Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat grown in the Australian northern grains region

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Schwenke ◽  
S. R. Simpfendorfer ◽  
B. C. Y. Collard
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Delayed Flowering

During the 2007 winter cropping season in Australia, severe leaf-spotting (necrosis) symptoms resembling chloride (Cl–) deficiency found in North America were reported in the newly released durum wheat variety Jandaroi. Testing for bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens all proved negative. Four Australian durum and four Australian bread wheat varieties were grown, along with a North American variety of each, in a glasshouse experiment using a sterile sand–vermiculite mix and nutrient solutions containing 0 (nil), 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mm Cl–. When grown in the nil Cl– solution, all durum and some bread wheat varieties produced leaf-spotting symptoms the same as observed in the field. Nil Cl– also delayed flowering, reduced biomass, decreased grain size, and depressed grain yield in most durum and bread wheat varieties. In field experiments, additions of Cl– fertiliser as KCl at sowing provided no biomass or yield response from a range of wheat varieties, probably because the plants accessed sufficient Cl– from below 0.9 m depth in the soil. Chloride concentrations in whole-plant tissue sampled at head emergence suggested that unfertilised plants were borderline deficient in Cl– according to critical values established in North America. An in-crop foliar Cl– application experiment showed linear uptake of applied Cl–, as MgCl2, until the end of tillering. However, because leaf-spotting symptoms typically appear only after tillering, it is not possible to correct Cl– deficiency by adding Cl– fertiliser to the affected crop after symptoms appear. Managing Cl– in susceptible crops therefore needs to be preventative rather than curative. Among commercial varieties, Jandaroi was highly sensitive to low Cl–, Caparoi was moderately sensitive, and EGA Bellaroi was tolerant. Several elite durum breeding lines grown in 2010 showed considerably reduced leaf spotting compared with Jandaroi under low Cl– conditions, indicating potential for conventional breeding to reduce the potential impact of low Cl– soils on durum production in northern Australia.

scholarly journals The effect of varietal traits of durum wheat on the technological and baking qualities of flour when mixed with bread wheat

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
E. N. Shabolkina ◽  
N. V. Anisimkina
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Mutual Compensation ◽  
Improvement Effect

The development of bakery industry is possible due to the use of such non-traditional raw materials as durum wheat. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the effect of varietal traits of durum wheat when mixed with bread wheat according to the results of rheological parameters of dough, technological and bakery estimation of flour. There have been studied technological indicators of grain, rheological and physical parameters of dough, general bakery estimation. There has been established that the high gas-forming ability of durum wheat allows it to be used (30%) as bread wheat improver during baking. However, the positive effect was present not in all years of the study. There has been estimated an improvement effect due to mutual compensation of the missing components and complementarity of the bread and durum wheat varieties. There was found that in 2008, 2010 there was practically no improvement effect when durum wheat flour was added to the mixture in a ratio of 30:70%. There was established that in 2015 the maximum bread volume of 930 cm3 and a good bakery estimation (flat surface, oval shape, golden brown crust, as well as fine thin-walled porosity with elastic light crumb) were obtained by adding bread wheat varieties to durum wheat varieties, which during the year of the study there was formed weak grain (dilute of dough was 110 u.f.; valorigraphic number was 46 u.v.). In 2020, the varieties used in the mixtures of both spring bread and durum wheat were of high quality, and bakery estimation gave excellent indicators both in the control (the variety ‘Tulaykovskaya 108’ with 1300 cm3) and in the mixtures with 1140–1255 cm3; the appearance of bread and crumb in almost all variants had an excellent mark. The largest volume of bread, 1255 cm3, was obtained when the durum wheat variety ‘Bezenchukskaya Niva’ was added to the mixture. Adding durum wheat flour to the mixture in an amount of 30:70% when baking bread reduced its staleness by 6.5% relative to the control (bread wheat); bread remains fresh for a long time with an elastic, quickly regenerated crumb.

Seasonal dependence of wheat variety response to superphosphate

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Jessop ◽  
B. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Seasonal Dependence ◽  
Dwarf Variety

SummaryTwo field experiments were made to examine differences in wheat variety response to applied superphosphate. In the first experiment, conducted under dry conditions, both yield and yield response to superphosphate were low; in the second experiment some semi-dwarf wheats showed a greater response than standard-height wheat varieties. The semi-dwarf wheats had a greater proportion of plant phosphorus in the reproductive sections of the plant at maturity. The semi-dwarf variety Israel M 68 also showed the greatest increase in root production following the application of superphosphate.

