scholarly journals Hypoxia and proangiogenic proteins in human ameloblastoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raíssa Pinheiro de Mendonça ◽  
Karolyny Martins Balbinot ◽  
Beatriz Voss Martins ◽  
Maria Sueli da Silva Kataoka ◽  
Ricardo Alves Mesquita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Odontogenic Cysts ◽  
Biological Behaviour ◽  
Odontogenic Tumours ◽  
Anti Vegf ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Ameloblastomas are epithelial odontogenic tumours that, although benign, are locally invasive and may exhibit aggressive behaviour. In the tumour microenvironment, the concentration of oxygen is reduced, which leads to intratumoral hypoxia. Under hypoxia, the crosstalk between the HIF-1α, MMP-2, VEGF, and VEGFR-2 proteins has been associated with hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, leading to tumour progression and increased invasiveness. This work showcases 24 ameloblastoma cases, 10 calcifying odontogenic cysts, and 9 dental follicles, used to investigate the expression of these proteins by immunohistochemistry. The anti-HIF-1α, anti-MMP-2, anti-VEGF, and anti-VEGFR-2 primary antibodies are used in this work. The results have been expressed by the mean grey value after immunostaining in images acquired with an objective of 40×. The ameloblastoma samples showed higher immunoexpression of HIF-1α, MMP-2, VEGF, and VEGFR-2 when compared to the dental follicles and calcifying odontogenic cysts. Ameloblastomas show a higher degree of expression of proteins associated with intratumoral hypoxia and proangiogenic proteins, which indicates the possible role of these proteins in the biological behaviour of this tumour.

scholarly journals A STUDY ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR AND EMOTIONAL MATURITY OF ADOLESCENT STUDENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Mary Jeba N
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Great Role ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Emotional Maturity ◽  
Adolescent Students ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

The study intended to find out any relationship between aggressive behavior and emotional maturity of adolescents. Aggressive behavior is the reactionary and impulsive behaviour. The role of education is the modification of behaviour of the individual. So, school has a great role in mending the behaviour of the students. Moral education and mediation can be given to students. This may help them to get rid of the aggressive behaviour. The investigator used the mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA (analysis of variance) to analyze the data and results were tabulated. The adolescent students show more aggressive behaviour than emotional maturity.

Stem Cells in Tumour Microenvironment Aid in Prolonged Survival Rate of Cancer Cells and Developed Drug Resistance: Major Challenge in Osteosarcoma Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
Bhaskar Birru ◽  
ChandraSai Potla Durthi ◽  
Santhosh Kacham ◽  
Madhuri Pola ◽  
Satish Babu Rajulapati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Bone Cancer ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Hypoxic Environment

Osteosarcoma is an aggressive bone cancer found in children and adolescents. The combined treatment strategy includes the surgical removal of tumour and subsequent chemotherapy to prevent the reoccurrence has been a widely accepted approach. However, the drug resistance developed by tumour cells causes recurrence of cancer. It is imperative to understand the molecular mechanism involved in the development of drug resistance and tumour progression for developing potential therapy. Tumour microenvironment and cellular cross-talk via activation of various signalling pathways are responsible for tumour progression and metastasis. The comprehensive reviews are already available on the tumour microenvironment, signalling cascades responsible for tumour progression, and cellular crosstalk between malignant cells and immune cells. Therefore, we intend to provide comprehend review postulating the importance of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in osteosarcoma progression and metastasis. This paper is aimed to provide information sequentially includes: tumour microenvironment, MSCs role in osteosarcoma progression, the hypoxic environment in MSCs recruitment at the tumour site and the importance of exosomes in tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis. Overall, this review may enlighten the research on the role of MSCs and MSCs derived exosome in osteosarcoma progression and drug resistance. This possibly may result in developing novel therapeutic approaches to combat the osteosarcoma effectively and contributes for the development of prognosis tools for early diagnosis.

scholarly journals 3D Cancer Models: Depicting Cellular Crosstalk within the Tumour Microenvironment

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4610
Author(s):  
Teresa Franchi-Mendes ◽  
Rodrigo Eduardo ◽  
Giacomo Domenici ◽  
Catarina Brito
Keyword(s):  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Malignant Cell ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Tumour Cells ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Cancer Models

The tumour microenvironment plays a critical role in tumour progression and drug resistance processes. Non-malignant cell players, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells and others, interact with each other and with the tumour cells, shaping the disease. Though the role of each cell type and cell communication mechanisms have been progressively studied, the complexity of this cellular network and its role in disease mechanism and therapeutic response are still being unveiled. Animal models have been mainly used, as they can represent systemic interactions and conditions, though they face recognized limitations in translational potential due to interspecies differences. In vitro 3D cancer models can surpass these limitations, by incorporating human cells, including patient-derived ones, and allowing a range of experimental designs with precise control of each tumour microenvironment element. We summarize the role of each tumour microenvironment component and review studies proposing 3D co-culture strategies of tumour cells and non-malignant cell components. Moreover, we discuss the potential of these modelling approaches to uncover potential therapeutic targets in the tumour microenvironment and assess therapeutic efficacy, current bottlenecks and perspectives.

