scholarly journals Multiomics analysis of soybean meal induced marine fish enteritis in juvenile pearl gentian grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Beiping Tan ◽  
Junming Deng ◽  
Zhang Haitao
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Marine Fish ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Human Beings

AbstractAs an important protein source, soybean products can cause intestinal inflammation and injury in many animals including human beings, particularly infants and juvenile individuals. Research in this field has been performed for terrestrial animals and fish, but still lacks integrity and systematicness. In this study, the main biological processes in the intestinal tract of marine fish juvenile pearl gentian grouper in the state of soybean meal-induced enteritis (SBMIE) were analyzed. A total of 720 groupers with an approximate initial weight of 12.5 g were randomly divided into three groups: the fish meal (FM) control group, the 20% SBM group (SBM20), and the SBM40 group (n = 4). Three iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets were prepared and fed to fish for 10 weeks. Each barrel contained a water volume of about 1 m3 in and was exposed to natural light and temperature. Results indicated that the growth and physiology of groupers fed with SBM were significantly negatively affected, with the gene expressions of intestinal structural protein abnormal. 16SrDNA high-throughput sequencing showed that the intestinal microflora played an important role in the pathogenesis of pearl gentian grouper SBMIE, which may activate a variety of pathogen pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors, and nod-like receptors. Transcriptome analysis revealed that changes of the SBMIE signaling pathway in pearl gentian groupers were conservative to some extent than that of terrestrial animals and freshwater fish. Moreover, the TLRs-nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway becomes activated, which played an important role in SBMIE. Meanwhile, the signal pathways related to nutrient absorption and metabolism were generally inhibited. Metabolomics analysis showed that isoflavones and saponins accounted for a large proportion in the potential biomarkers of pearl gentian grouper SBMIE, and most of the biomarkers had significantly positive or negative correlations with each other; 56 metabolites were exchanged between intestinal tissues and contents, which may play an important role in the development of enteritis, including unsaturated fatty acids, organic acids, amino acids, vitamins, small peptides, and nucleotides, etc. These results provide a basic theoretical reference for solving the intestinal issues of fish SBMIE and research of inflammatory bowel disease in mammals.

scholarly journals Mechanisms by Which Fermented Soybean Meal and Soybean Meal Induced Enteritis in Marine Fish Juvenile Pearl Gentian Grouper

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Beiping Tan ◽  
Junming Deng ◽  
Xiaohui Dong ◽  
Qihui Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inflammatory Genes ◽  
Fermented Soybean Meal ◽  
Fermented Soybean

Soy meals can cause intestinal inflammation and even injury in animals, especially infants and juvenile individuals. This study investigated the effects of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on the growth and intestinal homeostasis of juvenile pearl gentian grouper and examined the mechanisms by which FSBM and soybean meal (SBM) induced enteritis in fish, using “3+2” full-length transcriptome sequencing. We randomly assigned 720 female juvenile groupers into three treatment groups: FM control group, 20% FSBM group (FSBM20), and FSBM40 group (n = 4). Three iso-nitrogenous (50% protein) and iso-lipidic (10% lipid) diets were prepared and fed to fish for 10 weeks. The water volume in each barrel was about 1 m3, using natural light and temperature. Results showed that dietary FSBM, at experimental level, significantly affected fish growth and intestinal structure negatively and significantly increased enteritis indices. The degree of intestinal injury and inflammation was determined by the enzyme activities of trypsin and lysozyme, and the contents of IgM, C3, C4, and malondialdehyde, and the expressions of pro-inflammatory genes (IL1β, IL8, IL17, and TNFα) and anti-inflammatory genes (IL4, IL10, and TGFβ1). Full-length transcriptome analysis identified 2,305 and 3,462 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SBM40 and FSBM40 groups, respectively. However, only 18.98% (920/5,445) of DEGs had similar expression patterns, indicating that high levels of SBM40 and FSBM40 have different metabolic strategies. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that among the significant pathways, ~45% were related to immune diseases/systems, infectious diseases, and signal transduction in both SBM and FSBM groups. Based on PacBio SMRT sequencing, nine toll-like receptor (TLR) members, including TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR8, TLR9, TLR13, TLR21, and TLR22, were detected in intestinal tissues of pearl gentian grouper. TLR-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway played an important role in the development of FSBM- and SBM-induced enteritis in pearl gentian grouper; however, TLR receptors used in SBM and FSBM groups were different. TLR1, TLR8, TLR13, and TLR22 were the main receptors used in FSBM group, while TLR5, TLR8, TLR9, TLR21, and TLR22 were the main receptors used in SBM group. Present study provides valuable theoretical references for further research on soy protein-induced enteritis in fish.