scholarly journals Yield performance and stability of modern breeding stock of spring durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) from Russia and Kazakhstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 939-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Mal’chikov ◽  
M. A. Rozova ◽  
A. I. Morgunov ◽  
M. G. Myasnikova ◽  
Yu. I. Zelensky
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Ecological Sites ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Modern Breeding ◽  
Research Institute

Identifcation of adaptive responses of breeding material, developed in different breeding centers, helps to purposefully correct these traits where it is necessary. Thus, 42 modern breeding lines from eight institutions of Russia and Kazakhstan were studied in comparison with the historical standard Bezenchukskaya 139 in trails of 16-17 and 18 KASIB-SDW (Kazakhstan-Siberian net for wheat improvement, spring durum wheat) in 2015–2017. Field experiments and yield measurements in each ecological cite were similar. To solve these tasks of the experiment, two-factor ANOVA, methods for adaptability assessment cluster analysis and principle component method were applied. As a result, it was established that 1) genotype and genotype – environment interaction (overall 15.8–23.5 % of total dispersion) had signifcant effect on yield variability; 2) genotype – environment interactions were of linear nature and had no destabilizing effect; 3) all the genotypes tested can be distributed in three clusters, the frst one for locally adapted varieties, the third for varieties of a wide areal, the second included genotypes with intermediate characteristics; 4) breeding centers of the Federal Altai Scientifc Centre of Agro-Biotechnologies and of the Research Institute of Agriculture of South-East produced predominantly varieties of local importance, the Samara Research Institute of Agriculture – varieties of wide area; 5) a stable trend of increased mean yield compared to historical standard Bezenchukskaya 139 over ecological sites was observed only for Samara varieties; 6) varieties of all the breeding centers had no stable difference from Bezenchukskaya 139 concerning stability and responsiveness, which can be explained by an incomplete breeding process for these parameters and confrms the importance of the KASIB program; 7) a trend of yield increase compared to Bezenchukskaya 139 under testing in defnite local environments had more stable parameters with the largest progress observed in the Altai Research Institute of Agriculture (135.4 and 163.2 % to Bezenchukskaya 139), which can be explained by a high efciency of breeding of locally adapted varieties in the breeding center.

scholarly journals The spring durum wheat variety ‘Bezenchukskaya Yubileinaya’

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
P. N. Malchikov ◽  
M. G. Myasnikova ◽  
T. V. Chukheeva
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Variety Testing ◽  
Research Institute

The Middle Volga region is traditionally a production region of high-quality durum wheat. For sustainable grain crop production, a system of durum wheat varieties’ breeding is being developed here. For its diversification there has been developed the new variety ‘Bezenchukskaya Yubileinaya’. The breeding process from hybridization of the variety to its study in the competitive variety testing was carried out in the experimental plots of the Samara Research Institute of Agriculture. The competitive variety testing was carried out in parallel at the Federal Altai Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology. There was conducted the ecological and geographical study in the KASIB system for 2 years (in 2017 and 2018) in 9 eco-points of various institutions in Russia and Kazakhstan. During the period of the variety development (2004–2020) there were spring and summer droughts, one being very strong and 6 being strong, 2 being strong spring and one strong summer droughts, one moderate spring-summer and one moderate spring drought. In the same period, there was an epiphytotics of various pathogens for 5 years. When studied in the competitive variety testing, there were severe spring-summer droughts in 2016, 2018, 2019; there was an epiphytotics of leaf blotches (fusarium, pyrenophorosis) and stem rust in 2016. The years 2017 and 2020 were favorable for the grain yield formation. The realized productivity of the variety ‘Bezenchukskaya Yubileinaya’ was 6.04 t/ha at FSBSI FANTSA (Altai Research Institute of Agriculture) in 2018. In the competitive variety testing of the Samara Research Institute of Agriculture, the new variety productivity exceeded that of the standard one on 0.25 t/ha for 5 years. According to drought resistance, resistance to leaf rust, the variety had an advantage over the standard one. The variety is resistant (R/MR type of resistance) to leaf blotches, grain and pasta quality is at the standard level. The purpose of the current work was to describe the methods of development, properties and testing traits of the new variety.

scholarly journals Yasenka’ is a new word in obtaining the ‘golden grain’ of durum wheat

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
А. А. Mudrova ◽  
A. S. Yanovsky ◽  
L. А. Bespalova ◽  
А. N. Borovik
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The Russian Federation

