Pretreatment technology of lignocellulose

Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable biomass resource in nature. Pretreatment of lignocellulose can improve the accessibility of cellulase to cellulose raw materials, reduce the ineffective adsorption of cellulase, reduce the crystallinity and obtain higher reducing sugar. In this paper, several practical pretreatment technologies of lignocellulose are summarized, and the methods, principles, advantages and disadvantages of each pretreatment technology are summarized, and then the development prospect of lignocellulose pretreatment methods is prospected.

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Progress on the Preparation and Application of Mg (OH)2 as New Flame Retardants

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.320.259 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 320 ◽

pp. 259-264

Author(s):

Yuan Rui Wang ◽

Feng Juan Liu

Keyword(s):

Magnesium Hydroxide ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Development Prospect ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages

The properties and the mechanism of flame retardants of magnesium hydroxide were discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods are introduced to prepare magnesium hydroxide using the different raw materials. The modifying methods of magnesium hydroxide and application are summarized,and the development prospect of magnesium hydroxide is analyzed.

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Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Ecological Changes, Social Behaviour and Human Intergroup Tolerance 300,000 to 30,000 BP

Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory ◽

10.1007/s10816-020-09503-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 53-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Penny Spikins ◽

Jennifer C. French ◽

Seren John-Wood ◽

Calvin Dytham

Keyword(s):

Social Behaviour ◽

Environmental Variability ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Modern Human ◽

Resource Exploitation ◽

Agent Based ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Ecological Changes ◽

The Relationship ◽

Social Behaviours

AbstractArchaeological evidence suggests that important shifts were taking place in the character of human social behaviours 300,000 to 30,000 years ago. New artefact types appear and are disseminated with greater frequency. Transfers of both raw materials and finished artefacts take place over increasing distances, implying larger scales of regional mobility and more frequent and friendlier interactions between different communities. Whilst these changes occur during a period of increasing environmental variability, the relationship between ecological changes and transformations in social behaviours is elusive. Here, we explore a possible theoretical approach and methodology for understanding how ecological contexts can influence selection pressures acting on intergroup social behaviours. We focus on the relative advantages and disadvantages of intergroup tolerance in different ecological contexts using agent-based modelling (ABM). We assess the relative costs and benefits of different ‘tolerance’ levels in between-group interactions on survival and resource exploitation in different environments. The results enable us to infer a potential relationship between ecological changes and proposed changes in between-group behavioural dynamics. We conclude that increasingly harsh environments may have driven changes in hormonal and emotional responses in humans leading to increasing intergroup tolerance, i.e. transformations in social behaviour associated with ‘self-domestication’. We argue that changes in intergroup tolerance is a more parsimonious explanation for the emergence of what has been seen as ‘modern human behaviour’ than changes in hard aspects of cognition or other factors such as cognitive adaptability or population size.

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Comparison of Moving-Bed Catalytic Tar Hydrocracking Processes

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9030500 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 500

Author(s):

Vladimir Kapustin ◽

Elena Chernysheva ◽

Roman Khakimov

Keyword(s):

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Process Management ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Oil Refining ◽

Hydrocarbon Potential ◽

Vacuum Residue ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Major Process ◽

Liquid Products

In recent years, there has been a trend in the global oil industry to improve the proportion of heavy high-sulfur crude oils in the total volume of extracted and processed resources, reserves of which are estimated at over 800 billion metric tons. Therefore, the main line of oil refining is processing of heavy crudes and residua to allow maximum use of the hydrocarbon potential and yield of high-margin products. Hydrogenation processes of heavy raw materials are most attractive in terms of product quality. This article analyzes tar hydrocracking processes that are either in operation or at the stage of full-scale testing. These include Veba Combi-Cracker (VCC), Uniflex, suspended-bed catalyst hydrocracking (ENI), and vacuum residue hydroconversion (TIPS RAS). These technologies use heterogeneous catalysts and are designed to obtain the largest possible amount of liquid products. This article discusses the features of each technology, highlights their advantages and disadvantages, shows the main approaches to process management, and speculates about the development of these technologies. Tar refining is a major process in heavy oil upgrading, and the development of efficient tar-processing methods will influence refinery configurations and management.

