The main characteristics of slope and river runoff transformations under the conditions of degradation of natural complexes on the catchment

The article shows that conducting hydrological calculations in the basins of very small and small rivers and their catchments is associated with significant errors, which is accounted for not only by the drastic limitations of the observational materials, but is also due to significant slope and river runoff transformations depending on the impact of natural complexes degradation (plant communities, soil cover, etc.). In the meantime, it should be noted that the emergence of a number of adverse processes, such as the propagation of erosion and channel processes, floods, environmental and economic damage inflicted on natural and economic systems, etc. is largely associated with the slope and river runoff transformations. This predetermines the necessity of investigating the processes in question. Given the above-mentioned, the article serves to reflect the results of research conducted within the mountain forest area of the Southern Urals and the Cis-Urals by the academic staff of the Department of hydrometeorology and geoecology of the Bashkir state university from 1955 to 2012. The main factors contributing to the increased maximum water discharge during the spring flood are confined to an increase in the modules of runoff coefficients as the scale of anthropogenic load on natural complexes increases, and, consequently, to a decrease in the natural water-regulating capacity of the catchments. The above-mentioned processes have resulted in the increasing maximum values of slope and river runoff and account for the adverse effects observed in the natural, economic and ecological systems.

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Prediction of habitat suitability for Patrinia sibirica Juss. in the Southern Urals

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-99018-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nikolai Fedorov ◽

Aliya Kutueva ◽

Albert Muldashev ◽

Oksana Mikhaylenko ◽

Vasiliy Martynenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Habitat Suitability ◽

General Circulation ◽

Southern Urals ◽

Mountain Forest ◽

Forest Steppe ◽

Climate Change Scenarios ◽

The Southern Urals ◽

Habitat Persistence ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe paper presents the results of predictions of the habitat persistence for rare relict of the Pleistocene floristic complex Patrinia sibirica (L.) Juss. in the Southern Urals under various forecasted climate change scenarios. Climate variables from CHELSA BIOCLIM, elevation data (GMTED2010) and coarse fragment content in the top level of soil were used as predictors for modeling in the MaxEnt software. The impact of climate change on P. sibirica habitats under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios calculated from an ensemble of four general circulation models has been analyzed. The modeling has shown that the changes in the habitat suitability depend on the altitude. Deterioration of the habitats could be attributed to a temperature increase in mountain forest locations, and to a precipitation of driest quarter increase in mountain forest-steppe locations. In both cases, this leads to the expansion of forest and shrub vegetation. Monitoring of the habitat persistence of P. sibirica and other relict species of the Pleistocene floristic complex can play a major role in predictions, as their massive decline would constitute that climatic changes exceed the ranges of their fluctuations in the Holocene.

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The state of mountain forest ecosystems in the Bashkir Nature Reserve (Southern Urals)

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20213500006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 00006

Author(s):

Ainur Biembetov ◽

Nur Yanybayev ◽

Ilnar Valiev

Keyword(s):

Forest Management ◽

Environmental Monitoring ◽

Forest Ecosystems ◽

Nature Reserve ◽

Southern Urals ◽

The State ◽

Mountain Forest ◽

The Southern Urals ◽

Current State

Environmental monitoring of specially protected natural reservations in Russia makes it necessary to analyze periodically the parameters of natural reservations to identify the state of components of nature. The Bashkir Nature Reserve is located in the Southern Urals. The availability of materials on forest management in 1956, 1969, 1979, and 2016 is one of the special features of the scientific fund of the Bashkir Nature Reserve. The analysis of these materials showed stable positive dynamics of the development of coniferous and small-leaved deciduous forestry and its current state.

