EFFECTS OF BRIEF POSTNATAL FASTING UPON BRAIN DEVELOPMENT OF RABBITS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-250
Author(s):  
Richard J. Schain ◽  
Kathy Watanabe ◽  
Shaul Harel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Group I ◽  
Time Required

Newborn animals were subjected to a two-day postnatal fast immediately after birth. These animals and control littermates matched for birth weight were killed at 60 days of age. The brain was weighed, divided into regional brain areas, and analyzed for DNA, RNA, protein, and cholesterol content. Those fasted animals whose body weight was more than 25% below the control littermate at 12 days of age exhibited a significant reduction of brain weight and constituents at 60 days of age (group II). Cholesterol accumulation was slowed to a greater extent than other constituents (84% of control values) but DNA, RNA, and protein levels were also diminished in a statistically significant manner. Those fasted animals whose body weight nearly caught up to the controls after the fast did not manifest differences of brain size and composition at 60 days of age (group I). When adjusted for life span, the timetable of resumption of weight gain in fasted rabbits is comparable to the time required for regaining birth weight of very low birth weight human infants. These data indicate that the degree of body weight catch-up after a brief postnatal fast will affect subsequent brain development in the rabbit, a species which, like the human, is a perinatal brain developer.

scholarly journals Renal function in premature infants in the neonatal period

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Anna N. Obukhova ◽  
Olga V. Khaletskaya ◽  
Elena V. Tush
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
The Third ◽  
Group I

The aim of the investigation was to assess the functional state of the kidneys of preterm infants of various gestational ages with signs of acute kidney injury. Materials and Methods. The study included 30 preterm infants born at 29 to 36 weeks gestation with signs of acute kidney injury. Patients were divided into two groups: group I included children with low body weight, born at 3236 weeks of gestation; group II with very low birth weight, born at 2931 weeks of gestation. In the study of kidney function, the main markers were analyzed serum creatinine, urea, diuresis level, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at the third week of life, as well as at discharge from the hospital when reaching the postconceptual gestational age of 36.0 [35.0; 39.0] weeks. Severity was assessed in both groups of patients. Results. In both groups of children, a slight degree of severity was recorded, the risk stage (Risk) according to the pRIFLE classification criteria (2007). The evaluation of the biochemical blood test did not show a statistically significant difference in creatinine, urea, GFR, and the rate of diuresis between groups of children with low body weight and very low birth weight. In both groups of patients, creatinine and urea levels in the third week of life exceeded the age standards. By the time the postconceptual gestational age was reached at 36.0 [35.0; 39.0] weeks, there was a statistically significant decrease in the level of these indicators in patients of both groups. In addition, it was found that premature children are at risk for the formation of hyperoxaluria (53% in the structure of crystalluria). Conclusion. Timely diagnosis of acute kidney injury in premature newborns will allow adequate therapy to prevent the progression and further formation of terminal renal failure. It is important to determine the level of excretion of oxalates in the urine to prevent the development of urolithiasis.

scholarly journals Survival rate dependent variations in retinopathy of prematurity treatment rates in very low birth weight infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Hyun Park ◽  
Jong Hee Hwang ◽  
Yun Sil Chang ◽  
Myung Hee Lee ◽  
Won Soon Park
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Target Range ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Group I

Abstract As increased oxidative stress causes increased mortality and morbidities like bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs), the conundrum of improved survival but increased ROP observed with the high oxygen saturation target range of 91–95% is difficult to explain. To determine the survival rate-dependent variation in ROP treatment rate, 6292 surviving eligible VLBWIs registered in the Korean Neonatal Network were arbitrarily grouped according to the survival rate of infants at 23–24 weeks’ gestation as group I (> 70%, n = 1626), group II (40–70%, n = 2984) and group III (< 40%, n = 1682). Despite significantly higher survival and lower BPD rates in group I than in groups II and III, the ROP treatment rate was higher in group I than in groups II and III. However, the adjusted odds ratios for ROP treatment were not significantly different between the study groups, and the ROP treatment rate in the infants at 23–24 weeks’ gestation was 21-fold higher than the infants at ≥ 27 weeks’ gestation. The controversial association between improved survival and reduced BPD reflecting quality improvement of neonatal intensive care but increased ROP treatment rate might be primarily attributed to the improved survival of the most immature infants.

