Aluminium: Gastrointestinal absorption and renal excretion

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Lote ◽  
H. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Renal Excretion ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Purification Process ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Dialysis Fluids ◽  
Infusion Fluids ◽  
Dementia Diseases

INTRODUCTION: SOURCES AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF ALUMINIUM Aluminium is the most abundant metal and constitutes 8% of the earth's crust. It is a normal constituent of vegetable and animal tissues and is present in raw untreated water. In domestic tap-water supplies, aluminium may be present in high concentrations either from its presence in raw water or, more commonly, as a result of its use during the water-purification process. Aluminium in the metallic form is widely used for both industrial and domestic purposes, and a variety of aluminium salts are used in foods, fluids, cosmetics and medications. The toxicity of aluminium in patients with renal failure is now well documented, and dialysis encephalopathy, osteomalacia and anaemia are recognized hazards in such patients if aluminium is not excluded from dialysis fluids and medications. The safe levels of aluminium in food, water, medications and infusion fluids for subjects with normal renal function are unknown, but aluminium has been implicated as causative agent in a number of dementia diseases, including Alzheimer's disease.

Problems and practical experiences during refilling of the Kerspe-Talsperre under unfavourable climatic conditions

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Nienhüser ◽  
P. Braches
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Light Limitation ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Artificial Mixing ◽  
Poor Water Quality ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Practical Experiences

Refilling of the Kerspe-Talsperre reservoir after restoration of the dam caused severe problems in water quality and supply due to a long-lasting ice-cover period and minimal precipitation. Unusually short spring overturn, high algal mass in spring and certainly the overflooding of the sediment, which had not been removed, caused a tremendous oxygen deficit in early summer. The whole hypolimnion turned anoxic and even in the metalimnion oxygen declined to a minimum. Manganese and iron reached high concentrations. Despite the poor water quality, raw water was urgently needed for the water supply and was pumped from the epilimnion during the clear water phase and in July when algal biomass was low. In the middle of August holomixis was induced artificially in order to improve water quality. The decline in algal production during and after artificial mixing was probably caused by light limitation of the algae.

Integrated faecal sludge treatment and recycling through constructed wetlands and sunflower plant irrigation

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Koottatep ◽  
C. Polprasert ◽  
S. Hadsoi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Solid Loading ◽  
Sunflower Plant ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Faecal Sludge

Faecal sludge (FS) from the on-site sanitation systems is a nutrient-rich source but can contain high concentrations of toxic metals and chemicals and infectious micro-organisms. The study employed 3 vertical-flow CW units, each with a dimension of 5×5×0.65 m (width×length×media depth) and planted with cattails (Typha augustifolia). At the solid loading rate of 250 kg total solids (TS)/m2.yr and a 6-day percolate impoundment, the CW system could achieve chemical oxygen demand (COD), TS and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) removal efficiencies in the range of 80–96%. A solid layer of about 80 cm was found accumulated on the CW bed surface after operating the CW units for 7 years, but no clogging problem has been observed. The CW percolate was applied to 16 irrigation sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus) plots, each with a dimension of 4.5×4.5 m (width×length). In the study, tap water was mixed with 20%, 80% and 100% of the CW percolate at the application rate of 7.5 mm/day. Based on a 1-year data in which 3 crops of plantation were experimented, the contents of Zn, Mn and Cu in soil of the experimental plots were found to increase with increase in CW percolate ratios. In a plot with 100% of CW percolate irrigation, the maximum Zn, Mn and Cu concentrations of 5.0, 12.3 and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively, were detected in the percolate-fed soil, whereas no accumulation of heavy metals in the plant tissues (i.e. leaves, stems and flowers) of the sunflower were detected. The highest plant biomass yield and oil content of 1000 kg/ha and 35%, respectively, were obtained from the plots fed with 20% or 50% of the CW percolate.

The Submerged Biofilm Process as a Pre-Treatment for Polluted Raw Water for Tap Water Supply

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Takasaki ◽  
H. Kim ◽  
A. Sato ◽  
M. Okada ◽  
R. Sudo
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Treatment Performance ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Pilot Plant Scale ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Biofilm Process

The submerged biofilm process is a promising system for polluted raw water pre-treatment systems. General treatment performance and factors affecting treatment efficiency were investigated through pilot plant scale experiments using water from four different lakes. Regarding the quality of the raw waters, BOD was generally below 10 mg/l and the ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) concentration was below 0.4 mg/l. The efficiency of removal of NH4-N was about 80% under complete mixing conditions and when the raw water quality did not fluctuate rapidly. Under the adverse conditions of the low water temperatures which occurred in winter and spring, the removal of NH4-N was 60 to 80%. The critical NH4-N concentration was observed to be approximately 0.01 to 0.02 mg/l, and a moderate decrease in E260 was also observed in the experiments. Overall treatment performance of the submerged biofilm process was superior in those systems with carriers which were not likely to become clogged.

