scholarly journals Influence of plant immunity inducers on the degree of apple scab development when applied in plant protection systems in the zone of humid subtropics of Abkhazia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 00027
Author(s):  
Georgiy Pantiya ◽  
Yelena Mikhailova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Pesticide Load ◽  
Cultivar Specificity ◽  
Research Period

One of the ways to reduce pesticide load and prevent emergence of pathogen resistance can be the use of plant immunity inducers in plant protection systems. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate an efficiency of natural plant immunity inducers Albit® (poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid), Immunocytophite® (arachidonic acid ethyl ether) and Ecogel® (chitosan lactate) in apple scab protection systems in Abkhazia. The maximum resistance of apple trees to this phytopathogen was recorded in the experimental variants with Albit® and Ecogel® application in half dosages of fungicides and in the variant of production processing (biological efficiency reached 79.4 %). Plant immunity inducers used on apple trees showed cultivar-specificity. For the four-year research period, the greatest efficiency of immunity inducers was achieved on the susceptible cultivar Idared in the second year of the experiment, while on the relatively scab-resistant cultivar Golden Rangers – it was achieved only in the third year. The greatest stability in the efficiency for a four-year period was observed for the tank mix Albit with half dosages of fungicides. Immunocytophyte® was characterized by lower inducing activity, which is associated with its activation of the jasmonate pathway for the formation of non-specific induced immunity.

scholarly journals Ecologization of cultivar adopted technologies for scab protection and nutrition program of an apple tree in orchard and nursery

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 06008
Author(s):  
Andrei Kuzin ◽  
Natalia Kashirskaya ◽  
Anna Kochkina
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Foliar Nutrition ◽  
Soil Nutrition ◽  
Pesticide Load ◽  
High Level

Different apple cultivars require a different approach to plant protection and nutrition according to their genotypic features. Currently, due to the relatively large number of cultivars in orchards and nurseries of horticultural farms, this approach is rarely used. Our work aimed to study the effectiveness of various foliar fertilizers and protection products in tank mixtures for the scab suppression and their impact on productivity according to cv’s genotypic features of ’Lobo’ and ’Zhigulevskoye’. The efficiency of protection and nutrition programs was studied in the nursery and orchard circumstances. According to generally accepted methods, we did our research in 2013-2015 in the experimental orchard and nursery of I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Centre. We determined the biological effectiveness of the plant protection systems used, the development of productivity components (fruitset from free pollination, average fruit weight and yield per tree), the content of primary nutrients in soil, leaves, and fruits. The ecologized system has provided a sufficiently high level of protection, which allows recommending to producers. The introduction of such ecologized protection and nutrition systems that reduce the pesticide load assumes a much higher account of the interaction of apple trees with other plant and animal species and lifeless components of the nursery and orchard ecosystem. The use of an ecologized foliar nutrition system provided a high enough level of plant protection effectiveness, especially when combined with regular soil fertilizer application, and optimizing the mineral composition of leaves and fruits. Biologization of soil nutrition is one of the most critical tasks for preserving soil fertility in intensive horticulture. The soil application of bacterial fertilizers stimulated a significant increase in the average annual growth rate and stem diameters of young apple trees in the nursery and yield in the orchard. However, the highest results were obtained when applying bacteria cultures and artificial fertilizers at a reduced application rate.

The Impact of Plant Protection Systems on the Productivity of Soybean Varieties under Irrigated Conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-117
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
The South ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Chemical Protection ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
The Impact