scholarly journals The Effect of Caffeine Treatment during Organogenesis Period on the Birth Weight of the Rat Fetuses (Rattus norvegicus)

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hery Wijayanto ◽  
Tri Wahyu Pangestiningsih ◽  
Erdiansyah Rahmi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Pregnant Rat ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Caffeine Treatment ◽  
Group I ◽  
Fetal Birth Weight

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of caffeine treatment during organogenesis period to the fetal birth weight, using rat (Rattus norvegicus) as the animal model. Thirty-six primipararat obtained from Unit Pengembangan Hewan Percobaan, Gadjah Mada University (UPHP-GMU), 3 month old, 165-200 g body weight, were divided into 6 groups, consisted of 6 rats each. Six of the ratshave been selected based on the estrous cycles, and only rat with regular estrous were use for theexperiment. The rat then were mated, and during day 6-14 of the pregnancies were treated orally withcaffeine diluted in aquadest in dosage: placebo (1 cc aquadest) for group I (control), and 5.4, 10.8, 16.2,21.6, and 27 g/200 g body weight/day for treatment groups II-VI respectively. The pregnant rat bodyweights were determined at day 6 of pregnancies for calculating the caffeine treatment dosages. At day 20thof the pregnancies all of the pregnant rats were caesarotomized, and all of the fetuses were removed and weighed. The results showed that all of the treatment groups have significantly lower birth weightcompare to the groups control group. More over, fetal obtained from the treatment groups also showedserious subcutaneous hemorrhagic.Keywords: organogenesis, Rattus norvegicus, birth weight

Disposition of Chloramphenicol in Low Birth Weight Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-578
Author(s):  
John P. Glazer ◽  
Michele A. Danish ◽  
Stanley A. Plotkin ◽  
Sumner J. Yaffe
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Drug Disposition ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Dosage Regimens ◽  
Group I ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Group Ii

Although infrequently an antibiotic of first choice for neonates, chloramphenicol (CL) may be indicated in selected instances of infection caused by aminoglycoside-resistant enterobacteriaciae, anaerobes, and ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. Use of CL in neonates has been limited since the recognition that vascular collapse may occur as a consequence of dosage regimens tolerated by adults. With an assay that detects only active CL, we studied drug disposition in 13 low birth weight infants, eight between 1 and 8 days of age (group I), and five between 11 days and 8 weeks of age (group II). Peak serum CL concentrations ranged from 11.2 to 36.2 µg/ml in group I and from 10.0 to 36.2 µg/ml in group II, at doses ranging from 15 to 50 mg/kg/day, and 25 to 50 mg/kg/day, in groups I and II, respectively. Serum CL half-lives (T½) ranged from 10 to 36 hours in four of the eight group I patients; three of the remaining patients had T½ greater than 48 hours and the fourth patient accumulated CL in the interval between doses. T½ in group II ranged from 5.5 to 15.7 hours. Observed differences in T½ between groups I and II were statistically significant (P = .05) and could not be accounted for by factors other than postnatal age. These preliminary data suggest that although there appears to be an inverse relationship between CL T½ and postnatal age, there is sufficient variability in serum levels that monitoring must be performed in low birth weight infants treated with this drug.

Aspects of reproductive health in women with small and large for gestational age birth weight

2016 ◽  
pp. 53-55
Author(s):  
N.S. Nestertsova ◽  
◽  
L.G. Nazarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Menstrual Function ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the research was to determine the characteristics of menstrual function and the spectrum of disorders of reproductive health among women born with low weight and overweight. Materials and methods. The study included 122 healthy women of reproductive age, the city dwellers of the Eastern Ukraine, 53 (group I) of them were born weighing 2500 g or less, and 69 (group II) with body weight of 4000 g or more. To achieve this purpose conducted an anonymous survey and personal interviews. Were estimated characteristics of the formation of the menstrual function, its characteristics, the frequency of violation of menstrual cycle and the spectrum of pathology that requires medical, surgical or minimally invasive intervention. Results. This study determined the relationship of family history, perinatal development, the formation of the menstrual cycle and reproductive function in women with various deviations of body weight at birth. There was stated the relationship between weight at birth and fertility in the future. Were updated perinatal risk factors for female infertility. Were discovered the relationship between the deviation from normal body weight at birth and increased frequency of gynecological pathology, which require surgical or minimally invasive treatment, trigger factors for hormonal-metabolic disorders in the population of Eastern women. It was determined the necessity of a differentiated approach to medical care of women with different variants of the deviations of weight growth indicators at birth. Conclusion. Thus, the obtained data about the delay in sexual development and later about the high incidence of infertility in women who are born with low body weight are in agreement with the literature data, reflecting the parallelism of woman's ability to conceive, weight and growth parameters at birth. Key words: low birth weight, large for gestational age fetus, gynecological pathology, infertility.