Prognostic role of tumour-associated macrophages and regulatory T cells in EBV-positive and EBV-negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc L Ooft ◽  
Jolique A van Ipenburg ◽  
Maxime E Sanders ◽  
Mariette Kranendonk ◽  
Ingrid Hofland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Foxp3 Expression ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Prognostic Role

AimsTumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) form a special niche supporting tumour progression, and both correlate with worse survival in head and neck cancers. However, the prognostic role of TAM and Tregs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is still unknown. Therefore, we determined differences in TAMs and Tregs in different NPC subtypes, and their prognostic significance.MethodsTissue of 91 NPCs was assessed for TAMs and Tregs by determination of CD68, CD163, CD206 and FOXP3 expression in the tumour microenvironment. Clinicopathological correlations were assessed using Pearson X2 test, Fisher’s exact test, analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney U test. Survival was analysed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression.ResultsCD68 and FOXP3 counts were higher in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive NPC, while CD68−/FOXP3−, CD163+/FOXP3− and CD206+/FOXP3− infiltrates were more common in EBV-negative NPC. In the whole NPC group, CD68−/FOXP3− correlated with worse overall survival (OS), and after multivariate analysis high FOXP3 count showed better OS (HR 0.352, 95% CI 0.128 to 0.968). No difference in M2 counts existed between EBV-positive and negative NPC.ConclusionsFOXP3, a Treg marker, seems to be an independent prognostic factor for better OS in the whole NPC group. Therefore, immune-based therapies targeting Tregs should be carefully evaluated. M2 spectrum macrophages are probably more prominent in EBV-negative NPC with also functional differences compared with EBV-positive NPC.

scholarly journals The role of the tumour microenvironment in immunotherapy

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. T283-T295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Gasser ◽  
Lina H K Lim ◽  
Florence S G Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Tumour Immunity ◽  
Recent Success ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Solid Malignancies ◽  
Variable Success ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Recent success in immunomodulating strategies in lung cancer and melanoma has prompted much enthusiasm in their potential to treat other advanced solid malignancies. However, their applications have shown variable success and are even ineffective against some tumours. The efficiency of immunotherapies relies on an immunogenic tumour microenvironment. The current field of cancer immunology has focused on understanding the interaction of cancer and host immune cells to break the state of immune tolerance and explain how molecular patterns of cytokines and chemokines affect tumour progression. Here, we review our current knowledge of how inherent properties of tumours and their different tumour microenvironments affect therapeutic outcome. We also discuss insights into recent multimodal therapeutic approaches that target tumour immune evasion and suppression to restore anti-tumour immunity.

scholarly journals Tumour-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) in Colon Cancer and How to Reeducate Them

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. F. Yahaya ◽  
M. A. M. Lila ◽  
S. Ismail ◽  
M. Zainol ◽  
N. A. R. Nik Mohd Afizan
Keyword(s):  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Anticancer Therapy ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
M1 Macrophages ◽  
Suitable Candidate ◽  
M1 Macrophage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

Tumour-associated macrophage (TAM) serves as the site in which most inflammatory cells coreside. It plays an important role in determining the progression and metastasis of a tumour. The characteristic of TAM is largely dependent on the stimuli present in its tumour microenvironment (TME). Under this environment, however, M2 macrophages are found to be in abundance compared to M1 macrophages which later promote tumour progression. Numerous studies have elucidated the relationship between TAM and the progression of tumour; hence, TAM has now been the subject of interest among researchers for anticancer therapy. This review discusses the role of TAM in colorectal cancer (CRC) and some of the potential candidates that could reeducate TAM to fight against CRC. It is with hope that this review will serve as the foundation in understanding TAM in CRC and helping other researchers to select the most suitable candidate to reeducate TAM that could assist in enhancing the tumouricidal activity of M1 macrophage and eventually repress the development of CRC.

scholarly journals Interaction of tumour cells with their microenvironment: ion channels and cell adhesion molecules. A focus on pancreatic cancer

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1638) ◽  
pp. 20130101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annarosa Arcangeli ◽  
Olivia Crociani ◽  
Lapo Bencini
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Tumour Cells ◽  
Integrin Receptors ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
Cellular Components

Cancer must be viewed as a ‘tissue’, constituted of both transformed cells and a heterogeneous microenvironment, the ‘tumour microenvironment’ (TME). The TME undergoes a complex remodelling during the course of multistep tumourigenesis, hence strongly contributing to tumour progression. Ion channels and transporters (ICTs), being expressed on both tumour cells and in the different cellular components of the TME, are in a strategic position to sense and mediate signals arising from the TME. Often, this transmission is mediated by integrin adhesion receptors, which are the main cellular receptors capable of mediating cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix bidirectional signalling. Integrins can often operate in conjunction with ICT because they can behave as functional partners of ICT proteins. The role of integrin receptors in the crosstalk between tumour cells and the TME is particularly relevant in the context of pancreatic cancer (PC), characterized by an overwhelming TME which actively contributes to therapy resistance. We discuss the possibility that this occurs through integrins and ICTs, which could be exploited as targets to overcome chemoresistance in PC.