scholarly journals The Effect of Feeding Native Faba Bean Seeds (Vicia faba L.) to Sows and Supplemented With Enzymes to Piglets and Growing Pigs

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1007-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Świątkiewicz ◽  
Jerzy Księżak ◽  
Ewa Hanczakowska
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Mixture ◽  
Almost All

AbstractThe aim of this experiment was to examine the possibility of replacing part of soybean meal in the diets of sows, their piglets and fatteners with two varieties of high- or low-tannin faba bean seed. Twenty-four sows were allocated to 3 groups, 8 animals in each. Control group (C) received standard feed mixture containing soybean meal as the main protein source. Next groups received standard feed mixture in which part of soybean meal was replaced by high-tannin variety Bobas (group HT) or low-tannin variety Kasztelan (group LT). Faba bean was added to diets at the level of 12 and 14% for pregnant and lactating sows, 6% for piglets, and 12 and 16% for fatteners (grower and finisher, respectively). Diets for half piglets and fatteners were supplemented with the enzyme Ronozyme VP. Apparent digestibility of nutrients was evaluated in a parallel experiment, using the same feeds on 18 barrows weighing about 40 kg (grower) and 80 kg (finisher). There was almost no difference in sow reproductive rates, litter weight and body weight of piglets on the first day of life were similar. Until 35 days of age piglets receiving faba bean grew faster than control ones. Control piglets grew fastest from 35 to 84 days of age, but differences were not significant. Enzyme supplement had a positive effect on body weight only from 56 to 84 days of piglet life. Digestibility of nutrients was lower in pigs fed with faba beans, especially in the grower period. Faba bean HT had lower nutrient digestibility in both periods of fattening. Almost all carcass traits were better in control pigs than in those fed with bean variety Bobas. Meat of these pigs had also the lowest content of unsaturated fatty acids and highest atherogenic indices. In sensory evaluation this meat had also the worst smell and taste. It can be stated that faba bean seeds, in moderate amounts, can partially replace soybean meal in feed for pigs, but some lowering of body weight gain and meat quality is possible especially when high-tannin varieties are used.

scholarly journals Aberrant Expressional Profiling of Known MicroRNAs in the Liver of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Following Microcystin-LR Exposure Based on samllRNA Sequencing

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyi Feng ◽  
Xi Chen ◽  
Junguo Ma ◽  
Bangjun Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyu Li
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Wnt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix ◽  
Multiple Organs

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) poses a serious threat to human health due to its hepatotoxicity. However, the specific molecular mechanism of miRNAs in MC-LR-induced liver injury has not been determined. The aim of the present study was to determine whether miRNAs are regulated in MC-LR-induced liver toxicity by using high-throughput sequencing. Our research demonstrated that 53 miRNAs and 319 miRNAs were significantly changed after 24 h of treatment with MC-LR (50 and 200 μg/kg, respectively) compared with the control group. GO enrichment analysis revealed that these target genes were related to cellular, metabolic, and single-organism processes. Furthermore, KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that the target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs in fish liver were primarily involved in the insulin signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, and transcriptional misregulation in cancer. Moreover, we hypothesized that 4 miRNAs (miR-16, miR-181a-3p, miR-451, and miR-223) might also participate in MC-LR-induced toxicity in multiple organs of the fish and play regulatory roles according to the qPCR analysis results. Taken together, our results may help to elucidate the biological function of miRNAs in MC-LR-induced toxicity.

scholarly journals 13. Partial Replacement of Soybean with Low-Tannin Faba Bean Varieties (Albus or Amulet): Effects on Growth Traits, Slaughtering Parameters and Meat Quality of Puławska Pigs