The purpose of the current study was to develop a new drought-resistant initial material, adapted to local conditions and spring durum wheat varieties on its basis. Due to the method of intraspecific hybridization and individual selection, there has been developed the spring durum wheat variety ‘Yasenka’ in the F5 hybrid combination obtained from crossing the varieties ‘Lilek x Nikolasha’. The developed variety is short-stemmed, middle maturing, resistant to drought and lodging. Its potential productivity is high, due to the maximum yield of 6.44 tons per hectare obtained in 2017 when sowing after peas. On average, over three years of competitive variety testing (2015–2017), its yield was 6.02 tons per hectare, which is higher than that of the varieties ‘Volnodonskaya’ on 1.08 and ‘Nikolasha’ on 0.40 tons per hectare. There has been found an advantage in terms of productivity over other varieties when sowing at a later date. Grain and pasta quality indicators are high. When evaluating grain according to the international standard ISO 21415-2, the variety ‘Yasenka’ showed a high Gluten Index (94) and a Minolta color index “b” (30), which corre- sponds to the world quality level. Under natural conditions, it is characterized by field resistance to the main leaf fungal diseases. Against the background of artificial infection, there has been established high resistance to head smut, powdery mildew and hard smut, resistance to septoria blotch and brown rust, moderate susceptibility to head blight. The variety has been included into the State List of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation since 2018 and it’s protected by the patent of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Foliar fungicide application as management strategie to minimize the growing threat of yellow rust on wheat in Portugal

2018 ◽  
pp. 715
Author(s):  
Conceição Gomes, Ana Sofia Almeida, José Coutinho, Rita Costa, Nuno Pinheiro ◽  
João Coco, Armindo Costa, Ana Sofia Bagulho and Benvindo Maçãs
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Escape Behavior ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Fungicide Application

Yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a foliar wheat disease that cause significant yield losses in Portuguese bread and durum wheat yield, mainly in recent years. The strategies to disease control include cultural practices (crop rotation, use of balanced fertilizers, framework of planting dates), use of resistant varieties and fungicide application. The concern of modern plant breeding has been the improvement of new varieties with escape behavior to diseases and/or genetic resistance, but currently, the use of chemical produts offers a pratical and rapid response solution to combat rust outbreaks. In the present study, field experiments were conducted from 2013/2014 to 2016/2017 growing seasons to evaluate: 1) resistance levels against yellow rust in some bread and durum wheat varieties widely used by Portuguese farmers; 2) the opportunity of application of fungicide in the control of Puccinia striiformis in two stages of plant development; 3) gains obtained in each situation in yield and thousand kernel weight (TKW) compared to the control without fungicide application. This study allows to conclude that the need to use fungicide sprays it´s related not only on the carry over of rust inoculum in crop, but also of the races/strains of P. striiformis occurring in a region, the crop growth stage at time of symptom appearance and on variety level of resistance.

scholarly journals Factors influencing Adoption of improved bread wheat technologies: a double hurdle approach in Northern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Negussie Siyum ◽  
Almaz Giziew ◽  
Azanaw Abebe
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Double Hurdle ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Bread Wheat Variety

Abstract This study was conducted in Meket District, Amhara National Regional State, in northern Ethiopia. Cross-sectional data collected from 214 randomly selected farm households via a structured interview protocol was used for the study. Double-hurdle model was to identify factors affecting the probability of adoption and intensity of use of improved bread wheat varieties and associated technologies in the study area. The first hurdle of the model suggests number of oxen owned by household, mobile phone ownership, education level of the household head and access to extension services significantly affected the probability of any improved bread wheat variety adoption. The intensity of improved bread wheat variety adoption was significantly associated with ownership of main plots, participation in on-farm demonstrations, perception towards shattering problems of local bread wheat varieties, and annual income of household. The findings of this study highlight the importance of economic(such as number of oxen) and institutional(such as access to extension) factors related to agricultural extension and communication, the participation of farmers in on-farm demonstrations, wealth creation and acknowledging farmers’ perception regarding improved bread wheat variety attributes. Development interventions should strive to target such economic, institutional, and psychological factors to promote wider adoption of improved bread wheat technologies.

scholarly journals Content of phenolic antioxidants and selenium in grain of einkorn (Triticum monococcum), emmer (Triticum dicoccum) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lachman ◽  
D. Miholová ◽  
V. Pivec ◽  
K. Jírů ◽  
D. Janovská
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Hydride Generation ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Emmer Wheat ◽  
Phenolic Antioxidants ◽  
Selenium Content ◽  
Total Polyphenols ◽  
Wheat Varieties

Wheat is worldwide consumed and contributes significantly to the intake of antioxidants with beneficial healthy effects. In the precise two-year field experiments in 2008 and 2009 two varieties of wheat einkorn, two varieties of emmer wheat and three varieties of spring wheat and in 2009 in addition two other spring wheat varieties, three einkorn varieties and three emmer wheat varieties were evaluated for selenium content and antioxidants – total polyphenols (TP). Selenium content was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation technique (HGAAS) and total polyphenols with Folin-Ciocalteau assay. Higher selenium content in grain is related to emmer (58.9–68.4 mg/kg DM) and einkorn (50.0–54.8 mg/kg DM) varieties; in spring varieties selenium content ranged from 29.8 to 39.9 mg/kg DM. Among the varieties with high TP (expressed in gallic acid equivalents) emmer varieties prevail (584–692 mg/kg DM), less represented are einkorn (507–612 mg/kg DM) and spring wheat (502–601 mg/kg DM) varieties. Among varieties significant differences were determined. TP were significantly higher in emmer wheat varieties and one einkorn and one spring wheat variety. Between TP and Se significant linear correlation was determined (r = 0.709).  