scholarly journals Central nervous system: cholesterol turnover, brain development and neurodegeneration

2009 ◽  
Vol 390 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Dietschy
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Cholesterol Synthesis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Early Brain Development ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract The average amount of cholesterol in the whole animal equals approximately 2100 mg/kg body weight, and 15% and 23% of this sterol in the mouse and human, respectively, is found in the central nervous system. There is no detectable uptake across the blood-brain barrier of cholesterol carried in lipoproteins in the plasma, even in the newborn. However, high rates of de novo cholesterol synthesis in the glia and neurons provide the sterol necessary for early brain development. Once a stable brain size is achieved in the adult, cholesterol synthesis continues, albeit at a much lower rate, and this synthesis is just balanced by the excretion of an equal amount of sterol, either as 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol or, presumably, as cholesterol itself.

Maternal Age And Birth Weight Characteristics of Twins Born to Nulliparous Mothers: A Population Study

Twin Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Isaac Blickstein ◽  
Ran D. Goldman ◽  
Ram Mazkereth
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Significant Inverse Correlation ◽  
Twin Birth ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractIn order to examine birth weight characteristics of twins delivered to nulliparous mothers in relation to maternal age, we used a population-based cohort of Israeli twins delivered between 1993–98 to select all 4793 (37.6%) nulliparas who delivered twins. Maternal age was subdivided as less than 20 years, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, and 40 years or more. We counted the frequencies of each total twin birth weight (twin A+twin B) in each of three categories (less than 3000, 3000–4999, and more than 5000 g) and the frequency of very low birth weight (VLBW, less than 1500 g) neonates in each of the six maternal age categories. There were significantly more nulliparas in the twin population at age groups less 30 years and significantly less at ages 30 years or more. We found a highly significant inverse correlation between the proportion of nulliparas and maternal age group, decreasing from 71.8% at less than 20 years to 18.6% at age 35–39 years (% nulliparas = 85 − 13.7 × age group, Pearson R2 = 0.98). However, this trend changed abruptly to the observed figure of 25.9% nulliparas aged 40 years or more instead of the expected 2.8%. We failed to reveal any significant difference in birth weight characteristics between the maternal age groups (all p > 0.05, all confidence intervals included 1.0). The more than tenfold deviation of the observed from the predicted frequency of nulliparas aged 40 years or more suggests that a different relationship between parity and age occurs at this age group. Maternal age of nulliparas is not associated with different birth weight characteristics of their twins.

Effect of inulin extracts or inulin-containing plant supplement on blood lipid indices and fatty acid profile in fattener tissues

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.R. Grela ◽  
S. Sobolewska ◽  
T. Roziński
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Additive Group ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Group I ◽  
Crossbred Pigs

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of inulin or dandelion, chicory and Jerusalem artichoke powder on lipid indices and fatty acid profile in fattener tissues. The experiment involved 120 crossbred pigs (PL × PLW) × Duroc with an initial body weight of 25.0 ± 0.5 kg. Animals were assigned into 6 groups. A diet for group I (control) did not comprise an inulin additive, group II and III received 2% inulin (water or water-alcohol extraction of inulin from chicory root, respectively), while the mixtures for group IV, V and VI contained 4% root powder from Jerusalem artichoke (topinambur), chicory or dandelion, respectively. The animals were slaughtered at 115 kg body weight. The samples of blood, liver and the muscle longissimus dorsi tissues as well as whole hearts were collected for analysis. Fatty acid profile, some lipid indices and crude fat and cholesterol content were evaluated. Dietary supplement of 40 g dandelion powder resulted in preferable significant changes in the blood lipid indices and fatty acids composition (increased PUFA share and decreased n-6/n-3 ratio).

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