scholarly journals 20 Years nitrogen dynamics study by using APSIM nitrogen model simulation for sustainable management in Jilin China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazia Tahir ◽  
Jumei Li ◽  
Yibing Ma ◽  
Aman Ullah ◽  
Ping Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Predicted Values

AbstractThe tremendous increase in industrial development and urbanization has become a severe threat to the Chinese climate and food security. The Agricultural Production System Simulator model was used to simulate soil nitrogen in black soil in Yangling Jilin Province for 20 years. The observed values are consistent with the simulated values. The predicted values of total soil NO3−–N and NH4+–N nitrogen are 10 kg ha−1 and 5 kg ha−1 higher than the observed values. The total soil NO3−–N loss has the same trend as the rainfall, and it increases with the number of rainfall days over the years. The average 20 years losses of NO3−–N and NH4+–N observed were 1375.91 kg ha−1, and 9.24 kg ha−1, while in the simulation increase was 1387.01 kg ha−1 and 9.28 kg ha−1, respectively. The difference between the observed and simulated values of NO3−–N and NH4+–N of mean loss was 11.15 kg ha−1 and 0.04 kg ha−1 respectively. Moreover, our findings highlight the opportunity further to improve management policies (especially for nitrogen) to maintain crop yield.

Inter-country inequality as a dynamic process and the problem of post-industrial development

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Grigoryev ◽  
V. A. Pavlyushina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Modern World ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Development Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Post Industrial

The phenomenon of economic growth is studied by economists and statisticians in various aspects for a long time. Economic theory is devoted to assessing factors of growth in the tradition of R. Solow, R. Barrow, W. Easterly and others. During the last quarter of the century, however, the institutionalists, namely D. North, D. Wallis, B. Weingast as well as D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson, have shown the complexity of the problem of development on the part of socioeconomic and political institutions. As a result, solving the problem of how economic growth affects inequality between countries has proved extremely difficult. The modern world is very diverse in terms of development level, and the article offers a new approach to the formation of the idea of stylized facts using cluster analysis. The existing statistics allows to estimate on a unified basis the level of GDP production by 174 countries of the world for 1992—2016. The article presents a structured picture of the world: the distribution of countries in seven clusters, different in levels of development. During the period under review, there was a strong per capita GDP growth in PPP in the middle of the distribution, poverty in various countries declined markedly. At the same time, in 1992—2016, the difference increased not only between rich and poor groups of countries, but also between clusters.

scholarly journals Study of Extraction and Enzymatic Properties of Cell-Envelope Proteinases from a Novel Wild Lactobacillus plantarum LP69

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Chen ◽  
Jie Huang ◽  
Binyun Cao ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Na Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Serine Proteinase ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Hydrolyze Whey Protein

Lactobacilli cell-envelope proteinases (CEPs) have been widely used in the development of new streams of blockbuster nutraceuticals because of numerous biopharmaceutical potentials; thus, the development of viable methods for CEP extraction and the improvement of extraction efficiency will promote their full-scale application. In this study, CEP from a novel wild Lactobacillus plantarum LP69 was released from cells by incubating in calcium-free buffer. The extraction conditions of CEP were optimized by response surface methodology with the enzyme activity and specific activity as the detective marker. The optimal extraction conditions were: time of 80 min, temperature of 39 °C and buffer pH of 6.5. Under these conditions, enzyme activity and specific activity were (23.94 ± 0.86) U/mL and (1.37 ± 0.03) U/mg, respectively, which were well matched with the predicted values (22.12 U/mL and 1.36 U/mg). Optimal activity of the crude CEP occurred at pH 8.0 and 40 °C. It is a metallopeptidase, activated by Ca2+, inhibited by Zn2+ and ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid, and a serine proteinase which is inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Kinetic studies showed that CEP from LP69 could hydrolyze whey protein, lactoglobulin and casein. Our study improves the extraction efficiency of CEPs from LP69, providing the reference for their industrial development.

Thermoelectric Power of the Liquid Sn—Te Alloy

1982 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1127-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Kurlat ◽  
M. Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Thermoelectric Power ◽  
Hard Sphere ◽  
Stoichiometric Composition ◽  
Band Model ◽  
Liquid Alloys ◽  
Sphere Approximation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Two Band Model

The Seebeck coefficient (S) of Sni1-x- Tex liquid alloys was measured as a function of concentration and temperature. For 0 ≦ x <0.45 the behaviour is metallic; S values are small and negative, rising linearly with temperature. The predicted values of Ziman's theory when using the hard sphere approximation disagree with the experimental ones. The change in sign occurs for 0.45. For x = 0.5 (stoichiometric composition) the thermoelectric power decreases linearly with temperature. This fact is explained assuming a two-band model. For x ≧ 0.6 the liquid alloy becomes more semiconducting and presents a maximum in the isotherms of S for x = 0.65. For the excess tellurium concentration range we have calculated the difference EF - EV and γ/kB, assuming a S(1/T) law. The experimental values are compared with those of Dancy and Glazov.

