bindings were required with higher tic frequency being associated with stronger perception-action binding. This suggests that perception-action binding is intimately related to the occurrence of tics. Analysis of EEG data showed that behavioural changes cannot be explained based on simple perceptual or motor processes. Instead, cognitive processes linking perception to action in inferior parietal cortices are crucial. Our findings suggest that motor or sensory processes alone are less relevant for the understanding of Tourette syndrome than cognitive processes engaged in linking and restructuring of perception-action association. A broader cognitive framework encompassing perception and action appears well suited to opening new routes for the understanding of Tourette syndrome.

The influences of interdependence, opportunism and technology uncertainty on interfirm coopetition

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 948-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linlin Chai ◽  
Jin Li ◽  
Thomas Clauss ◽  
Chanchai Tangpong
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Contextual Condition ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedents and the conditions of coopetition at the inter-organizational level. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on survey research methodology and analyzes the data from 138 companies regarding the antecedents and the conditions of their coopetition. Findings The results indicate that the interdependence between partners (i.e. the antecedent) positively affects interfirm coopetition, and that this relationship is contingent on the joint occurrence of opportunism (a behavioral condition) and technology uncertainty (a contextual condition). Specifically, highly interdependent firms are more likely to be involved in a coopetitive relationship when both opportunism and technology uncertainty are high. Interestingly, the authors’ data also show that opportunism or technology uncertainty alone may not be adequate in moderating the interdependence–coopetition relationship. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to the current literature in two meaningful ways. First, it empirically examines interdependence as a potential antecedent of interfirm coopetition. Second, it improves our understanding of the behavioral and contextual conditions that facilitate the formation of coopetitive relationships by examining the moderating roles of opportunisms and technology uncertainty in the relationship between interdependence and interfirm coopetition. The limitations of this study lie in its confined method of cross-sectional survey from the focal firm’s perspective. Future research may advance beyond this study through experimental and/or longitudinal research designs. Practical implications This study provides managers with two important practical insights in coopetition management. First, the findings suggest a two-step approach to help a firm assess and manage the level of coopetition in its relationship with a business partner. In addition, the findings provide a counterintuitive suggestion to managers that the joint conditions of high opportunism and high technology uncertainty indeed prime the relationship for the rise of coopetition, provided that managerial efforts are made to somewhat increase the level of interdependence in the relationship. Originality/value Despite the growing number of studies on coopetition, research still lacks knowledge about the antecedents and the conditions of inter-organizational coopetition, and this study aims to fill this gap.

High performance work systems, cultures and gender demography

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 693-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun Pichler ◽  
Arup Varma ◽  
Andrew Yu ◽  
Gerard Beenen ◽  
Shahin Davoudpour
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Work Systems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Performance Work Systems ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop and test hypotheses about the independent relationships between high-performance work systems (HPWS) and high-performance work cultures (HPWC) and employee turnover. Given the growth of women in the workforce, the authors also develop competing predictions about how organizational gender demography (i.e. a higher percentage of women) may either strengthen or weaken the relationship of HPWSs to turnover. Design/methodology/approach – A survey of 171 human resource (HR) executives across organizations of various sizes and industries in the Chicago metropolitan area in the USA was conducted. Findings – The authors found that HPWS and HPWC are associated with lower turnover, though the relationship between HPWC and turnover was stronger. Results also indicate that HPWS are more strongly related to lower turnover among organizations that employ relatively more women. Research limitations/implications – The results indicates that HPWS may not be universalistic in terms of their effectiveness specifically as related to turnover. This was a cross-sectional study; it would be useful for future research to use a longitudinal research design. Practical implications – The findings suggest that organizations should consider how their cultures, use of high-performance work practices, and gender demography are related to important HR metrics such as turnover. Social implications – This paper represents an important contribution to understanding the importance and implications of changes in the workforce demographic characteristics. Originality/value – This is the first study to integrate an organizational demography perspective with HPWS.