Effect of previous crops on crown rot and yield of durum and bread wheat in northern NSW

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Kirkegaard ◽  
S. Simpfendorfer ◽  
J. Holland ◽  
R. Bambach ◽  
K. J. Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Trichoderma Spp

The effect of previous crops (oilseed, legume, and cereal) on the incidence and severity of crown rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum, Fp) and yield of wheat was investigated in 3 field studies in northern New South Wales. The experiments were designed to compare the effectiveness of the Brassica break crops canola (Brassica napus L.) and mustard (B. juncea L.) with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) on reduction of Fp in subsequent wheat crops. Responses to previous broadleaf and cereal crops were investigated in Fp-tolerant bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Fp-susceptible durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Dest.)]. In all experiments, broadleaf break crops increased the yield of Fp-susceptible durum wheat compared with durum after cereals (by 0.24–0.89 t/ha). The same response was observed for the Fp-tolerant wheat at 2 of the 3 sites (0.71 and 0.78 t/ha), with a lower yield (0.13 t/ha) after break crops than after cereals at one site during a drought. The yield of the Fp-susceptible durum wheat was generally higher after brassicas than after chickpea (yield advantage 0.27–0.58�t/ha), whereas there was no such difference in the tolerant wheat variety. In most cases, these yield responses to the previous crops were closely related to the severity of Fp infection. Overall yield of susceptible durum wheat was reduced by 1% for each 1% increase in Fp severity at harvest. Residual water and nitrogen (N) did not explain responses to previous crops, although common root rot (Bipolaris sorokiniana) may have contributed to some of the responses at the sites. There was little evidence that the lower disease and higher yield following brassicas compared with chickpea was related to suppression of Fp by biofumigation. More plausible explanations are that residual cereal residues decomposed more rapidly under dense Brassica canopies thus reducing Fp inoculum, that Fp severity was increased following chickpea due to higher soil N status, or that brassicas resulted in soil/residue biology that was less conducive to Fp inoculum survival. Evidence for the latter was provided by consistently higher levels of Trichoderma spp. isolated from wheat following brassicas compared with chickpea or cereals. Irrespective of the mechanisms involved, the results demonstrate that Brassica oilseeds provide an effective break crop for crown rot in northern NSW. Furthermore, brassicas may provide an excellent alternative rotation crop to chickpea for high value durum wheat due to an apparent capacity to more effectively reduce the severity of crown rot infection in subsequent crops.

scholarly journals An Exploration of Deep-Learning Based Phenotypic Analysis to Detect Spike Regions in Field Conditions for UK Bread Wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahani Alkhudaydi ◽  
Daniel Reynolds ◽  
Simon Griffiths ◽  
Ji Zhou ◽  
Beatriz de la Iglesia
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Convolutional Network ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Climate Conditions

Wheat is one of the major crops in the world, with a global demand expected to reach 850 million tons by 2050 that is clearly outpacing current supply. The continual pressure to sustain wheat yield due to the world’s growing population under fluctuating climate conditions requires breeders to increase yield and yield stability across environments. We are working to integrate deep learning into field-based phenotypic analysis to assist breeders in this endeavour. We have utilised wheat images collected by distributed CropQuant phenotyping workstations deployed for multiyear field experiments of UK bread wheat varieties. Based on these image series, we have developed a deep-learning based analysis pipeline to segment spike regions from complicated backgrounds. As a first step towards robust measurement of key yield traits in the field, we present a promising approach that employ Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) to perform semantic segmentation of images to segment wheat spike regions. We also demonstrate the benefits of transfer learning through the use of parameters obtained from other image datasets. We found that the FCN architecture had achieved a Mean classification Accuracy (MA) >82% on validation data and >76% on test data and Mean Intersection over Union value (MIoU) >73% on validation data and and >64% on test datasets. Through this phenomics research, we trust our attempt is likely to form a sound foundation for extracting key yield-related traits such as spikes per unit area and spikelet number per spike, which can be used to assist yield-focused wheat breeding objectives in near future.

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