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Стоянка среднего палеолита в пещере Иманай-1 на Южном Урале: предварительные итоги археологических исследований

BULLETIN OF THE KALMYK INSTITUTE FOR HUMANITIES OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ◽

10.22162/2619-0990-2020-51-5-1271-1291 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1271-1291

Author(s):

Vyacheslav G. Kotov ◽

◽

Mikhail M. Rumyantsev ◽

Dmitry O. Gimranov ◽

Keyword(s):

Southern Urals ◽

Mountain Forest ◽

Middle Paleolithic ◽

North Caucasus ◽

Ural Mountain ◽

The Southern Urals ◽

Cave Bear ◽

The North ◽

The Crimea ◽

Stone Industry

Introduction. Imanai-1 Cave is a new monument of the Middle Paleolithic in the Southern Urals. It was discovered by the authors in 2009 and is located in the west of the Ural mountain system, in the interfluve of the Belaya and Nugush Rivers, on the border of the mountain-forest and steppe zones. Goals. The paper aims to introduce preliminary results of archaeological investigations into scientific discourse. Results. The cave is of a tunnel type, its 70 m long passage ending with a far hall which contained bones of a small cave bear and a cave lion. The monument is multi-layered. The first cultural horizon contained 399 items of stone and bone. Tools make up to 60 % of all stone products, while cores and scales are absent, therefore, primary and secondary processing was carried out outside the far hall. The stone industry is characterized by the use of shards and amorphous flint chips. The working areas were made out with monofacial and bifacial retouching, incisal cleavage. The tools are of the following types: 3 Mousterian bifacial points, 4 convergent side-scrapers with bifacial processing, butt knives, some with bifacial processing ― 6 items, carvers on fragments and amorphous chips ― 229 items (59 %), points ― 19 items (5 %), tools with a thorn ― 13 items (3 %), incisors ― 21 items (5 %). At the base of the first cultural horizon, a skull of a small cave bear with an artificial hole made with a stone spearhead was found. The industry of the site has numerous analogies at the Ilskaya-1 site in the North Caucasus and in the materials of the upper layer of the Kiik-Koba grotto in the Crimea, as well as at other sites of the Middle Paleolithic of the Tayacian tradition. Three uncalibrated dates show the interval from 26 to 42 thousand years. This indicates the finale of the Mousterian era.

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Channel processes of a small river heavily modified by human activities

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202016306011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 163 ◽

pp. 06011

Author(s):

Aleksandr Varenov ◽

Anna Tarbeeva ◽

Dmitriy Botavin ◽

Nadezhda Mikhaylova ◽

Leonid Turykin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Impact ◽

Water Discharge ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Bank Erosion ◽

Small Rivers ◽

Channel Processes ◽

Channel Changes ◽

Volga Upland ◽

Local Residents ◽

Special Approach

Widely-spread small rivers are very poorly studied in relation to channel processes. The influence of local factors, high sensitivity to human impact, close connection with basin processes, and relatively low rates of channel changes distinguish them from medium and large ones and make it necessary to form a special approach to studies. Based on collection of long-term maps and local residents’ interviews, we reconstructed the transformation of channels in the Kudma River basin (the Volga Upland) for the last 200 years. Based on the bank erosion monitoring during 2011-2019 the modern rates of channel changes were revealed. We found that significant human impact is associated with the artificial channels cutoffs and draining of ponds which led to channel incision of the Kudma and Ozerka Rivers in the middle reaches and the transformation of floodplain into terrace. Agriculture development caused siltation of the upper reaches of rivers. The rivers of the forested part of the basin experienced the least human changes. From 2011 to 2019 the maximum rates of bank erosion were found to be within range of 0.3 to 2.7 m/year and supposed to be driven by peak water discharge.

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Emperor Alexander II and the South Urals: A New Collection of Documents Published by Archivists of the Chelyabinsk Region

Herald of an Archivist ◽

10.28995/2073-0101-2020-1-306-311 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 306-311

Author(s):

Sergey V. Lyubichankovsky ◽

Keyword(s):