TRUE AND APPARENT METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES FOR POULTRY OF CANADIAN WHEATS AND OATS MEASURED BY BIOASSAY AND PREDICTED FROM PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. SIBBALD ◽  
K. PRICE
Keyword(s):  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Chemical Data ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Variation Explained ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Naked Oats ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Better Than

Thirty samples of wheat and 28 samples of oats were assayed for true and apparent metabolizable energy (TME, AME). Within grains, the difference TME−AME increased with decreasing AME values; there is evidence that this trend is associated with reduced voluntary consumption of AME assay diets containing low energy grains. The TME and AME data were compared with ME values predicted from physical and chemical data describing the grains. Previously published prediction equations were tested and new equations were derived. Comparisons between predicted and observed data suggested that both the TME and AME values of wheat were predicted with insufficient accuracy and precision for practical use. Similar comparisons using the oat data showed high correlations between observed and predicted values, although the predictions were no more accurate than for wheat; however, when data describing four samples of naked oats were removed, the correlations were reduced substantially. Comparisons involving data for the hulled oats indicated that most equations were able to predict AME better than TME. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify those combinations of variables best able to predict TME data. No combination of variables was best for both wheat and oats. The combinations of variables used in published equations performed quite well. With four variables, the percentage of the TME variation explained was as high as 52 for wheat, 82 for oats and 64 for hulled oats. Predictions based on air-dry data are associated with higher correlations than those based on dry matter data, but the air-dry predictions are the less useful in practice. The reason for this is discussed.

scholarly journals Geographical Change of the Japanese National Land in the 200 Years Using INŌ’s Map with GIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Yuji Murayama ◽  
Yuki Iwai
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Political ◽  
Spatial Transformation ◽  
Survey Line ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 19Th Century

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This presentation discusses the regional changes quantitatively in the 200 years through the overlay analysis of the present map and the INŌ’s map made by Tadataka INO in 1821 (Figure 1). INO surveyed the coastline and major roads on foot. He investigated not only survey lines, but also various geographic information such as rivers, lakes, mountains, village names, castles, temples, administrative boundaries, etc. Visualizing all of the 214 sheets of the INŌ’s large-scale map with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), we can analyse the national land condition seamlessly at the end of the Edo era.</p><p>Methodological point of view, we have serious problems including the scale, projection, identification of geographic features and so on, when we compare the old map with the present. In this connection, digitalizing the INŌ’s map as the GIS data is very useful to examine the spatial transformation scientifically during the 200 years. The digital INŌ’s map was constructed by employing the geo-reference function of GIS with the triangulation method. The survey line was converted into the line feature of vector data, and the place names were converted into the point feature of raster data. The distance of the survey line was measured by GIS-based geometric operation.</p><p>We obtained the following findings. The distributions of villages, ports, and facilities in western Japan were denser than those in eastern Japan in the 19th century. This was caused not only by the difference in natural environment and landform but also by socioeconomic factors including the locations of the castle towns and industrial activities. The regional structure has been dramatically transformed by the modernization of the political system, transportation system, and industrial development in reclaimed areas (Figure 2). It is concluded that most parts of changes in regional characteristics have been attained by overcoming the natural constraints. However, the difference in the political system has also been influential to the formation of the present regional system.</p>

scholarly journals Analysis and Development of Seawater Density Measurement Algorithms Using Arduino Uno and YL-69 Sensor

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 951-956
Author(s):  
Miftahul Walid ◽  
Hozairi ◽  
Madukil Makruf
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Error Level ◽  
Value Range ◽  
Density Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Arduino Uno ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Predicted Values

In this research, an analysis was carried out to develop a measuring instrument for seawater density in salt production using a microcontroller (Arduino Uno) and YL-69 sensor, this sensor was commonly used to measure soil moisture. The experimental method was used in this research to produce initial data in the form of resistance and seawater density values, then calculations are carried out using statistical methods to find equations and produce a constant variable that connects the resistance and seawater density values. The equation was used to compile the algorithm into Arduino Uno. As for the results of this research,  From six experiments conducted, two experiments produced the same sea water density value between the actual and the predicted, namely the 2nd and 5th experiments, while for other experiments there was a difference between the actual and predicted values, however, it was not too significant, the difference occurs between the value range 0 ~ 1, to determine the level of error, use the Mean Square Error (MSE) with an error level of = 0.5 and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) with an error level of = 0.6. The contribution of this research is an algorithm that can predict the density value (baume) based on the resistance value obtained from the YL 69 sensor.