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Peculiarities of the accounting display of transactions with the give-and-take raw materials at restaurant institutions

Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik ◽

10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2021.01.087 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 87-95

Author(s):

A. Tsiutsiak ◽

I. Tsiutsiak

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Balance Sheet ◽

Economic Resources ◽

Accounting System ◽

Activity Type ◽

Production Methods ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Process Representation ◽

Reliable Representation ◽

Definition Of

The essence of the definition of «give-and-take raw materials» is investigated and the own vision of this category used by restaurant enterprises is formed. The scheme of conducting transactions with raw materials obtained on the give-and-take conditions at restaurants institutions is given. The peculiarities of the accounting process representation caused by the procurement of raw materials, production of semi-finished products and home-produced dishes are revealed, as well as the order of the realization accounting of such commodity stocks using production-trade and production methods is highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of the representation in the system of bookkeeping accounts of the economic resources cycle in different ways of the production and trade activity organization of restaurant institutions are given. The emphasis is placed on the fact that in catering establishments the give-and-take raw materials, semi-finished products and home-produced dishes, produced as a result of give-and-take raw materials processings, are not the property of the catering establishment. Therefore, in order to maintain the proper accounting for transactions with the give-and-take raw materials, information about changes in the value of the investigated assets should be represented in the system of bookkeeping off-balance sheet accounts. The order of the display on the bookkeeping accounts of the transactions with the give-and-take raw materials obtained on the give-and-take conditions is highlighted. The peculiarities of calculation of dishes produced on the conditions of the give-and-take transactions are described. It is established that the formation of the value of produced semi-finished products or dishes is carried out for each order received separately, i.e. using the out-of-order cost accounting method. The peculiarities of calculation of home-produced dishes at restaurants institutions are outlined. For reliable representation of information on the availability and movement of the give-and-take raw materials, it is proposed for the enterprises of the investigated economic activity type to open the additional analytical accounts. Recommendations for improving the representation order in the accounting system, of restaurant institutions, give-and-take transactions, using offered analytical accounts, are formed.

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EFFICIENCY OF REINFORCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL SOIL BY MINERAL MODIFIERS

Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after V G Shukhov ◽

10.34031/article_5d14bdcc8eca43.21244159 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (7) ◽

pp. 14-23

Author(s):

Т. Дмитриева ◽

T. Dmitrieva ◽

Н. Куцына ◽

N. Kucyna ◽

А. Безродных ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Road Construction ◽

Soil Reinforcement ◽

Production Costs ◽

Concrete Mixture ◽

The Road ◽

Physicomechanical Characteristics ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Complex Binder ◽

Technogenic Raw Materials

The paper discusses the main aspects of soil reinforcement in road construction by adding a binder component to them. The use of this technology allows to solve the problem of high-quality raw materials shortage while improving the physicomechanical characteristics or keeping them at the same level, as well as to increase labor productivity and reduce production costs. The technogenic raw materials for the production of soil concrete were studied, the main physicomechanical characteristics and requirements that must be taken into account when selecting the composition of the soil concrete mixture were analyzed. The paper compares the physicomechanical characteristics of the road composite, reveals the advantages and disadvantages of introducing binder components of various types: cement, cement with modifier and a complex binder. It has been established that the introduction of a complex binder or cement with modifier contributes to the improvement of the physicomechanical characteristics while reducing the consumption of cement in the composition of the soil-concrete mixture compared to traditional soil-concrete with cement.

