Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. 14. Comparisons of voluntary feed consumption and various transactions in the alimentary tract between lambs and sheep fed roughage diets

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 625 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston ◽  
JR Lindsay ◽  
DW Peter ◽  
DJ Buscall
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
C 23 ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Time Eating

Comparisons were made of the voluntary intake and digestion of diets based on chopped straw, chopped lucerne and ground lucerne by lambs (c. 23 kg body weight) and adult sheep (c. 53 kg), and of feed intake and digestion by larger lambs (c. 35 kg) and adult sheep (c. 53 kg) grazing senescent pasture. With both the chopped and ground diets the lambs (i) had digesta of finer texture, (ii) cleared larger particles (>600 �m sieve) more slowly from the rumen, (iii) cleared organic matter more rapidly from the omasum and caecum + proximal colon, and (iv) performed more rumination bites. With the chopped diets, digestibility and feed intake pcr unit metabolic body weight were similar for lambs and adults but the lambs (i) spent more time eating, (ii) had more digesta in the reticulorumen per unit reticulo-rumen digesta free body weight, (iii) clcarcd organic matter from the abomasum more rapidly, and (iv) had less ash in abomasal digesta (straw-based diet only). With the ground lucerne diet the lambs (i) consumed more feed per unit of metabolic body weight, (ii) regurgitated more rumination boluses and (iii) cleared organic matter more rapidly from the reticulorumen. At pasture, it was estimated that the lambs (i) consumed more feed per unit metabolic body weight, (ii) had more digesta in the reticulo-rumen per unit rcticulo-rumen digesta free body weight, (iii) clearcd organic matter more rapidly from the omasum and abomasum, (iv) tended to have digesta of finer texture and (v) had less ash in abomasal digesta (-64%). The differences between the lambs and adults and their possible implications arc discussed, and it is suggested that with lower-quality roughages the smaller lamb may be placed at a disadvantage, relative to the adult, because of an inability to exhibit a higher feed intake commensurate with its higher maintenance energy need.

scholarly journals Geo-Assessment of Chemical Composition and Nutritional Evaluation of Moringa oleifera Seeds in Nutrition of Broilers

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Annongu ◽  
O. R. Karim ◽  
A. A. Toye ◽  
F. E. Sola-Ojo ◽  
R. M. O. Kayode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Inclusion Level

Chemical composition of Moringa oleifera seeds obtained from the middle belt of Nigeria, Benue State, was determined and the seed was blended to form a seed meal. The Moringa oleifera Seed Meal, MOSM was included in diets at graded levels of 2.50, 5.00 and 7.50% and the dietary performance of the broiler chicks on the test diets was compared with that of a corn-soy reference diet. Results on the chemical/nutritional composition of MOSM showed that the full-fat seeds contained (%) on proximate basis, reasonable concentration of 90.38 dry matter, 25.37 crude protein, 14.16 crude fat, 4.03 mineral matter, 30.64 crude fiber, 25.80 soluble carbohydrate and 5.79 kcal/g gross energy. Analyses also gave appreciable quantities of the water and fat soluble vitamins, macro - and micro-minerals. Feeding chicks with the seed meal at graded levels in diets resulted in decrease in feed intake and body weight gain as the inclusion level increased in diets relative to the conventional diet (p < 0.05). Reduction in feed consumption could be attributed to the full-fat nature of the seed meal used which might have imparted extra-caloric effect in the test diets and slowed digestion and absorption as the analyzed nutrients content of diets. A higher ether extract value on Moringa based diets relative to the control diet was obtained. Phytochemical composition of Moringa namely phenols including tannins, saponins, phytate, cyanogenic glucoside, glucosinolates and other numerous chemical constituents affected the body weight of the chicks negatively with increasing dietary MOSM. Decrease in weight gain following increase in dietary seed meal could also be due to decrease in feed intake as a result of the bitter taste of alkaloids, saponins, acting in concert with the other Moringa phytotoxins in test diets. Survival rate (100%) was not affected indicating that the level of highest inclusion in this study (7.50%) was not fatal to the experimental animal models. Further research is progressing to ascertain the highest inclusion level possible to elicit fatality and attempts to detoxify or treat the seed meal before feeding to animals.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Suplementasi Ampas Tahu, Ampas Tempe dan Ampas Kecap dalam Ransum Terhadap Performan Domba Lokal Jantan

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Eka Handayanta
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Daily Gain