National Archive ◽

Southern Urals ◽

The State ◽

South Urals ◽

State Archive ◽

The South ◽

The Southern Urals ◽

Russian State ◽

Chelyabinsk Region ◽

The Impact

The article reviews the collection of documents “Emperor Alexander II and the Southern Urals,” published in 2019 and dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the Emperor. The book tells of the Tsarevich’s journey through the Southern Urals in 1837 and of manufacture of gifts to him by the Zlatoust craftsmen; a separate part consists of documents devoted to the reign of Alexander II and the impact of the Great Reforms on the development of the region. The collection ends with documents on the perpetuation of the Emperor’s memory. The review proves that this collection of documents closes the topic of relations between Alexander II and the Southern Urals, which has been little studied in the historiography. It concludes that the initiators of the publication – employees of the Joint State Archive of the Chelyabinsk Region – have included in the book legislative acts, recordkeeping materials, materials of the periodical press, sources of personal provenance, photographs, and visual materials. There is a list of archives and museums from which the sources originate: state archives of the Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk regions, the National Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Archive of the Zlatoust City District; the Verkhny Ufaley and Zlatoust local history museums; the Russian State Archive of Photo Documents, the State Russian Museum; the Department for Preservation of Historical Heritage of the South Ural Railway, the Russian State Historical Archive, and the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The review describes the structure of the collection and contends that it contributes to comprehensive coverage of the studied problems. It allows its readers to find the needed documents confidently and quickly, even with minimal research skills. Photo documents (little–known photographs and drawings) included in the collection complement the text quite successfully. The reviewers underscore that the publication contains three extensive introductory articles, the reading of which contributes to a deeper understanding of the sources. Thus, the review concludes that the collection has expanded the documentary base adequately in order to spur extensive research of the pre–revolutionary history of the Southern Urals.

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MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF CHANGES IN RIVER RUNOFF IN A LONG-TERM SECTION ACROSS THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Biology. Earth Sciences ◽

10.35634/2412-9518-2021-31-2-159-165 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 159-165

Author(s):

A.M. Gareev ◽

E.M. Galeeva ◽

V.V. Barinov

Keyword(s):

River Runoff ◽

Global Climate ◽

Southern Urals ◽

Annual Runoff ◽

The Southern Urals ◽

Statistical Parameters ◽

Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽

Observation Series ◽

The Republic

The article reveals the main characteristics of the change in the values of the river runoff layer indicator in the long-term section across the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In previously published works related to 1990-2000, the statistical parameters of river runoff are considered without taking into account the changes that have occurred in the general population of the initial information. It is noted in the article that the calculations and estimates for the study of the peculiarities of changes in hydrometeorological conditions, carried out by us in recent years, indicate a violation of the homogeneity of the observation series. At the same time, attention is drawn to the fact that this trend is dependent on the influence of factors associated with global climate change. The article indicates that ignoring the facts reflecting the ongoing changes can affect not only the accuracy of the calculations, but also lead to the adoption of incorrect and unjustified decisions in the water sector and the assessment of environmental conditions in watercourses. The analysis was carried out according to the values of the annual runoff layer, the change in the indicators of the annual runoff of the rivers of the republic was calculated for two time intervals. As the boundary conditions between them, the year was taken, from which a rather clear tendency of the trend change in terms of the annual runoff values is revealed. Cartographic analysis of the information obtained was carried out using the ArcGIS software package. It has been established that during the period of noticeable climatic changes in most of the territory of the republic, there is a tendency to an increase in the values of the annual runoff layer. At the same time, the greatest indicators of change occur on the western slopes of the Southern Urals and the Ufa plateau within the republic. It was found that a noticeable decrease in the values of the annual runoff layer is observed over the territory of the Bashkir Trans-Urals.

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The size of under-ear interstice and productivity of spring soft wheat varieties of different ecological groups in the forest-steppe of Orenburg region

Vestnik of Kazan state agrarin university ◽

10.12737/6546 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 135-138

Author(s):

Мухитов ◽

Lenar Mukhitov ◽

Самуилов ◽

Feofan Samuilov

Keyword(s):

Steppe Zone ◽

Southern Urals ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Soft Wheat ◽

Forest Steppe ◽

Ecological Groups ◽

The Southern Urals ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Spring Soft Wheat ◽

The Impact

The impact of contrasting conditions of water availability on the size of the upper internodes in wheat varieties was studied under the conditions of the Orenburg steppe zone. It was noted, that less drought-resistant varieties formed a short upper internodes. We conducted a mathematical analysis of the relationship of productivity and length of ear-carrying internodes of spring soft wheat varieties of different ecological groups. It was established, that we can observe a gradual increase of grain productivity with increasing the length of the upper internodes in the studied range. As a result, the following varities were selected for inclusion into the hybridization: Logachevka, Tulaykovskaya steppe, Tulaykovskaya 1, Tulaykovskaya Belozernaya, Prokhorovka and Uchitel. They have the optimal settings for the presented feature. Using the selected varieties as parental forms can enhance the efficiency of wheat breeding programs for resistance to drought in the forest-steppe zone of the Southern Urals.

