scholarly journals Xylan utilisation promotes adaptation of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum to the human gastrointestinal tract

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohei Watanabe ◽  
Yuki Saito ◽  
Taeko Hara ◽  
Naoki Tsukuda ◽  
Yoshimi Aiyama-Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Systematic Manipulation ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractDietary carbohydrates impact the composition of the human gut microbiota. However, the relationship between carbohydrate availability for individual bacteria and their growth in the intestinal environment remains unclear. Here, we show that the availability of long-chain xylans (LCX), one of the most abundant dietary fibres in the human diet, promotes the growth of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum in the adult human gut. Genomic and phenotypic analyses revealed that the availability of LCX-derived oligosaccharides is a fundamental feature of B. pseudocatenulatum, and that some but not all strains possessing the endo-1,4-β-xylanase (BpXyn10A) gene grow on LCX by cleaving the xylose backbone. The BpXyn10A gene, likely acquired by horizontal transfer, was incorporated into the gene cluster for LCX-derived oligosaccharide utilisation. Co-culturing with xylanolytic Bacteroides spp. demonstrated that LCX-utilising strains are more competitive than LCX non-utilising strains even when LCX-derived oligosaccharides were supplied. In LCX-rich dietary interventions in adult humans, levels of endogenous B. pseudocatenulatum increased only when BpXyn10A was detected, indicating that LCX availability is a fitness determinant in the human gut. Our findings highlight the enhanced intestinal adaptability of bifidobacteria via polysaccharide utilisation, and provide a cornerstone for systematic manipulation of the intestinal microbiota through dietary intervention using key enzymes that degrade polysaccharide as biomarkers.

scholarly journals Dietary effects on human gut microbiome diversity

2014 ◽  
Vol 113 (S1) ◽  
pp. S1-S5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenjiang Xu ◽  
Rob Knight
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Longitudinal Surveys ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Diversity

The human gut harbours diverse and abundant microbes, forming a complex ecological system that interacts with host and environmental factors. In this article, we summarise recent advances in microbiome studies across both Western and non-Western populations, either in cross-sectional or longitudinal surveys, and over various age groups, revealing a considerable diversity and variability in the human gut microbiome. Of all the exogenous factors affecting gut microbiome, a long-term diet appears to have the largest effect to date. Recent research on the effects of dietary interventions has shown that the gut microbiome can change dramatically with diet; however, the gut microbiome is generally resilient, and short-term dietary intervention is not typically successful in treating obesity and malnutrition. Understanding the dynamics of the gut microbiome under different conditions will help us diagnose and treat many diseases that are now known to be associated with microbial communities.

Dietary interventions in mild cognitive impairment and dementia

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Dietary Counseling ◽  
Nutritional Elements

Dietary intervention is an enticing approach in the fight against cognitive impairment. Nutritional supplements and dietetic counseling are relatively easy and benign interventions, but research has not yet yielded irrefutable evidence as to their clinical utility. Heterogeneity in the results of available clinical studies, as well as methodological and practical issues, does not allow replication and generalization of findings. The paper at hand reviews only randomized clinical trials of single nutrients, multi-nutrient formulations and dietary counseling in mild cognitive impairment and dementia of the Alzheimer's type focusing on both cognitive and functional outcomes. Thus far, folate, vitamin E, Ω-3 fatty acids, and certain multi-nutrient formulations have shown some preliminary promising results; larger, well-designed trials are needed to confirm these findings before nutritional elements can be incorporated in recommended clinical guidelines.

scholarly journals Systematic Review of Behaviour Change Theories Implementation in Dietary Interventions for People Who Have Survived Cancer

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 612
Author(s):  
Jana Sremanakova ◽  
Anne Marie Sowerbutts ◽  
Chris Todd ◽  
Richard Cooke ◽  
Sorrel Burden
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Cochrane Review ◽  
Change Theory ◽  
Behaviour Change Techniques ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Behaviour Change Theory

