scholarly journals Electrodes criticality: the impact of CRMs in the leachate electrochemical oxidation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Mattia Pierpaoli ◽  
Michał Rycewicz ◽  
Aneta Łuczkiewicz ◽  
Sylwia Fudala-Ksiązek ◽  
Robert Bogdanowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Oxidation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lead Dioxide ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Impact

Landfill leachate possesses high concentrations of ammonia, micropollutants, and heavy metals, and are characterised for low biodegradability. For this reason, conventional treatment technologies may result ineffective for complete pollutant removal. Electrochemical oxidation allows most of the of recalcitrant pollutants to be oxidised effectively within an easy operational and acceptable retention time, without the need to provide additional chemicals, and without producing waste materials. The mineralisation efficiency and electrode durability depend on the nature of the electrode material. The conventionally adopted anodes can contain critical raw materials (CRMs), and are subject to extreme corrosion conditions. CRM-free electrodes, such as carbon and graphite-based, exhibit a lower efficiency, and are subject to faster deactivation, or, as for lead-dioxide-based electrodes, can constitute a hazard due to the release into the effluent of the coating corrosion products. In this study, the relationship between electrode type, CRM content, and the removal efficiencies of organic compounds and ammonium-nitrogen (N-NH4) was investigated. Material criticality was estimated by the supply risk with economic importance indexes reported in the 2017 EU CRM List. The COD and N-NH4 removal efficiencies were obtained from a literature analysis of 25 publications. The results show that, while single and multi-oxide-coated electrodes may contain low amounts of CRM, but with limited efficiency, boron-doped diamonds (BDD) may constitute the best compromise in terms of a reduced content of CRM and a high mineralisation efficiency.

Effects of salt concentration on floc characteristics and pollutants removal efficiencies in treatment of seafood wastewater by SBR

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.-H. Moon ◽  
G.-T. Seo ◽  
T.-S. Lee ◽  
S.-S. Kim ◽  
C.-H. Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Floc Size ◽  
Floc Characteristics ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Pollutants Removal

Most seafood wastewater has been treated by the activated sludge process. Due to changes in salt concentration, pollutant loadings and raw materials, the process is not operated satisfactorily to meet effluent regulation. Most problems faced at present are solid liquid separation. In this study, effects of salt concentration on floc characteristics and pollutants removal efficiencies were investigated in treatment of seafood wastewater by SBR. For analyzing fractal dimension of flocs, the small angle laser light scattering (SALLS) method was applied using a Diffraction Particle Sizer (Malvern Instruments). Organic removal efficiencies (in terms of CODMn) decreased with increasing salt concentration, but eventually reached a steady state. Fractal dimension and floc size also showed similar trends with changing salt concentration. The main reasons to reduced pollutant removal efficiencies were deteriorated biological activity and settling properties. The biological activity was affected faster than the floc characteristics by increasing salt concentration. The deteriorated settling properties were explained by decreased size and fractal dimension of floc due to increasing salt concentration. The settling properties of floc such as sludge volume index (SVI) and zone settling velocity (ZSV) were related to size and fractal dimension of floc. The fractal dimension of floc was better related to the settling properties than the size of floc.

Оrganic Meat Production of Broiler Chickens Hubbard Redbro Cross

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
The Impact

This article presents the results of studying the impact of housing and feeding conditions on broiler chickens of Hubbard RedBro cross, as well as the quality of products obtained when using floor and cage content, in a farm. It established that when receiving a mixed feed of own production using feed raw materials grown on a farm without the use of pesticides, a statistically significant decrease in potentially dangerous substances for animal health is recorded. Compared with factory feed, it has reduced the content of pesticides by 14 times, and mercury and arsenic by 24 times, cadmium by five times, and lead by ten times. The results of the study of economic indicators of growing Hubbard RedBro cross broiler chickens, as well as the chemical composition and quality of carcasses, indicated that there was no significant difference between the floor and cell conditions of keeping. Still, the use of a diet based on eco-feeds contributed to a statistically significant decrease in the concentration of toxic metals in the muscles of the poultry of the experimental groups. As a result, it found that the use of the studied compound feed in the diets of broiler chickens increased the indicators of Biosafety and ensured the production of environmentally safe ("organic") poultry meat products.