<p class="Style2"><em>The aim of this research to determine the effect of supplementation of tofu. </em><em>tempe, and soy sauce waste in ration on male local sheep performance. This </em><em>research was carried out during three month, take place on July until October </em><em>200E in Minifarm Dept. of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty of Sebelas Maret </em><em>University, located in Jatikuwung. Gondangrejo, Karanganyar. It used </em><em>12 </em><em>male </em><em>local sheeps with average body weight of </em><em>15.86 ±0.93 </em><em>kg, divided into four treatments and three replications, each replication consist of one sheep.</em><em> </em><em>The ration consisted of king grass only as basal diet, </em><em>as many as four percent </em><em>base on body weight. The treatment given is in the form of feed supplement, that </em><em>namely without supplement </em><em>(RO), </em><em>250 </em><em>gram tofu waste (R1), </em><em>250 </em><em>gram tempe </em><em>waste </em><em>(R2), and </em><em>250 </em><em>gram soy sauce waste </em><em>(R3). </em><em>The data variables collected </em><em>were </em><em>feed consumption, dry and organic matter digestibility, crude protein </em><em>consumption, energy consumption, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio. </em><em>All of data except average daily gain was analyzed by completely randomized </em><em>design one way classification. While average daily gain was analyzed by </em><em>covariance analyze. The result were significant followed by Duncan new multiple </em><em>range test.</em><em> </em><em>The result showed that average of </em><em>R0, RI, </em><em>R2 and </em><em>R3 </em><em>for feed consumption </em><em>430.52; 720.44; 704.44; 549.08 </em><em>gram/day, dry matter digestibility (%) </em><em>61,07; 72,46; 69,68: 63,60, organic matter digestibility (%) </em><em>64,41: 74,94; 72.41; 64,7 1, </em><em>crude protein consumption 47.66; 106.77; 85.83; 73.70 gram/day, energy consumption </em><em>281.82; 482.65; 432.67; 330.83 </em><em>gram/day, average daily gain </em><em>50.00.</em><em><sup>­</sup></em><em>1X00: 116.19; 38.10 </em><em>gram/day and feed conversion ratio </em><em>8.74; 5.61; 6.06; 15.2. </em><em>The result of variance analyze showed that feed supplementation have highly </em><em>significant effect (P&lt;0.01) on all of the data variable colected. Conclusion of this </em><em>research was supplementation of tofu waste and tempe waste could improved </em><em>performance, while soy sauce waste could not improved the performance of male </em><em>local sheep.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><em>Key words : sheep, tofu waste, tempe waste, soy sauce waste, performance</em>

Seasonal levels of serum parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and alkaline phosphatase in relation to antler cycles in white-tailed deer

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Chin Chao ◽  
Robert D. Brown ◽  
Leonard J. Deftos
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Serum Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Antler Growth ◽  
Serum Pth

Abstract. Seasonal levels of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were studied in relation to antler growth cycles in 8 male (2.5–6 years old) white-tailed deer. Feed consumption was recorded weekly, whereas body weight was recorded biweekly. Antler length was measured from the pedicle to the tip after velvet growth was initiated. Serum samples were obtained biweekly while animals were tranquilized with xylazine hydrochloride. Serum Ca was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated during the summer. Serum P was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated only during early fall. There was an increase in serum PTH during velvet initiation in April–May, but not thereafter. CT increased during the rapid antler growth period. Serum PTH levels were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated (0.628 vs 0.884 ng/ml) during post-velvet shedding and decreased (0.602 vs 0.346 ng/ml, P < 0.05) during postantler casting. Serum AP activity was highest during rapid velvet antler growth. Feed intake was lowest in early winter, but a compensatory increase was found in late winter. Feed intake peaked in May, then gradually decreased. Body weight was maximum in November and minimum in March. It is concluded that increased PTH during velvet initiation is responsible for Ca absorption and/or mobilization. Increasing PTH levels are related to final mineralization of antlers post-velvet shedding. Higher levels of serum Ca in June–July inhibit continued increase in PTH. Increased CT during rapid antler growth may have prevented excessive bone resorption.

The partition of nutrients in ewes maintained in a moderate compared with a lean body condition in late pregnancy

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 743 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. McNeill ◽  
R. W. Kelly ◽  
I. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Fetal Size ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Free Body