The application of preparations of biological origin in the protection system of soybean grown under conditions of intensive irrigated crop rotations conforms to the modern tendencies of science and production development. The use of them contributes to solving ecological, production and social-economic problems. The study presents the three-year research on the efficiency of systems protecting soybean from pests and diseases based on biological and chemical preparations. The research was conducted in typical soil and climate conditions of the South of Ukraine. Zonal agricultural methods and generally accepted research methodology were used. The purpose of the research was to create a soybean protection system based on preparations of biological origin, ensuring high productivity of high-quality products reducing a negative impact of the crop production on the environment. The study emphasizes that, under irrigated conditions of the South of Ukraine, the application of biological preparations has a positive impact on the indexes of growth, development and formation of the elements of soybean yield structure. There was an increase in the crop biological weight by 13.8 % and 22.1 % and the number of seeds per plant rose by 11.6 and 14.6 % as a consequence of eliminating harmful organisms with the plant protection systems. The larger ground mass was formed by medium-ripe varieties Danai and Svyatogor, on which the increase from protection measures was higher. Weight 1000 pcs. the seeds did not undergo significant changes. It is established that the larger seeds were formed by Danaya and Svyatogor varieties, in which the average weight is 1000 pcs. seeds were 142 and 136 g, respectively, while in the variety Diona this figure was 133 g. There was an increase in the height of the lowest pod when the total plant height rose. For medium-ripe varieties was characterized by a higher attachment of beans, where the highest values of this indicator acquired in the variety Svyatogor. The medium maturing soybean variety Danaia formed the maximum yield of 3.23 and 3.35 t/ha respectively, when biological and chemical protection systems were applied. The research establishes that the application of the bio-fungicide Psevdobakterin 2 (2.0 l/ha) in the crop protection system at the beginning of soybean flowering and the bio-fungicide Baktofit (2.5 l/ha) with the bio-insecticide Lepidotsid-BTU (10.0 l/ha) at the beginning of pod formation does not reduce the productivity of the soybean varieties under study considerably, when compared to the application of chemical preparations. The research determines that the soybean protection system under study ensures a decrease in the coefficient of soybean water uptake by 7.2-13.0 %, increasing the total water intake to an inconsiderable degree. Biologization of the soybean crop protection system leads to a reduction in production costs compared to the chemical protection system. Taking into account the needs for the collection of additional products, costs increase by an average of 1 thousand UAH/ha, while for chemical protection systems by 1.8 thousand UAH/ha. At the same time, the cost is reduced by 220-360 UAH/t and the profitability of growing crops is increased by 3.8-7.8 %. There has been a reduction in the burden of pesticides on the environment and the production of cleaner products. This indicates the prospect of using the biofungicides Pseudobacterin 2 and Bactophyte and the bioinsecticide Lepidocid-BTU on soybeans to protect plants from pests.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOLOGICAL FUNGICIDES AGAINST THE SPARE PARTS OF THE LEAVES OF WINTER WHEAT IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE CENTRAL ZONE OF THE KRASNODAR TERRITORY

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Mariya Gvozdeva ◽  
Galina Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Yellow Spot ◽  
Septoria Tritici ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pyrenophora Tritici Repentis ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Pesticide Load

The biologization of plant growing in modern conditions is becoming an urgent trend in agriculture, which helps to reduce the pesticide load. An important aspect of the transition to organic farming is the use of fungicides based on living microorganisms and their metabolic products to curb the development of diseases. Studies were carried out to assess the effectiveness of modern biofungicides against leaf septoria (Septoria tritici) and yellow spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) of winter wheat - Vitaplan, SP, Gamair, SP, Pseudobacterin-2, Zh, Rizoplan, Zh, Trichocin, SP, Fitosporin -M, SP. Fungicide Amistar Extra, SK was used as a chemical standard. The work was carried out in the conditions of the central zone of the Krasnodar Territory in 2019–2020 on the variety Grom, susceptible to leaf spots. The meteorological conditions of the first year of research were favorable for the development of pathogens of leaf spots. In the second year, conditions were extreme, both for the growth of wheat plants and for the development of phytopathogens. For two years of research, the most effective biofungicides against leaf septoria were Fitosporin-M, SP, Pseudobacterin-2, Zh and Vitaplan, SP, the biological effectiveness was 50.0%, 50.0% and 47.1%, respectively; against yellow spot - Vitaplan, SP and Trichocin, SP, biological efficiency was 48.4% and 45.9%. The use of biological fungicides made it possible to save from 2.5% (Gamair, SP) to 12.6% (Trichocin, SP) of the winter wheat grain yield in comparison with the control (without treatment). The high economic efficiency of the use of biofungicides was established, the maximum net profit was noted in the variant treated with Fitosporin - M, SP (9540 rubles / ha)

scholarly journals Regulation of Plant Immunity by Nuclear Membrane-Associated Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiling Fang ◽  
Yangnan Gu
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Core Protein ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Nuclear Pore