Predictors of the Clinical Course of Tourette Syndrome: A Longitudinal Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (14) ◽  
pp. 913-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Groth ◽  
Liselotte Skov ◽  
Theis Lange ◽  
Nanette M. Debes
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Severity Scores ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Objective: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a chronic childhood neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics and frequent comorbidities. The clinical presentation of Tourette syndrome is heterogeneous and the prognosis for each individual child is difficult to define. This large prospective longitudinal study explores predictors in childhood of the clinical course of tics and comorbidities in early adulthood. Methods: The cohort was recruited at the Danish National Tourette Clinic. Data were collected at baseline (N = 314; ages, 5-19 years) and follow-up 6 years later (n = 227; ages, 11-26 years) to examine changes in the expression of tics and comorbidities. Childhood clinical factors, represented by 4 binary clinical outcomes, were selected as possible predictors of the clinical course of tics and comorbidities in early adulthood; these were tic severity and diagnoses of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and emotional disorders. Results: The strongest predictors of high tic scores, OCD, or ADHD diagnoses in early adulthood were the corresponding tic (odds ratio [OR]: 1.09), OCD (OR: 1.08), and ADHD (OR: 1.13) severity scores (per scale point) in childhood. Being female (OR: 3.94) and childhood ADHD severity (OR: 1.11) predicted future emotional disorders. Special education, genetic factors, and psychosocial factors were also predictive for the clinical course of Tourette syndrome. Conclusion: We identified strong clinical predictors of Tourette syndrome–associated outcomes in early adulthood that are directly applicable to clinical Tourette syndrome populations and may help to guide new patients, plan early interventions, and implement preventive measures.

Achievement and participation in schools for young adolescents with self-reported neuropsychiatric disabilities: A cross-sectional study from the southern part of Sweden

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-206
Author(s):  
Louise Carlberg ◽  
Mats Granlund
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Restricted Participation ◽  
Physical Abilities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Relationships

Background: Schools are expected to be an environment where children can reach their fullest potential and develop their talents, personality, as well as their mental and physical abilities. Children with disabilities often have restricted participation and lower achievement in school. The aim is to investigate if there are any differences in participation and achievement in school between adolescents, with and without self-reported neuropsychiatric disabilities, and to explore the relations between achievement and participation. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out based on data collected from 1520 adolescents in the sixth and seventh grade, from the south of Sweden. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to explore the relationship between having a neuropsychiatric disability, with participation and achievement, and how different factors affected this relationship. Results: Having a self-reported neuropsychiatric disability increases the likelihood of having restricted participation (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.99–4.23) and lower achievement in school (AOR: 2.94; 95% CI: 2.06–4.24). These adolescents were also more likely to have negative relationships to their teachers, be bullied, have poorer connectedness to their parents, come from families with less money, be trying drugs and be male, in comparison to the adolescents without a neuropsychiatric disability. The odds of having lower achievement increased with lower engagement and absenteeism from class. Conclusions: Adolescents with self-reported neuropsychiatric disabilities have a disadvantaged situation in school, and are exposed to factors that could have long-term negative effects. More longitudinal research is required to conclude what factors are causing restricted participation and low achievement.

The Relationship Between Levels of Fidelity in Simulation, Traditional Clinical Experiences and Objectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Gore
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Learning Objectives ◽  
Learning Effectiveness ◽  
Perceived Learning ◽  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of baccalaureate nursing students’ (BSN) perceived learning effectiveness using the Clinical Learning Environments Comparison Survey of different levels of fidelity simulation and traditional clinical experiences. A convenience sample of 103 first semester BSN enrolled in a fundamental/assessment clinical course and 155 fifth semester BSN enrolled in a leadership clinical course participated in this study. A descriptive correlational design was used for this cross-sectional study to evaluate students’ perceptions after a simulation experience and the completion of the traditional clinical experiences. The subscales measured were communication, nursing leadership, and teaching-learning dyad. No statistical differences were noted based on the learning objectives. The communication subscale showed a tendency toward preference for traditional clinical experiences in meeting students perceived learning for communication. For student perceived learning effectiveness, faculty should determine the appropriate level of fidelity in simulation based on the learning objectives.

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