Impact of Raw Materials and Processing Techniques on The Microbiological Quality of Egyptian Domiati Cheese

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Fresh Cheese ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Yeast

Domiati cheese is the most popular brand of cheese ripened in brine in the Middle East in terms of consumed quantities. This study was performed to investigate the impact of the microbiological quality of the used raw materials, the applied traditional processing techniques and ripening period on the quality and safety of the produced cheese. Three hundred random composite samples were collected from three factories at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Collected samples represent twenty-five each of: raw milk, table salt, calf rennet, microbial rennet, water, environmental air, whey, fresh cheese, ripened cheese & swabs from: worker hands; cheese molds and utensils; tanks. All samples were examined microbiologically for Standard Plate Count (SPC), coliforms count, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) count, total yeast & mould count, presence of E. coli, Salmonellae and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). The mean value of SPC, coliforms, S. aureus and total yeast & mould counts ranged from (79×102 CFU/m3 for air to 13×108 CFU/g for fresh cheese), (7×102 MPN/ cm2 for tank swabs to 80×106 MPN/ml for raw milk), (9×102 CFU/g for salt to 69×106 CFU/g for fresh cheese) and (2×102 CFU/cm2 for hand swabs to 60×104 CFU/g for fresh cheese), respectively. Whereas, E. coli, Salmonella and L. monocytogenes failed to be detected in all examined samples. There were significant differences in all determined microbiological parameters (p ≤0.05) between fresh and ripened cheese which may be attributed to different adverse conditions such as water activity, pH, salt content and temperature carried out to improve the quality of the product.

U.S. Regulatory Approaches: A Critical Appraisal

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
R. L. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The American approach to environmental regulation is characterized by fragmentation of responsibilities, primary reliance on command and control regulations, extraordinary complexity, a preference for identifiable standards, and heavy resort to litigation. This system has provided important benefits, including significant reduction of environmental contamination, substantial use of science in decision-making, broad participatory rights, and the stimulation of new treatment technologies. However, these gains have been achieved at excessive cost. Too much reliance is placed on command and control methods and especially on technology-based standards. There is too much resort to litigation, and inadequate input from science. Participatory rights are being undermined, and there is a poor allocation of decision-making among the federal agencies and the states. Over-regulation sometimes leads to under-regulation, and insufficient attention is given to the impact on small entities. The responsibility for these difficulties rests with everyone, including the federal agencies, the Congress, the general public and the courts. Changes in the regulatory system are needed. We should abandon the use of technology-based standards to control toxic substances under the Clean Water Act in favor of strong health- and environmentally based standards, coupled with taxes on toxic substances in wastewater.

scholarly journals 2-Piece Cork Stoppers as Alternative for Valorization of Thin Cork Planks: Analysis by LCA Methodology

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 873
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Flor-Montalvo ◽  
Agustín Sánchez-Toledo Ledesma ◽  
Eduardo Martínez Cámara ◽  
Emilio Jiménez-Macías ◽  
Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lca Methodology ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Thickness ◽  
Cork Stoppers ◽  
Wine Bottle

Natural stoppers are a magnificent closure for the production of aging wines and unique wines, whose application is limited by the availability of raw materials and more specifically of cork sheets of different thickness and quality. The growing demand for quality wine bottle closures leads to the search for alternative stopper production. The two-piece stopper is an alternative since it uses non-usable plates in a conventional way for the production of quality caps. The present study has analyzed the impact of the manufacture of these two-piece stoppers using different methodologies and for different dimensions by developing an LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), concluding that the process phases of the plate, its boiling, and its stabilization, are the phases with the greatest impact. Likewise, it is detected that the impacts in all phases are relatively similar (for one kg of net cork produced), although the volumetric difference between these stoppers represents a significant difference in impacts for each unit produced.

scholarly journals Process Modeling and Simulation of Tableting—An Agent-Based Simulation Methodology for Direct Compression

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 996
Author(s):  
Niels Lasse Martin ◽  
Ann Kathrin Schomberg ◽  
Jan Henrik Finke ◽  
Tim Gyung-min Abraham ◽  
Arno Kwade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Agent Based Simulation ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Product And Process ◽  
The Impact

In pharmaceutical manufacturing, the utmost aim is reliably producing high quality products. Simulation approaches allow virtual experiments of processes in the planning phase and the implementation of digital twins in operation. The industrial processing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into tablets requires the combination of discrete and continuous sub-processes with complex interdependencies regarding the material structures and characteristics. The API and excipients are mixed, granulated if required, and subsequently tableted. Thereby, the structure as well as the properties of the intermediate and final product are influenced by the raw materials, the parametrized processes and environmental conditions, which are subject to certain fluctuations. In this study, for the first time, an agent-based simulation model is presented, which enables the prediction, tracking, and tracing of resulting structures and properties of the intermediates of an industrial tableting process. Therefore, the methodology for the identification and development of product and process agents in an agent-based simulation is shown. Implemented physical models describe the impact of process parameters on material structures. The tablet production with a pilot scale rotary press is experimentally characterized to provide calibration and validation data. Finally, the simulation results, predicting the final structures, are compared to the experimental data.