Rapid, specific and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of pathogenic protozoa Entamoeba histolytica for drinking water supply

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Lam ◽  
H. B. Zhang ◽  
L. Yu ◽  
C. H. Woo ◽  
K. N. Tiew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pcr Detection ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Species Specific

In this study, a quantitative species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to rapidly detect E. histolytica in water is developed. First, the specificity of E. histolytica PCR detection was verified by using species-specific primers of 16S-like rRNA genes to clearly differentiate it from the closely related amoebae species E. dispar and E. moshkovskii. The sensitivity of this method was subsequently determined using purified E. histolytica genomic DNA and culture cells as PCR reaction templates. Results indicated that conventional PCR visualized on 1% agarose gel was able to detect as low as 0.02 pg genomic DNA and 5 cells, while real-time PCR could detect 0.01 pg genomic DNA and 2 cells of E. histolytica. The protocols for E. histolytica PCR detection in real water samples were then optimized by spiking E. histolytica cells into tap water and reservoir raw water samples. A two-round centrifugation treatment to concentrate amoeba cells directly as a PCR template was the most effective way to detect E. histolytica in spiked tap water samples, while DNA extraction after concentrating amoeba cells was required for spiked reservoir raw water samples. The detection limit of 50 E. histolytica cells in 100 ml tap water was achieved in 2 h from sample collection to real-time PCR data readout. With these established protocols, 78 tap water samples, 11 reservoir raw water samples and 4 feed water samples from Singapore water supply systems were analyzed by both conventional PCR and real-time PCR methods. No E. histolytica cell was detected in tested samples.

INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC MATTER ON THE GERMICIDAL EFFICIENCY OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM AND HYPOCHLORITE COMPOUNDS

1948 ◽  
Vol 26f (2) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Johns
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Water Solutions ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
High Concentrations

Using Staphylococcus aureus and Eschericha coli as test organisms, the influence of various concentrations of skim milk on the germicidal potency of Roccal and of Dalglish hypochlorite solutions was studied. Both germicides retained their activity in the presence of unexpectedly high concentrations of skim milk, especially against S. aureus. Small concentrations frequently showed a slight potentiating effect in both laboratory and plant tests. The effectiveness of the hypochlorite fell off sharply beyond a certain concentration, while that of Roccal declined more gradually. Solutions of Roccal prepared with tap water were decidedly less active against E. coli than those prepared with distilled water. With the hypochlorite, tap water solutions were equally effective. Against S. aureus, a similar difference was noted although to a lesser extent. Added skim milk depressed the germicidal action of tap water solutions of Roccal to a greater extent than for distilled water solutions, while for the hypochlorite the reverse held true.

scholarly journals Copper Supplementation in Watering Solution Reaches the Xylem But Does Not Protect Tobacco Plants Against Xylella fastidiosa Infection

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 724-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Ge ◽  
Paul A. Cobine ◽  
Leonardo De La Fuente
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
High Concentrations

Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited plant pathogenic bacterium that causes disease in many crops worldwide. Copper (Cu) is an antimicrobial agent widely used on X. fastidiosa hosts to control other diseases. Although the effects of Cu for control of foliar pathogens are well known, it is less studied on xylem-colonizing pathogens. Previous results from our group showed that low concentrations of CuSO4 increased biofilm formation, whereas high concentrations inhibited biofilm formation and growth in vitro. In this study, we conducted in planta experiments to determine the influence of Cu in X. fastidiosa infection using tobacco as a model. X. fastidiosa-infected and noninfected plants were watered with tap water or with water supplemented with 4 mM or 8 mM of CuSO4. Symptom progression was assessed, and sap and leaf ionome analysis was performed by inductively coupled plasma with optical emission spectroscopy. Cu uptake was confirmed by increased concentrations of Cu in the sap of plants treated with CuSO4-amended water. Leaf scorch symptoms in Cu-supplemented plants showed a trend toward more severe at later time points. Quantification of total and viable X. fastidiosa in planta indicated that CuSO4-amended treatments did not inhibit but slightly increased the growth of X. fastidiosa. Cu in sap was in the range of concentrations that promote X. fastidiosa biofilm formation according to our previous in vitro study. Based on these results, we proposed that the plant Cu homeostasis machinery controls the level of Cu in the xylem, preventing it from becoming elevated to a level that would lead to bacterial inhibition.