Long-term dynamics and destruction of marsh vegetation in the Kolokolkova Bay of the Barents Sea

2012 ◽  
pp. 66-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Lavrinenko ◽  
O. V. Lavrinenko ◽  
D. V. Dobrynin
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Marsh Vegetation ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Species Composition And Structure

The satellite images show that the area of marshes in the Kolokolkova bay was notstable during the period from 1973 up to 2011. Until 2010 it varied from 357 to 636 ha. After a severe storm happened on July 24–25, 2010 the total area of marshes was reduced up to 43–50 ha. The mean value of NDVI for studied marshes, reflecting the green biomass, varied from 0.13 to 0.32 before the storm in 2010, after the storm the NDVI decreased to 0.10, in 2011 — 0.03. A comparative analysis of species composition and structure of plant communities described in 2002 and 2011, allowed to evaluate the vegetation changes of marshes of the different topographic levels. They are fol­lowing: a total destruction of plant communities of the ass. Puccinellietum phryganodis and ass. Caricetum subspathaceae on low and middle marches; increasing role of halophytic species in plant communities of the ass. Caricetum glareosae vic. Calamagrostis deschampsioides subass. typicum on middle marches; some changes in species composition and structure of plant communities of the ass. Caricetum glareosae vic. Calamagrostis deschampsioides subass. festucetosum rubrae on high marches and ass. Parnassio palustris–Salicetum reptantis in transition zone between marches and tundra without changes of their syntaxonomy; a death of moss cover in plant communities of the ass. Caricetum mackenziei var. Warnstorfia exannulata on brackish coastal bogs. The possible reasons of dramatic vegetation dynamics are discussed. The dating of the storm makes it possible to observe the directions and rates of the succession of marches vegetation.

Seasonal trends in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater runoff in a subarctic catchment at Okstindan, Norway

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Gurney ◽  
D.S.L. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stable Isotopic Composition ◽  
Meltwater Runoff ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Δ18o And Δd

Seasonal variations in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater were investigated in a sub-arctic, mountainous, but non-glacial, catchment at Okstindan in northern Norway based on analyses of δ18O and δD. Samples were collected during four field periods (August 1998; April 1999; June 1999 and August 1999) at three sites lying on an altitudinal transect (740–970 m a.s.l.). Snowpack data display an increase in the mean values of δ18O (increasing from a mean value of −13.51 to −11.49‰ between April and August), as well as a decrease in variability through the melt period. Comparison with a regional meteoric water line indicates that the slope of the δ18O–δD line for the snowpacks decreases over the same period, dropping from 7.49 to approximately 6.2.This change points to the role of evaporation in snowpack ablation and is confirmed by the vertical profile of deuterium excess. Snowpack seepage data, although limited, also suggest reduced values of δD, as might be associated with local evaporation during meltwater generation. In general, meltwaters were depleted in δ18O relative to the source snowpack at the peak of the melt (June), but later in the year (August) the difference between the two was not statistically significant. The diurnal pattern of isotopic composition indicates that the most depleted meltwaters coincide with the peak in temperature and, hence, meltwater production.

Acid ceramidase, a double-edged sword in cancer aggression: A minireview

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Shiphrah Vethakanraj ◽  
Niveditha Chandrasekaran ◽  
Ashok Kumar Sekar
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Acid Ceramidase ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽  
Key Enzyme

: Acid ceramidase (AC), the key enzyme of the ceramide metabolic pathway hydrolyzes pro-apoptotic ceramide to sphingosine, which by the action of sphingosine-1-kinase is metabolized to mitogenic sphingosine-1-phosphate. The intracellular level of AC determines ceramide/sphingosine-1-phosphate rheostat which in turn decides the cell fate. The upregulated AC expression during cancerous condition acts as a “double-edged sword” by converting pro-apoptotic ceramide to anti-apoptotic sphingosine-1-phosphate, wherein on one end, the level of ceramide is decreased and on the other end, the level of sphingosine-1-phosphate is increased, thus altogether aggravating the cancer progression. In addition, cancer cells with upregulated AC expression exhibited increased cell proliferation, metastasis, chemoresistance, radioresistance and numerous strategies were developed in the past to effectively target the enzyme. Gene silencing and pharmacological inhibition of AC sensitized the resistant cells to chemo/radiotherapy thereby promoting cell death. The core objective of this review is to explore AC mediated tumour progression and the potential role of AC inhibitors in various cancer cell lines/models.

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