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-487
Author(s):  
Anna Milczarek ◽  
Maria Osek
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Longissimus Lumborum

Abstract The study was carried out involving 48 fattening pigs split into 3 groups of equal size: one control (I) and two experimental (II and III). The experimental factor was low-tannin faba bean seeds of the Albus variety (group II) or Amulet variety (group III) introduced to experimental feed mixtures as a partial replacement for soybean meal - the only protein-rich material in the control diet. It was noticed that the partial replacement of soybean meal with faba bean meal had no statistically significant effect on: the daily gains of pigs, feed conversion, meatiness and fattening grades and meat acidity (pH1 and pH24), water holding capacity and muscle colour parameters (L*a*b*). However, the drip loss from longissimus muscles of pigs fed with diets containing low-tannin faba bean was lower and the difference between the group receiving Albus faba bean and the control group was confirmed to be statistically significant (P≤0.05). In the analysed longissimus lumborum muscle, no differences were recorded between the groups in terms of the content of protein, fat, minerals, or saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, including monounsaturated fatty acids. However, it was determined that the muscles of the animals from groups II and III contained more essential unsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (P≤0.05 - between groups I and III ). Albus faba bean seeds introduced to the feed mixture had a beneficial effect on the sensory characteristics of the evaluated muscle since, compared to the longissimus lumborum muscle from the control group, it was characterised by significantly (P≤0.05) improved juiciness, tenderness and palatability.

Chitosan (CTS) and chitooligosaccharides (COS) attenuate soybean meal-induced intestinal inflammation of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus): possible involvement of NF-кB, AP-1 and MAPK pathways

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Min Gu ◽  
Shihui Pan ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
Zezheng Qi ◽  
Wanzhen Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Distal Intestine ◽  
Mapk Pathways

Abstract An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate and confront the putative functions of chitosan (CTS) and chitooligosaccharide (COS) in the growth and homeostasis of distal intestine in juvenile turbots fed diets containing soybean meal. Three isolipidic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated by supplemented basal diet (based on a 400 g kg-1 soybean meal) with 7.5 g kg-1 CTS or with 2.0 g kg-1 COS. Our results indicated that both CTS and COS supplementation could significantly improve (i) the growth performance and feed efficiency ratio; (ii) antioxidant activity driven by metabolic enzymes (i.e. catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase); (iii) glutathione levels; (iv) acid phosphatase and lysozyme activity and (v) immunoglobulin M (IgM) content. As a result, these two particular prebiotics were able to significantly attenuate the histological alterations due to local inflammation as well as to decrease the transcriptional levels of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α) and major pathway effectors (i.e. AP-1, NF-кB, p38, JNK and ERK). High throughput sequencing data indicated that dietary CTS and COS could significantly decrease the diversity of intestinal bacteria but elevate the relative abundances of Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas genera. Altogether, these findings suggest that CTS and COS can improve growth of turbot, enhance intestinal immune and anti-oxidant systems and promote the balance of intestinal microbiota. The protective effects, elicited by these two prebiotics, against SBM-induced inflammation could be attributed to their roles in alleviating the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines by possibly down-regulating NF-кB, AP-1 and/or MAPK pathways.

scholarly journals Raw Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as a Substitute of Soybean Meal in Compound Feed for Broiler Chickens: Effects on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, Fatty Acid Profile, Antioxidant Status, and Dietary Value of Muscles

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3367
Author(s):  
Anna Danek-Majewska ◽  
Małgorzata Kwiecień ◽  
Anna Winiarska-Mieczan ◽  
Małgorzata Haliniarz ◽  
Agata Bielak
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dietary Value ◽  
Experimental Group