The effect of ewe fatness on fetal weight at term was tested without the confounding effects of placental weight and feed intake. We hypothesised that fetal weights should be similar in fat or lean ewes with placentas of a similar size, and tested the hypothesis by manipulating nutrition so that, at mating, Merino ewes carrying a single fetus were in a medium (score 2·9, liveweight 46·6 kg) or lean (score 2·0, liveweight 40·6 kg) condition. They were maintained at this fatness difference until slaughter at Day 146 of pregnancy when fetal, placental, and maternal tissues were weighed and analysed for composition. Subgroups (n = 8 per fatness group) slaughtered at Day 110, a stage when most placental hypertrophy is complete but the majority of fetal hypertrophy is yet to occur, confirmed that the treatments differed in ewe fatness (3·82 v. 9·19 kg empty-body fat, s.e.m. = 0·960; P < 0·001) but not placental weight (487 v. 538 g, s.e.m. = 41·5, P > 0·05). By Day 146, fatness differences (4·77 v. 9·56 kg empty-body fat, s.e.m. = 0·960, P < 0·001) and placental similarities (434 v. 502 g, s.e.m. = 38·3, P > 0·05) were maintained, and both groups produced fetuses of similar size (4408 v. 4382 g, s.e.m. = 204·6, P > 0·05). However, the fetuses in the lean ewes had 20% less fat/kg fat-free body weight (24 v. 30 g/kg, s.e.m. = 1·3, P < 0·01). Fetal weight was correlated with placental weight (r = 0·70; P < 0·01) but not with ewe fatness. Fetal fatness, however, was correlated with ewe fatness (r = 0·69; P < 0·01). Ewe fatness per se did not influence fetal size but did influence the deposition of fat in the fetus, possibly via a greater ability of fatter ewes to partition more glucose toward their fetus.

GROWTH AND ACTH RESPONSES TO COLD STRESS OF YOUNG PIGS FED AD LIBITUM

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. BROWN ◽  
R. R. HACKER ◽  
G. J. KING
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Plasma Acth ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Daily Gain

Twenty-four 6-wk-old pigs were housed in individual metabolism cages and exposed for 6 wk to either 2 C or 20 C with ad libitum feed and water. The pigs at 20 C and 2 C had an average daily gain (ADG) of 544 g and 343 g (P < 0.01), respectively. Feed consumption was similar for both treatments, with feed:gain ratios being significantly lower in the 20 C group during the 1st and 3rd 2-wk periods. Spleen and kidney weights were a larger percent of ingesta-free body weight in pigs housed at 2 C. The percent body weight of livers, thyroids, testicles, seminal vesicles and bulbo-urethral glands were not statistically different between 20 C and 2 C housed pigs. Body protein and ash were 5 and 1.3% lower in the 2 C pigs. Differences in plasma ACTH between treatments within day were significant. Consistently lower levels of plasma ACTH were obtained from pigs housed at 2 C.

Effect of methionine and lysine supplementation of diets for laying hens, on production and feed intake

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 739 ◽  
Author(s):  
MW McDonald ◽  
IJ Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Multiple Regression Equation ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Egg Weight

Six diets containing five levels of methionine and two of lysme were each fed to 12 Leghorn and 12 Australorp pullets for a period of 16 weeks Body weight changes, egg production, egg weight and feed intake were measured Although responses to the diets did not differ significantly In univariate analyses, multrvarrate analysis lndicated a srgnificant interaction between breeds and diets. Increased methionine produced small, significant Increases In egg weight, although responses were inconsistent at different levels Body weight gains were not significantly different between diets. Egg production and feed consumption were significantly affected by diet?, but the pattern of response was also inconsistent. A discriminate function analysis showed a consistent response to increased methionine, which indicated that the basal diet was deficient and that the pullets required a total of 0 275% methionine in their diet Lysine supplementation produced a 'significant decrease In feed intake but had no significant effect on any other variable.A multiple regression equation relating metabolizable energy intake to the variables measured in the experiment was calculated and compared with others reported In the literature This was used to predict the requirements of the pullets for a number of essential amino acids.

scholarly journals Performance Characteristics and Nutrient Utilization by Meat Type Chicken Fed Fusarium oxysporum Degraded Brewer Dried Grain

2020 ◽  
pp. 198-204
Author(s):  
T. E. Lawal ◽  
F. A. Aderemi ◽  
O. M. Alabi ◽  
O. A. Oguntunji ◽  
M. O. Ayoola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Crude Fibre

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Fusarium oxysporum degraded Brewer dried grain (BDG) on the performance and nutrient utilization ofbroiler chicken at starter and finisher phases. Undegraded and degraded (BDG) werewas used to compound rations for broiler birds for 8 weeks. The undegraded BDG was used at 7% inclusion level and the degraded BDG was used at 3, 5, and 7%. A total of 150 day old chicks were randomly selected and allocated for 5 treatments. Thirty 30 birds were allocated to each treatment with three replicates each. Fusarium oxysporum was inoculated into BDG through Solid State Fermentation for a period of 7 days. This was used as degraded sample. There was improvement in the crude protein, ash, and gross energy after biodegradation. Biodegradation led to reduction in crude fibre, cellulose, hemicellulose, and detergent fibre content. At  starter phase, there were significant (P<0.05) (P=0.05) differences in feed consumption and body weight gain and the highest feed consumption (FC) and body weight gain  (BWG) were found in treatment 5, which contained 7% degraded BDG (DBDG) and the FC and BWG they were 88.93 and 41.07g/bird/day, respectively. At the finisher phase, there were significant (P=0.05) differences in both the average feed intake and the average body weight gain by the birds. The highest feed intake was found in treatment 5 (140 g/b/d) and the highest body weight gain was also observed in treatment 5 (78.21g/b/d). Significant differences (P=0.05) were also observed for the feed conversion ratio at the finisher phase. The best value (1.64) was recorded at the control treatment and this was followed by the value recorded for treatment 5 (1.79). The relative cost benefits revealed that it is profitable to feed broilers with F. oxysporum degraded BDG. The results showed that F. oxysporum was able to enhance the feeding value of BDG and this impacted positively on the feed consumption and body weight gain by the birds.