Construction and Experimental Study of an Elevation Linear Fresnel Reflector

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Nixon ◽  
P. A. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Loss Coefficient ◽  
Heat Transfer Fluid ◽  
Stagnation Temperature ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Linear Fresnel Reflector

This paper outlines a novel elevation linear Fresnel reflector (ELFR) and presents and validates theoretical models defining its thermal performance. To validate the models, a series of experiments were carried out for receiver temperatures in the range of 30–100 °C to measure the heat loss coefficient, gain in heat transfer fluid (HTF) temperature, thermal efficiency, and stagnation temperature. The heat loss coefficient was underestimated due to the model exclusion of collector end heat losses. The measured HTF temperature gains were found to have a good correlation to the model predictions—less than a 5% difference. In comparison to model predictions for the thermal efficiency and stagnation temperature, measured values had a difference of −39% to +31% and 22–38%, respectively. The difference between the measured and predicted values was attributed to the low-temperature region for the experiments. It was concluded that the theoretical models are suitable for examining linear Fresnel reflector (LFR) systems and can be adopted by other researchers.

scholarly journals 1 Assessing the predictive adequacy of simple and complex mathematical models

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
Luis O Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Model Development ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Skewed Data ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Evaluation Phase ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Abstract The establishment of credibility for a mathematical model’s (MM) predictive ability is an essential component for improving the MM because it stimulates the evolutionary thinking (i.e., the next generation of the model) of mental conceptualizations, assumptions, and boundaries of the MM. Its predictive adequacy is commonly assessed through its ability to precisely or accurately predict observed (real) values. The precision component measures how closely the model predicted values are of each other or whether a defined pattern of predictions exists. The accuracy component, on the other hand, measures how closely the average of the model predicted values are to the actual (true) average. Many statistics exist to determine precision and accuracy of MM such as mean bias, resistant coefficient of determination, coefficient of determination, modeling efficiency, concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), the mean square error of prediction, Kleijnen’s statistic (regression of the difference between predicted and observed on their sum), and Altman and Bland’s limits of agreement statistics among many more. However, for complex models that use skewed data or repeated data in which the data is not independent (e.g., multiple measurements on the same subject), simple statistics may not suffice. For instance, four methods to compute CCC exist (moment, variance components, U-statistics, and generalized estimating equations—GEE), but only the last two methods are resilient to lightly skewed data. Another type of complexity arises when meta-analytical approaches are used at the model development phase or the model evaluation phase. In general, meta-analytical approaches remove errors (i.e., variation) associated with random variables that are believed to be known. Under these circumstances, MM tends to overperform (i.e., they have greater predictive adequacy) and their future performance may be deceitful when trying to forecast at scenarios in which the random variable(s) is(are) indeterminable or unquantifiable.

A Force Control Joint for Robot–Environment Contact Application

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qilong Wang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Xilun Ding ◽  
Chao Yun
Keyword(s):  
Force Control ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Industrial Robot ◽  
Artificial Muscle ◽  
Hysteresis Model ◽  
Link Length ◽  
Nonlinear Hysteresis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Parallel Configuration ◽  
Improved Accuracy

Accurate and robust force control is still a great challenge for robot–environment contact applications, such as in situ repair, polishing, and assembly. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes a force control joint with a parallel configuration, including two identical four-bar linkages driven by linear springs to push up the output end of the joint, and a parallel-connected pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) to pull down its output end. In the new design, the link length of the linkages will be optimized to make the difference between the profile of the linkage and that of PAM constant within the limits of the joint given the force–displacement profile of PAM at a certain level of its input pressure. Furthermore, PAM's nonlinear hysteresis effect, which is believed to limit the accuracy of the joint's force control, will be represented by a new dynamics model that is to be developed from the classical Bouc–Wen (BW) hysteresis model. Simulation tests are then conducted to reveal that the adoption of the PAM hysteresis model yields improved accuracy of force control, and a series of curve trajectory tracking experiments are performed on a six-joint universal industrial robot to verify that the parallel force control joint is capable to enhance force control accuracy for robot contact applications.

General Correlation of Building Energy Use Via Hybrid Genetic Programming/Genetic Algorithm

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raed I. Bourisli ◽  
Mohammed A. Altarakma ◽  
Adnan A. AlAnzi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Programming ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Hybrid Algorithm ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Simulation Engine ◽  
Building Energy Use ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Specific Number

A hybrid algorithm that combines genetic programming (GP) and genetic algorithms (GAs) that deduce a closed-form correlation of building energy use is presented. Throughout the evolution, the terms, functions, and form of the correlation are evolved via the genetic program. Whenever the fitness of the best correlation stagnates for a specific number of GP generations, the GA optimizes the real-valued coefficients of each correlation in the population. When the GA, in turn, stagnates, correlations with optimized coefficients and powers are passed back to the GP for further search. The hybrid algorithm is applied to the problem of predicting energy use of a U-shape building. More than 800 buildings with various foot-print areas, relative compactness (RC), window-to-wall ratio (WWR), and projection factor (PF) values were simulated using the VisualDOETM energy simulation engine. The algorithm tries to minimize the difference between simulated and predicted values by maximizing the R2 value. The algorithm was able to arrive at a closed-form correlation that combines the four building parameters, accurate to within 4%. The methodology can be easily used to model any type of data behavior in any engineering or nonengineering application.

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