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of substitution of 50% of soybean meal protein with 310–350 g/kg diet of raw chickpea seed protein on the chemical composition, fatty acid profile, dietary value, and antioxidant status of breast and thigh muscles, as well as the antioxidant status of blood serum, in Ross 308 male broilers. In the 42-day experiment, one-day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to two nutritional groups (n = 100 in each, 20 birds in each group, and 5 replications). In the control group, 100% of protein in the feed was derived from soybean meal. In the experimental group, 310–350 g/kg protein from raw chickpea seeds was introduced. Data with a normal distribution were analyzed using the Student t-test, and the relationships between the traits were assessed with the use of Pearson’s correlation coefficients. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The replacement with chickpea protein did not exert an impact on the final body weight, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. However, it induced changes in the color of the breast muscles (increased L* and b* values), and reduced the cholesterol content. The addition of chickpea seeds improved the fatty acid profile, mainly in the breast muscle. A decrease in the total SFA content and a higher level of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), UFAs/saturated fatty acids (SFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3, and omega-6 were observed in the experimental group. Additionally, the chickpea-supplemented group exhibited better values of meat quality indicators (atherogenic index-AI; thrombogenic index–TI, ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids-S/P, n-6/n-3, hypocholesterolemic/Hypercholesterolemic ratio-h/H). It can be concluded that raw chickpea seeds are a good source of protein in broiler chicken nutrition, and can replace the traditionally used protein source (soybean meal), simultaneously exerting a positive effect on the dietary value of poultry meat and an expected enhancing impact on consumer health.

scholarly journals Effects of Radix Scrophulariae on Hyperthyroidism Assessed by Metabonomics and Network Pharmacology

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Fang Lu ◽  
Zihui Li ◽  
Hongwei Zhao ◽  
Mu Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Chinese Herb ◽  
Enrichment Score ◽  
Sphingolipid Metabolism ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Disease Genes ◽  
Model Group ◽  
System Pharmacology

Radix Scrophulariae (Chinese name: Xuanshen), a traditional Chinese herb, is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism, and in this study, its mechanisms were evaluated by metabonomics and system pharmacology. To study the anti-hyperthyroidism effects of R. Scrophulariae, a male SD rat (180–220 g) model of hyperthyroidism induced by Euthyrox was used. Thirty rats were randomly distributed into three groups: the Model group, the R. Scrophulariae treatment group (RS group) and the healthy Control group. Using the UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS metabolomics approach, 44 metabolites were found to be profoundly altered in the model group, and the levels of these biomarkers were significantly decreased after treatment with R. Scrophulariae. Forty-four metabolites and 13 signaling pathways related to R. Scrophulariae, including the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, primary bile acid biosynthesis and sphingolipid metabolism, were explored, and linoleic acid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism were identified as the most relevant metabolic pathways. In addition, the system pharmacology paradigm revealed that R. Scrophulariae contains 83 active ingredients and is related to 795 genes, and 804 disease genes are related to hyperthyroidism. The construction of the R. Scrophulariaceae-chemical composition-target-hyperthyroidism network identified a total of 112 intersection genes. The enriched gene targets were analyzed, and five pathways were found to be enriched. Among them pathways, the HIF signaling pathway had the highest enrichment score, which indicated that this pathway might be the main signaling pathway related to the treatment of hyperthyroidism by R. Scrophulariae.The integrated approach involving metabolomics and network pharmacology revealed that R. Scrophulariae might play a role in the treatment of hyperthyroidism by regulating the “IL6-APOA1-cholesterol” pathway and disturbing the HIF signaling pathway. The results demonstrate that the combination of metabolomics and network pharmacology could be used to reflect the effects of R. Scrophulariae on the biological network and metabolic state of hyperthyroidism and to evaluate the drug efficacy of R. Scrophulariaceae and its related mechanisms.

scholarly journals Structural Characteristics and Functional Analysis of Gut Microbiome in Patients with Osteoarthritis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Xie ◽  
Guofu Pi ◽  
Zhiming Xu ◽  
Chengxiang Li ◽  
Xing Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis ◽  
The Difference