scholarly journals Spatial Variation of Water Chemistry in Aries River Catchment Western Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6592
Author(s):  
Ana Moldovan ◽  
Maria-Alexandra Hoaghia ◽  
Anamaria Iulia Török ◽  
Marius Roman ◽  
Ionut Cornel Mirea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Mine Drainage ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to investigate the quality and vulnerability of surface water (Aries River catchment) in order to identify the impact of past mining activities. For this purpose, the pollution and water quality indices, Piper and Durov plots, as well vulnerability modeling maps were used. The obtained results indicate that the water samples were contaminated with As, Fe, Mn, Pb and have relatively high concentrations of SO42−, HCO3−, TDS, Ca, K, Mg and high values for the electrical conductivity. Possible sources of the high content of chemicals could be the natural processes or the inputs of the mine drainage. Generally, according to the pollution indices, which were correlated to high concentrations of heavy metals, especially with Pb, Fe and Mn, the water samples were characterized by heavy metals pollution. The water quality index classified the studied water samples into five different classes of quality, namely: unsuitable for drinking, poor, medium, good and excellent quality. Similarly, medium, high and very high vulnerability classes were observed. The Durov and Piper plots classified the waters into Mg-HCO3− and Ca-Cl− types. The past and present mining activities clearly change the water chemistry and alter the quality of the Aries River, with the water requiring specific treatments before use.

scholarly journals Effect of Maritime Traffic on Water Quality Parameters in Santa Marta, Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 474
Author(s):  
René Rodríguez-Grimón ◽  
Nestor Hernando Campos ◽  
Ítalo Braga Castro
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Maritime Traffic ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Multiple Chemical

Since 2013, there has been an increase (>23%) in naval traffic using maritime routes and ports on the coastal fringe of Santa Marta, Colombia. Of major concern, and described by several studies, is the relationship between maritime traffic and coastal contamination. This study proposed a maritime traffic indicator considering the simultaneous effects of several relevant measurements of water quality parameters to estimate the impact of naval activity. The approach involved developing a model including the number of vessels, hull length, and permanence time in berths. In addition, water quality variables, considering climatic seasons, were used to verify association with maritime traffic and touristic activities. The high concentrations of total coliforms (TC) and dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons in chrysene equivalents (DDPH) reported by the International Marina of Santa Marta (SM) were affected by the local anthropic activities, including tourism, naval traffic, and urban wastewater discharges. Moreover, our results suggest the occurrence of multiple chemical impacts within Tayrona National Natural Park (PNNT) affecting conservation goals. The estimation of the maritime traffic indicator proposed in this study may be an easy and more complete tool for future studies evaluating the impact of naval activities on environmental quality.

scholarly journals Fe3O4@C Nanoparticles Synthesized by In Situ Solid-Phase Method for Removal of Methylene Blue

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 330
Author(s):  
Hengli Xiang ◽  
Genkuan Ren ◽  
Yanjun Zhong ◽  
Dehua Xu ◽  
Zhiye Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phase Method ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Solid Phase Reaction ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
High Concentrations

Fe3O4@C nanoparticles were prepared by an in situ, solid-phase reaction, without any precursor, using FeSO4, FeS2, and PVP K30 as raw materials. The nanoparticles were utilized to decolorize high concentrations methylene blue (MB). The results indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity of the Fe3O4@C nanoparticles was 18.52 mg/g, and that the adsorption process was exothermic. Additionally, by employing H2O2 as the initiator of a Fenton-like reaction, the removal efficiency of 100 mg/L MB reached ~99% with Fe3O4@C nanoparticles, while that of MB was only ~34% using pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The mechanism of H2O2 activated on the Fe3O4@C nanoparticles and the possible degradation pathways of MB are discussed. The Fe3O4@C nanoparticles retained high catalytic activity after five usage cycles. This work describes a facile method for producing Fe3O4@C nanoparticles with excellent catalytic reactivity, and therefore, represents a promising approach for the industrial production of Fe3O4@C nanoparticles for the treatment of high concentrations of dyes in wastewater.

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