Cesium Determination in Physiological Fluids and Tissues by Field Desorption Mass Spectrometry≠

1978 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 178-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-R. Schulten ◽  
R. Ziskoven ◽  
W. D. Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Heart Cells ◽  
Field Desorption ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Ultratrace Analysis ◽  
Desorption Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Cesium Ions ◽  
Field Desorption Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract Quantitative ultratrace analysis (10 nmol to 10 /cmol/1) of cesium in biological samples such as human body fluids and animal tissues is performed without any prior purification or concentration steps. The normal level of cesium ions in heart cells was determined. After poisoning these cells with high concentrations of the alkali cation much higher levels were found inside the cells then had been suggested previously. It is demonstrated that field desorption mass spectrometry is a unique tool for the qualitative and quantitative investigations of metal cations in biological material.

scholarly journals Intracellular Proliferation of Legionella pneumophila in Hartmannella vermiformis in Aquatic Biofilms Grown on Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 6826-6833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie W. Kuiper ◽  
Bart A. Wullings ◽  
Antoon D. L. Akkermans ◽  
Rijkelt R. Beumer ◽  
Dick van der Kooij
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Intracellular Growth ◽  
Mixed Microbial Community ◽  
Hartmannella Vermiformis ◽  
High Concentrations

ABSTRACT The need for protozoa for the proliferation of Legionella pneumophila in aquatic habitats is still not fully understood and is even questioned by some investigators. This study shows the in vivo growth of L. pneumophila in protozoa in aquatic biofilms developing at high concentrations on plasticized polyvinyl chloride in a batch system with autoclaved tap water. The inoculum, a mixed microbial community including indigenous L. pneumophila originating from a tap water system, was added in an unfiltered as well as filtered (cellulose nitrate, 3.0-μm pore size) state. Both the attached and suspended biomasses were examined for their total amounts of ATP, for culturable L. pneumophila, and for their concentrations of protozoa. L. pneumophila grew to high numbers (6.3 log CFU/cm2) only in flasks with an unfiltered inoculum. Filtration obviously removed the growth-supporting factor, but it did not affect biofilm formation, as determined by measuring ATP. Cultivation, direct counting, and 18S ribosomal DNA-targeted PCR with subsequent sequencing revealed the presence of Hartmannella vermiformis in all flasks in which L. pneumophila multiplied and also when cycloheximide had been added. Fluorescent in situ hybridization clearly demonstrated the intracellular growth of L. pneumophila in trophozoites of H. vermiformis, with 25.9% � 10.5% of the trophozoites containing L. pneumophila on day 10 and >90% containing L. pneumophila on day 14. Calculations confirmed that intracellular growth was most likely the only way for L. pneumophila to proliferate within the biofilm. Higher biofilm concentrations, measured as amounts of ATP, gave higher L. pneumophila concentrations, and therefore the growth of L. pneumophila within engineered water systems can be limited by controlling biofilm formation.

Degradation of pesticides by chlorination during water purification

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasumoto Magara ◽  
Takako Aizawa ◽  
Naohisa Matumoto ◽  
Fumikazu Souna
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Chlorobenzoic Acid ◽  
Pesticides In Water ◽  
And Control ◽  
Purification Plant ◽  
By Products

An attempt was made to detect pesticides remaining in river water and raw water for tap water supply, located in an agricultural area. As a result, 11 kinds of pesticides were detected. The residual pesticides in water were also degraded to by-products, since chlorine is a strong oxidant that does not exist in natural conditions. Organophosphate pesticides containing P = S bonds were easily degraded and produced oxons (P = O) as a primary by-product. Thiobencarb was also degraded by chlorination, producing chlorobenzyl alcohol, chlorotoluene, chlorobenzyl chloride, chlorobenzoic acid and chlorobenzyl aldehyde as chlorination by-products. Also, when thiobencarb was detected in raw water, the above by-products were detected in the filtered water in a purification plant for water supply. Therefore, the management and control of pesticides in drinking water and ambient water quality management should include testing for chlorination by-products.

scholarly journals WATER QUALITUY ASSESSSMENT IN NATURAL SPRINGS IN LVIV

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 106-109
Author(s):  
K. Stepova ◽  
K. Musiy ◽  
I. Dumas
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
The City

Abstract. The main purpose of freshwater ecosystems is to provide drinking needs meeting the water quality requirements for health. Pure raw water is needed not only for drinking, but also for many technological purposes. Good raw water causes the reduce of water treatment costs. Therefore, the quality of water in natural sources is an important factor not only for drinking water supply or for achieving higher economic impact of production, but it also contributes to the development of biodiversity, which is beneficial for the environment and society. Water supply of Lviv is provided exclusively from underground sources located at a distance of 20 to 80 km, so it is of high quality everywhere, but differs in chemical composition, and properties. However, it is widely believed that water from natural sources is better than tap water. In the territory of Lviv, Bryukhovychi and Vinnyky there are more than ten such springs, water from which is used by the inhabitants of the city and villages. The aim of the work is to determine whether the water from springs located in the city is suitable for drinking needs. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that water from springs located in Lviv is not suitable for drinking. According to the research results, in all spring water samples the content of calcium and magnesium is significantly higher than in the sample taken from the city water supply network. The total water hardness in all sources exceeds MPC. The content of sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, nitrites and ammonium ions in all spring water samples is much higher than in tap water. The content of total ammonium ion in water from source # 3 almost reaches the limit of MPC (0.95MPC). Lead content in all samples taken from springs exceeds the MPC.

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