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Development of the Russian and world industrial economies: theory, practice, specificity of venture business

Transbaikal State University Journal ◽

10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-7-112-121 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (7) ◽

pp. 112-121

Author(s):

I. Krasovskaya ◽

◽

E. Malyshev ◽

F. Shamray ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Industrial Clusters ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Simultaneous Increase ◽

Innovative Development ◽

Industrial Economy ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Modern Business ◽

Business Entities ◽

Venture Business

The scientific and practical relevance, timeliness and practical and applied relevance of the selected research topics are empirically substantiated by the processes of sustainable development of world labour markets, improving the quality of human resources, increasing the importance of scientific and educational activities, acquiring unique competencies, knowledge and skills by workers of modern business entities, deepening specialization and differentiation of science-intensive enterprises, permanent scientific and technological progress and acceleration of the pace of formation of industrial-industrial clusters and venture business. The theoretical and practical goals of the publication are to study the socio-economic mechanisms for solving the theoretical and practical-applied problems of sustainable innovative development of the industrial economy and the implementation of science-intensive projects characterized by high production and economic uncertainty and significant socio-economic risk, which are not amenable to formalization. The theoretical and methodological basis of the publication was the scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists-researchers of socio-economic algorithms for the development of domestic and world economies of industry, as well as venture business. Scientific novelty lies in the critical rethinking of such a constructive and creative result of the venture business as the formation of public-private partnerships and the author’s interpretation of strategically significant science-intensive segments of the industrial economy (telecommunication technologies, medicine, microbiology, production of substitute products, innovative energy trends, the search for alternative sources of energy supply, etc. etc.). The practical significance of the results obtained lies in the comparative characteristics of the American and Eurasian strategies for the innovative development of industry, as well as the empirical argumentation of their socio-economic advantages and disadvantages. The article reveals a reduction in costs and a regression of transactions between production and economic services of American companies, savings due to the narrow focus of scientific and production processes with a simultaneous absence of material incentives for labour activity and the occurrence of costs due to the regulation of labour functions of workers. The use of a progressive system of remuneration of labour and bonuses to personnel of Eurasian companies has been established in the context of a simultaneous increase in resource and raw materials and monetary costs and the liberalization of in-house management, which are of priority importance for the formation of a strategy for the development of the Russian industrial economy

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Renewable Hydrogen Production Processes for the Off-Gas Valorization in Integrated Steelworks through Hydrogen Intensified Methane and Methanol Syntheses

Metals ◽

10.3390/met10111535 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1535

Author(s):

Antonella Zaccara ◽

Alice Petrucciani ◽

Ismael Matino ◽

Teresa Annunziata Branca ◽

Stefano Dettori ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Production ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽

Aspen Plus ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Electrolyte Membrane ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Use Of Resources ◽

Production Processes ◽

Reduction Of Co2

Within integrated steelmaking industries significant research efforts are devoted to the efficient use of resources and the reduction of CO2 emissions. Integrated steelworks consume a considerable quantity of raw materials and produce a high amount of by-products, such as off-gases, currently used for the internal production of heat, steam or electricity. These off-gases can be further valorized as feedstock for methane and methanol syntheses, but their hydrogen content is often inadequate to reach high conversions in synthesis processes. The addition of hydrogen is fundamental and a suitable hydrogen production process must be selected to obtain advantages in process economy and sustainability. This paper presents a comparative analysis of different hydrogen production processes from renewable energy, namely polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis, solid oxide electrolyze cell electrolysis, and biomass gasification. Aspen Plus® V11-based models were developed, and simulations were conducted for sensitivity analyses to acquire useful information related to the process behavior. Advantages and disadvantages for each considered process were highlighted. In addition, the integration of the analyzed hydrogen production methods with methane and methanol syntheses is analyzed through further Aspen Plus®-based simulations. The pros and cons of the different hydrogen production options coupled with methane and methanol syntheses included in steelmaking industries are analyzed.

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Biofuels as an instrument of Russia hydrocarbons and agrarian exports competitiveness

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202017513029 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 175 ◽

pp. 13029

Author(s):

Denis Ushakov ◽

Oleg Patlasov

Keyword(s):

Oil And Gas ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Business Value ◽

Creative Economy ◽

Gas Industry ◽

Hydrocarbon Production ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

High Level ◽

Science Intensity

Paper analyzes the prospects of biofuels second and third generation in the structure of the global energy balance, demonstrates a sharp decline in oil and gas revenues in the Russian budget, describes advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel and bioethanol production. The connection between the growth of Russia’s export potential in terms of hydrocarbon products processing with EU standards implementation has been proved. The problems of the realization of programs on the oxygenate technologies development in the Union State of Russia-Belarus were revealed. The capacity of the market of 3-4 generations fuel with using non-food raw materials and various types of biomass was estimated. Was proved that at a high level of growth in business value and profitability of production there are incentives to organize deep processing in Russia’s hydrocarbon production. It is proved that the oil and gas industry in a creative economy should increase its science intensity and depth of raw materials processing, including ones in related industries.