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“Greenhouses and Workers’ Dormitories”: Migration from Central Asia and China to Rural Areas of the Southern Urals

Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University Geoarchaeology Ethnology and Anthropology Series ◽

10.26516/2227-2380.2021.37.74 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

pp. 74-84

Author(s):

A. A. Avdashkin ◽

◽

E. I. Salganova ◽

N. A. Gafner ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Asia ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Population Decline ◽

Southern Urals ◽

The Southern Urals ◽

Migration Flow ◽

Chelyabinsk Region ◽

The Impact ◽

Depth Interviews

The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of migration from Asian countries on the rural areas of the Russian region using the example of the Chelyabinsk region. Addressing this problem allowed us to answer the following questions: what objects in rural areas are labeled as “migrant” and what are the assessments of this phenomenon by the public? Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, natural population decline is growing. Restricting international migration has shown that migrants are very important for the Russian agricultural sector. The decline in the population in rural areas of Russia, the deterioration of the ecological situation in the Central Asian region shows the need for research on migration to the countryside. There is a high probability that after the removal of several restrictions, we will see an increase in the migration flow to some areas of the countryside (greenhouses, workers' hostels, empty villages). For this study, we applied a set of ethnographic and ethno-sociological methods: participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and massive ethno-sociological survey conducted within the framework of the RFBR and Chelyabinsk region project “Asian vector of migration to the Chelyabinsk region: historical retrospective, forecasts and risks”. In total, during the project, 150 hours of included observation were implemented. In 2021, 49 in-depth interviews were collected with residents of the Chelyabinsk region and 37 with migrants from Central Asia. The sample of objects for observation and establishment of contacts with informants included: greenhouses for growing vegetables, garden associations, settlements in the study areas, rural shops, etc. The focus of xenophobic sentiments may shift from large cities to suburbs and villages, where new objects are being built, labeled as “migrants” (greenhouses, dormitories for migrants). "Chinese" greenhouses are no longer perceived as objects directly related to the presence of the Chinese, but are associated with migrants in general. Greenhouse complexes, where the main contingent is made up of migrants from the Central Asia, seem to be perceived as "Chinese" by inertia. All negative characteristics and parameters that were attributed to them are automatically extended to all greenhouses where there are “others”.

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Modeling Management and Climate Change Impacts on Water Pollution by Heavy Metals in the Nizhnekamskoe Reservoir Watershed

Water ◽

10.3390/w13223214 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 3214

Author(s):

Yury Motovilov ◽

Tatiana Fashchevskaya

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Climate Change Impacts ◽

Southern Urals ◽

River Pollution ◽

Large River ◽

Water Bodies ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽

The Southern Urals ◽

The Impact

The semi-distributed physically based ECOMAG-HM model was applied to simulate the cycling of the heavy metals (HM) Cu, Zn, and Mn, and to identify spatial and temporal patterns of heavy metal pollution in water bodies of a large river catchment of the Nizhnekamskoe reservoir (NKR) in Russia. The main river of the catchment is the Belaya River, one of the most polluted rivers in the Southern Urals. The model was tested against long-term data on hydrological and hydrochemical monitoring of water bodies. It is shown that the pollution of rivers is formed mainly due to diffuse wash-off of metals into rivers from the soil-ground layer. Numerical experiments to assess the impact of water economic activities on river pollution were carried out by modeling scenarios of changes in the amount of metal discharged with wastewater, a disaster with a salvo discharge of pollutants, and the exclusion of anthropogenic impact on the catchment to assess self-purification of the basin. Modeling of chemical runoff in accordance with the delta-change climatic scenario showed that significant changes in water quality characteristics should not be expected in the near future up to 2050.

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