scholarly journals The effects of Papain Crude Extract Addition in Diets on Broilers Production Performances

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurentius Rumokoy ◽  
Endang Pudjihastuti ◽  
Ivonne Maria Untu ◽  
Wisje Lusia Toar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protease Enzyme ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Pellet Feed

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of papain crude extract addition in mash and pellet feed forms on production performance of broiler chickens in order to obtain the best level of extract papain in mash or pellet form. This natural protease enzyme was extracted from unripe papaya. A complete random design was applied in this study and it was arranged with factorial 4 * 2 and three replications. The treatments were 4 levels of papain (0, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07 %) and two physical forms of feed (mash and pellet). Broilers production parameters measured were: feed intake, body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass percentage. The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction was highly significant (P <0.01) for feed intake, body weight, carcass percentage respectively while feed conversion showed significant interaction (P <0.05). The significant differences in the feed consumption described the role of papain enzyme through treatment of CEP and the physical form of feed. The results indicate that the all treatment of papain crude extract level  both in mash and pellet feed form were able to improve feed intake, body weight, FCR and carcass percentage of broiler chickens, whereas the best performance was obtained in the treatment of 0.05% papain crude extract in mash form of diets.

scholarly journals The effect of fermented coconut waste to the growth of catfish (ClariasSp)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Farizaldi, Novirman Jamarun, Jafrinur, Yeti Marlida
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Catfish Diet

This study aimed to determine the effect of fermented coconut waste on the growth of catfish (Clariassp). The study design used was completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments included P0 (0% of fermented coconut waste in the feed), P1 (10% of fermented coconut waste in the feed), P2 (20% of fermented coconut waste in feed), and P3 (30% of fermented coconut waste in the feed). The observed variables were feed consumption, absolute body weight, feed conversion and survival rate. The results showed that using fermented coconut waste for catfish diet significantly (P <0.05) affected feed intake, absolute body weight, feed conversion and live survival of the fish. The conclusion of this research was using 20% of fermented coconut waste in the diet can increase the growth of catfish (Clariassp).

scholarly journals Effect of the composition of starter diet fed in the rearing phase on the performance and certain physiological parameters of Holstein calves

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 367-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szandra Tóth ◽  
Melinda Kovács ◽  
Brigitta Bóta ◽  
Judit Szabó-Fodor ◽  
Gábor Bakos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Rumen Microbiota

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of calf starters of different starch and fibre content on the growth, blood and rumen parameters of Holstein female calves during the pre-weaning period. A total of 60 calves were divided into two groups. Group A/B was fed according to a two-phase calf nutrition system: the calves received calf starter “A” (28.5% starch content, 16% neutral detergent fibre (NDF), 9.2% acid detergent fibre (ADF)) in days 7–45 and then calf starter “B” (14.2% starch content, 32.4% NDF, 14.3% ADF) in days 46–70. Calves of group B received calf starter “B” throughout the experimental period. The calves were weaned between 52 and 61 days of life. The data on body weight, weight gain, starter feed intake, blood metabolites and rumen fermentation parameters were collected individually. In the first phase of experiment, the starter feed consumption of A/B group was higher than that of B group (P &lt; 0.05), but it did not manifest in differences in body weight at weaning time. At some of the sampling times, the different composition of starter diets significantly (P &lt; 0.05) influenced the plasma urea, albumin, glucose and triglyceride concentrations. The consumption of diet with different starch and NDF content had no significant effect either on the composition of the rumen microbiota or on the ruminal concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia. In some cases significant correlations (–0.83 and –0.93; 0.82 and 0.90) were found between the composition of rumen microbiota and ruminal VFA concentration. Feeding a diet of higher starch content (28.5 vs 14.2%) in the first 45 days of life did not affect rumen fermentation, rumen microbiota and the most important blood metabolites, apart from a few exceptions. The production parameters of calves, including total feed intake and body weight gain, were similar in the experiment.

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