Unlike animals, plants do not have specialized immune cells and lack an adaptive immune system. Instead, plant cells rely on their unique innate immune system to defend against pathogens and coordinate beneficial interactions with commensal and symbiotic microbes. One of the major convergent points for plant immune signaling is the nucleus, where transcriptome reprogramming is initiated to orchestrate defense responses. Mechanisms that regulate selective transport of nuclear signaling cargo and chromatin activity at the nuclear boundary play a pivotal role in immune activation. This review summarizes the current knowledge of how nuclear membrane-associated core protein and protein complexes, including the nuclear pore complex, nuclear transport receptors, and the nucleoskeleton participate in plant innate immune activation and pathogen resistance. We also discuss the role of their functional counterparts in regulating innate immunity in animals and highlight potential common mechanisms that contribute to nuclear membrane-centered immune regulation in higher eukaryotes.

scholarly journals Salicylic acid and its role in induced plant resistance to biotic stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
N.N. Iksat ◽  
◽  
D. Tokasheva ◽  
М.К. Beissekova ◽  
U.I. Amanbayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Induced Plant Resistance ◽  
Protective Genes ◽  
Oxidative Processes ◽  
Insight Into

Salicylic acid is a natural signaling molecule that plays a key role in establishing and transmitting plant protection signals from phytopathogens. Salicylic acid, by modulating the expression of protective genes and changing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, can regulate oxidative processes associated with plant protective reactions. This review article reviews studies that provide insight into the functioning of salicylic acid in plant immunity

scholarly journals Regulation and Functions of ROP GTPases in Plant–Microbe Interactions

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2016
Author(s):  
Stefan Engelhardt ◽  
Adriana Trutzenberg ◽  
Ralph Hückelhoven
Keyword(s):  
Cell Invasion ◽  
Rho Gtpases ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Rho Proteins ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Developmental Reprogramming

Rho proteins of plants (ROPs) form a specific clade of Rho GTPases, which are involved in either plant immunity or susceptibility to diseases. They are intensively studied in grass host plants, in which ROPs are signaling hubs downstream of both cell surface immune receptor kinases and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors, which activate major branches of plant immune signaling. Additionally, invasive fungal pathogens may co-opt the function of ROPs for manipulation of the cytoskeleton, cell invasion and host cell developmental reprogramming, which promote pathogenic colonization. Strikingly, mammalian bacterial pathogens also initiate both effector-triggered susceptibility for cell invasion and effector-triggered immunity via Rho GTPases. In this review, we summarize central concepts of Rho signaling in disease and immunity of plants and briefly compare them to important findings in the mammalian research field. We focus on Rho activation, downstream signaling and cellular reorganization under control of Rho proteins involved in disease progression and pathogen resistance.

scholarly journals Disruption of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria abundance in tomato rhizosphere causes the incidence of bacterial wilt disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Moo Lee ◽  
Hyun Gi Kong ◽  
Geun Cheol Song ◽  
Choong-Min Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Culturable Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Individual Strain ◽  
Bacillus Niacini

AbstractEnrichment of protective microbiota in the rhizosphere facilitates disease suppression. However, how the disruption of protective rhizobacteria affects disease suppression is largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the rhizosphere microbial community of a healthy and diseased tomato plant grown <30-cm apart in a greenhouse at three different locations in South Korea. The abundance of Gram-positive Actinobacteria and Firmicutes phyla was lower in diseased rhizosphere soil (DRS) than in healthy rhizosphere soil (HRS) without changes in the causative Ralstonia solanacearum population. Artificial disruption of Gram-positive bacteria in HRS using 500-μg/mL vancomycin increased bacterial wilt occurrence in tomato. To identify HRS-specific and plant-protective Gram-positive bacteria species, Brevibacterium frigoritolerans HRS1, Bacillus niacini HRS2, Solibacillus silvestris HRS3, and Bacillus luciferensis HRS4 were selected from among 326 heat-stable culturable bacteria isolates. These four strains did not directly antagonize R. solanacearum but activated plant immunity. A synthetic community comprising these four strains displayed greater immune activation against R. solanacearum and extended plant protection by 4 more days in comparison with each individual strain. Overall, our results demonstrate for the first time that dysbiosis of the protective Gram-positive bacterial community in DRS promotes the incidence of disease.

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