Background: An increasing number of dietary interventions for cancer survivors have been based on the behaviour change theory framework. The purpose of this study is to review the use and implementation of behaviour change theories in dietary interventions for people after cancer and assess their effects on the reported outcomes. Methods: The search strategy from a Cochrane review on dietary interventions for cancer survivors was expanded to incorporate an additional criterion on the use of behaviour change theory and updated to September 2020. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) testing a dietary intervention compared to the control were included. Standard Cochrane methodological procedures were used. Results: Nineteen RCTs, with 6261 participants (age range 44.6 to 73.1 years), were included in the review. The Social Cognitive Theory was the most frequently used theory (15 studies, 79%). Studies included between 4 to 17 behaviour change techniques. Due to limited information on the mediators of intervention and large heterogeneity between studies, no meta-analyses was conducted to assess which theoretical components of the interventions are effective. Conclusions: Whilst researchers have incorporated behaviour change theories into dietary interventions for cancer survivors, due to inconsistencies in design, evaluation and reporting, the effect of theories on survivors’ outcomes remains unclear.

scholarly journals Procyanidins are not bioavailable in rats fed a single meal containing a grapeseed extract or the procyanidin dimer B3

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Donovan ◽  
Adam Lee ◽  
Claudine Manach ◽  
Laurent Rios ◽  
Christine Morand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Single Meal ◽  
Nutritional Effects ◽  
Grapeseed Extract

Flavanols are the most abundant flavonoids in the human diet where they exist as monomers, oligomers and polymers. In the present study, catechin, the procyanidin dimer B3 and a grapeseed extract containing catechin, epicatechin and a mixture of procyanidins were fed to rats in a single meal. After the meals, catechin and epicatechin were present in conjugated forms in both plasma and urine. In contrast, no procyanidins or conjugates were detected in the plasma or urine of any rats. Procyanidins were not cleaved into bioavailable monomers and had no significant effects on the plasma levels or urinary excretion of the monomers when supplied together in the grapeseed extract. We conclude that the nutritional effects of dietary procyanidins are unlikely to be due to procyanidins themselves or monomeric metabolites with the intact flavonoid-ring structure, as they do not exist at detectable concentrations in vivo. Future research should focus on other procyanidin metabolites such as phenolic acids and on the effects of the unabsorbed oligomers and polymers on the human gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary interventions in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (12) ◽  
pp. 1388-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea M. McGrattan ◽  
Claire T. McEvoy ◽  
Bernadette McGuinness ◽  
Michelle C. McKinley ◽  
Jayne V. Woodside
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Dietary Interventions

AbstractDiet has been investigated in relation to its ability to promote cognitive function. However, evidence is currently limited and has rarely been systematically reviewed, particularly in a mild cognitive impairment (MCI) population. This review examined the effect of diet on cognitive outcomes in MCI patients. A total of five databases were searched to find randomised controlled trial (RCT) studies, with diet as the main focus, in MCI participants. The primary outcome was incident dementia and/or Alzheimer's disease (AD) and secondary outcomes included cognitive function across different domains using validated neuropsychological tests. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. There was a high degree of heterogeneity relating to the nature of the dietary intervention and cognitive outcomes measured, thus making study comparisons difficult. Supplementation with vitamin E (one study, n 516), ginkgo biloba (one study, n 482) or Fortasyn Connect (one study, n 311) had no significant effect on progression from MCI to dementia and/or AD. For cognitive function, the findings showed some improvements in performance, particularly in memory, with the most consistent results shown by B vitamins, including folic acid (one study, n 266), folic acid alone (one study, n 180), DHA and EPA (two studies, n 36 and n 86), DHA (one study, n 240) and flavonol supplementation (one study, n 90). The findings indicate that dietary factors may have a potential benefit for cognitive function in MCI patients. Further well-designed trials are needed, with standardised and robust measures of cognition to investigate the influence of diet on cognitive status.

scholarly journals Individualized Responses of Gut Microbiota to Dietary Intervention Modeled in Humanized Mice

mSystems ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel A. Smits ◽  
Angela Marcobal ◽  
Steven Higginbottom ◽  
Justin L. Sonnenburg ◽  
Purna C. Kashyap
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
And Function ◽  
Generation Sequencing