Abstract ObjectiveRecent studies illustrated that changes of gut microbiome in human body may be related to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). We aimed to determine the difference of gut microbiome between patients with osteoarthritis and normal people.MethodsThe samples were collected from 56 patients with osteoarthritis (34 females) and 52 healthy subjects (28 females). High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was used to analyze the classification and composition of gut microbiome in OA patients, and then we used Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) to find out the main differential bacteria and biomarkers in OA patients. At last, PICRUSt was applied to predict the genomic function of gut microbiome in OA patients, and we explored its mechanism in the development of the OA.ResultsThe association between gut microbiome and osteoarthritis has not been demonstrated in detail. Herein, we investigated the gut microbiome of OA patients and its relationship with the disease to evaluate the potential of the gut microbiome in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis. And we identified that there are significant differences in the β diversity of the gut microbial composition between the control group and OA patients (p＜0.05, respectively), and Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium and Alistipes have the potential to become biomarkers of osteoarthritis. Besides, the genomes of gut microbiome in OA patients are enriched in metabolic pathways and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis (p=0.049, p=0.005), but in signal pathways related to apoptosis, the degree of enrichment was significantly higher than that of healthy people (p=0.006).ConclusionOur research identified that the community composition of gut microbiome in OA patients was different from that in normal groups and explored the role of gut microbiome in the development of osteoarthritis, which may provide a new theoretical basis for the study of osteoarthritis.

Efficiency of pea seeds in sow, piglet and fattener feeding

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 304 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Hanczakowska ◽  
J. Księżak ◽  
M. Świątkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Enzyme Supplement

Two varieties of pea, one white flowering (cv. Tarchalska) and one colour flowering (cv. Milwa), partly replaced soybean meal in the diet of sows and their progeny, namely, piglets and growing pigs. The effect of a feed enzyme supplement (Ronozyme VP) was also determined Animal performance and carcass and meat quality were estimated using standard methods. There was no significant difference in the sow bodyweight, number of piglets born and litter weight between the treatments. After weaning, bodyweight gains of piglets in all groups were similar. During the fattening periods, the bodyweight gains of the pigs receiving cv. Milwa were significantly higher than those fed with cv. Tarchalska. The bodyweight gains in the control group were intermediate. The enzyme supplement did not improve bodyweight gains. The digestibility of protein (and in the grower period, also crude fibre and N-free extractives) was higher in the pigs receiving cv. Milwa than in those fed with cv. Tarchalska. There was no significant difference in carcass traits, except for the amount of meat in the ham, which was the highest in the control and lowest in the Milwa group. The intramuscular fat of the pigs fed with cv. Milwa contained significantly more of saturated fatty acids and less of unsaturated fatty acids than did both the control and the pigs fed with cv. Tarchalska. The peas had little effect on the physical traits of the meat; they improved its water-holding capacity but did not change its colour and lightness. Cv. Tarchalska significantly lowered all estimated sensory properties. It is concluded that pea seeds, especially the colour-flowering varieties, may be replacements of soybean meal, in moderate amounts, in the whole cycle of pig nutrition.

Targeted Delivery of Natural Bioactives and Lipid-nanocargos against Signaling Pathways Involved in Skin Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Kashif Iqubal ◽  
Aiswarya Chaudhuri ◽  
Ashif Iqubal ◽  
Sadaf Saleem ◽  
Madan Mohan Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Wnt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Radiation Chemical ◽  
Cell Leukemia Virus Type ◽  
Human T Cell

: At present, skin cancer is a widespread malignancy in human beings. Among diverse population types, Caucasian populations are much more prone in comparison to darker skin populations due to the comparative lack of skin pigmentation. Skin cancer is divided into malignant and non-melanoma skin cancer, which is additionally categorized as basal and squamous cell carcinoma. The exposure to ultraviolet radiation, chemical carcinogen (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic, tar, etc.), and viruses (herpes virus, human papillomavirus, and human T-cell leukemia virus type-1) are major contributing factors of skin cancer. There are distinct pathways available through which skin cancer develops, such as the JAKSTAT pathway, Akt pathway, MAPKs signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, to name a few. Currently, several targeted treatments are available, such as monoclonal antibodies, which have dramatically changed the line of treatment of this disease but possess major therapeutic limitations. Thus, recently many phytochemicals have been evaluated either alone or in combination with the existing synthetic drugs to overcome their limitations and have found to play a promising role in the prevention and treatment. In this review, complete tracery of skin cancer, starting from the signaling pathways involved, newer developed drugs with their targets and limitations along with the emerging role of natural products alone or in combination as potent anticancer agents and their molecular mechanism involved has been discussed. Apart from this, various nanocargos have also been mentioned here, which can play a significant role in the management and treatment of different types of skin cancer.

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