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Study on the Properties of Transparent Bamboo Prepared by Epoxy Resin Impregnation

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12040863 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 863 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yan Wu ◽

Yajing Wang ◽

Feng Yang ◽

Jing Wang ◽

Xuehua Wang

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Visible Light ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Light Transmittance ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Heat Treated ◽

Before And After ◽

Different Parts

In this paper, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycle) before and after heat treatment were used as raw materials to prepare transparent bamboo (TB). In an acidic environment, the lignin contained in the bamboo material was removed to obtain a bamboo template, and an epoxy resin similar to the cellulose refractive index was used for vacuum impregnation into the bamboo template to obtain a transparent bamboo material. The purpose of this study was to compare the physical and chemical properties of TB and original bamboo and the differences between TBs before and after heat treatment, taken from different parts of bamboo, in order to explore the performance advantages and disadvantages of TB as a new material. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR), scanning electron microscope testing (SEM), three elements analysis, light transmittance testing, and mechanical strength testing were used to study the molecular composition, microstructure, chemical composition, light transmittance, and tensile strength of the TB samples. The results showed that the lignin content of the delignified bamboo templates was greatly reduced. In addition, the SEM images showed that a large amount of epoxy resin (type E51 and type B210 curing agent) was covered on the cross-section surface and pores of the TB samples. The FTIR showed that the epoxy molecular groups appeared on the TB, and the delignified bamboo template and the resin had a good synergy effect. According to the light transmittance testing, the original bamboo samples hardly contained light transmittance under visible light. The transmittance of transparent inner bamboo (TIB) and transparent heat-treated inner bamboo (THIB) could reach about 11%, and the transmittance of transparent outer bamboo (TOB) and transparent heat-treated outer bamboo (THOB) was about 2%. The light transmittance had been significantly improved when compared with the original bamboo samples. The transmittances of the TB samples before and after heat treatment in different parts of bamboo were different. In the visible light irradiation range, the light transmittances of TB samples were as follows: TIB > THIB and THOB > TOB. Meanwhile, the tensile strength of TB was reduced, especially for TOB and THOB. In addition, TB has a wide range of raw materials, and the preparation process is environmentally friendly. It can be used for decorative materials in homes, buildings, etc., and has a great application potential.

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Flame Retardancy of Biobased Composites—Research Development

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13225253 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 5253

Author(s):

Anna Sienkiewicz ◽

Piotr Czub

Keyword(s):

Composite Materials ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Diphenyl Ether ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Polyamide 11 ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Flame Retardation

Due to the thermal and fire sensitivity of polymer bio-composite materials, especially in the case of plant-based fillers applied for them, next to intensive research on the better mechanical performance of composites, it is extremely important to improve their reaction to fire. This is necessary due to the current widespread practical use of bio-based composites. The first part of this work relates to an overview of the most commonly used techniques and different approaches towards the increasing the fire resistance of petrochemical-based polymeric materials. The next few sections present commonly used methods of reducing the flammability of polymers and characterize the most frequently used compounds. It is highlighted that despite adverse health effects in animals and humans, some of mentioned fire retardants (such as halogenated organic derivatives e.g., hexabromocyclododecane, polybrominated diphenyl ether) are unfortunately also still in use, even for bio-composite materials. The most recent studies related to the development of the flame retardation of polymeric materials are then summarized. Particular attention is paid to the issue of flame retardation of bio-based polymer composites and the specifics of reducing the flammability of these materials. Strategies for retarding composites are discussed on examples of particular bio-polymers (such as: polylactide, polyhydroxyalkanoates or polyamide-11), as well as polymers obtained on the basis of natural raw materials (e.g., bio-based polyurethanes or bio-based epoxies). The advantages and disadvantages of these strategies, as well as the flame retardants used in them, are highlighted.

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