ABSTRACT Dietary modification has long been used empirically to modify symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and a diverse group of diseases with gastrointestinal symptoms. There is both anecdotal and scientific evidence to suggest that individuals respond quite differently to similar dietary changes, and the highly individualized nature of the gut microbiota makes it a prime candidate for these differences. To overcome the typical confounding factors of human dietary interventions, here we employ ex-germfree mice colonized by microbiotas of three different humans to test how different microbiotas respond to a defined change in carbohydrate content of diet by measuring changes in microbiota composition and function using marker gene-based next-generation sequencing and metabolomics. Our findings suggest that the same diet has very different effects on each microbiota’s membership and function, which may in turn explain interindividual differences in response to a dietary ingredient. Diet plays an important role in shaping the structure and function of the gut microbiota. The microbes and microbial products in turn can influence various aspects of host physiology. One promising route to affect host function and restore health is by altering the gut microbiome using dietary intervention. The individuality of the microbiome may pose a significant challenge, so we sought to determine how different microbiotas respond to the same dietary intervention in a controlled setting. We modeled gut microbiotas from three healthy donors in germfree mice and defined compositional and functional alteration following a change in dietary microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs). The three gut communities exhibited responses that differed markedly in magnitude and in the composition of microbiota-derived metabolites. Adjustments in community membership did not correspond to the magnitude of changes in the microbial metabolites, highlighting potential challenges in predicting functional responses from compositional data and the need to assess multiple microbiota parameters following dietary interventions. IMPORTANCE Dietary modification has long been used empirically to modify symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and a diverse group of diseases with gastrointestinal symptoms. There is both anecdotal and scientific evidence to suggest that individuals respond quite differently to similar dietary changes, and the highly individualized nature of the gut microbiota makes it a prime candidate for these differences. To overcome the typical confounding factors of human dietary interventions, here we employ ex-germfree mice colonized by microbiotas of three different humans to test how different microbiotas respond to a defined change in carbohydrate content of diet by measuring changes in microbiota composition and function using marker gene-based next-generation sequencing and metabolomics. Our findings suggest that the same diet has very different effects on each microbiota’s membership and function, which may in turn explain interindividual differences in response to a dietary ingredient. Author Video: An author video summary of this article is available.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Insulin Resistance With SNP 276G>T at Adiponectin Gene and Plasma Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Obese Children

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvira Verduci ◽  
Silvia Scaglioni ◽  
Carlo Agostoni ◽  
Giovanni Radaelli ◽  
Marialuisa Biondi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Adiponectin Gene ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Long Chain

scholarly journals Influence of dietary protein on Dahl salt-sensitive hypertension: a potential role for gut microbiota

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (5) ◽  
pp. R907-R914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine M. Abais-Battad ◽  
David L. Mattson
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Renal Damage ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Maternal Environment ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Salt Sensitive Hypertension ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

High blood pressure affects 1.39 billion adults across the globe and is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. Hypertension is a multifaceted disease with known genetic and environmental factors contributing to its progression. Our studies utilizing the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat have demonstrated the remarkable influence of dietary protein and maternal environment on the development of hypertension and renal damage in response to high salt. There is growing interest in the relationship between the microbiome and hypertension, with gut dysbiosis being correlated to a number of pathologies. This review summarizes the current literature regarding the interplay among dietary protein, the gut microbiota, and hypertension. These studies may provide insight into the effects we have observed between diet and hypertension in Dahl SS rats and, we hope, lead to new perspectives where potential dietary interventions or microbiota manipulations could serve as plausible therapies for hypertension.

scholarly journals A Review of the Efficacy of the Dietary Intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (F) ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
Zainab Taha ◽  
Khalid A. Abdalhai
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Children With Asd

BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder with 1 in 68 children prevalence. The key symptoms of ASD include social deficits, verbal and non-verbal communication deficits, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. For unknown reasons, gastrointestinal symptoms are related to ASD. The aim of the current paper is to review the available literature on dietary interventions in children with ASD and provide up-to-date evidence. METHODS: Searches in online databases, using the search terms’ dietary intervention, “autism spectrum disorders,” and “autism” were conducted. The search targeted publications ranging from 2010 to 2020. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies with different study designs which evaluated the effectiveness of specific dietary interventions in children with ASD were included in our review. Several dietary interventions were of popular practice in the management of children with ASD, including elimination (gluten-/casein-free diet and oligoantigenic diet), modification (modified ketogenic diet), supplementation (minerals, vitamins, omega 3, and omega 6), and exclusion (food additives). Studies showed different results with varying degrees of evidence. Overall, data were inadequate to make accurate conclusions. CONCLUSION: There is little evidence to support the use of dietary interventions for children with ASD. Additional high-quality studies and further research are, therefore, needed.

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