Lutein esterification in wheat endosperm is controlled by the homoeologous group 7, and is increased by the simultaneous presence of chromosomes 7D and 7Hch from Hordeum chilense

The high carotenoid content in tritordeum (×Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner) grains is derived from its wild parent, Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schulz. Phytoene synthase 1 (Psy1) is located on chromosome 7HchS and plays a major role in this trait. This study investigates the impact of the introgression of chromosome 7Hch into common wheat background on carotenoid composition, including xanthophylls esterified with fatty acids (monoesters and diesters). All of the genetic stocks carrying Psy1 from H. chilense increased their carotenoid content relative to common wheat. In addition, significant changes in the carotenoid profile were detected in different genetic stocks. The most relevant was the increase in content of lutein diesters when both 7Hch and 7D were present, which indicates the existence of genes involved in the esterification of xanthophylls in both chromosomes. Furthermore, our results suggest that 7Hch genes preferentially esterify lutein with palmitic acid, whereas 7D is either indifferent to the fatty acid or it prefers linoleic acid for lutein esterification. The involvement and complementarity of 7Hch and 7D are highly significant considering the scarcity of previous results on lutein esterification in wheat.

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Development of wheat—Hordeum chilense Chromosome 2Hch Introgression Lines Potentially Useful for Improving Grain Quality Traits

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9090493 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 493 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Palomino ◽

Cabrera

Keyword(s):

Structural Changes ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Hordeum Chilense ◽

Addition Line ◽

Quality Traits ◽

Homoeologous Group ◽

Group 2 ◽

Cos Markers

The chromosome 2Hch of Hordeum chilense. has the potential to improve seed carotenoid content in wheat as it carries a set of endosperm carotenoid-related genes. We have obtained structural changes in chromosome 2Hch in a common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. “Chinese Spring”) background by crossing a wheat double disomic substitution 2Hch(2D) and 7Hch(7D) line with a disomic addition line carrying chromosome 2Cc from Aegilops cylindrica Host.. Seven introgressions of chromosome 2Hch into wheat were characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and DNA markers. Chromosome-specific simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were used for identifying wheat chromosomes. In addition, we tested 82 conserved orthologous set (COS) markers for homoeologous group 2, of which 65 amplified targets in H. chilense and 26 showed polymorphism between H. chilense and wheat. A total of 24 markers were assigned to chromosome 2Hch with eight allocated to 2HchS and 16 to 2HchL. Among the seven introgressions there was a disomic substitution line 2Hch(2D), a ditelosomic addition line for the 2HchL arm, an isochromosome for the 2HchL arm, a homozygous centromeric 2HchS·2DL translocation, a double monosomic 2HchS·2DL plus 7HchS·D translocation, a homozygous centromeric 7HchS·2HchL translocation and, finally, a 2HchL·7HchL translocation. Wheat—H. chilense macrosyntenic comparisons using COS markers revealed that H. chilense chromosome 2Hch exhibits synteny to wheat homoeologous group 2 chromosomes, and the COS markers assigned to this chromosome will facilitate alien gene introgression into wheat. The genetic stocks developed here include new wheat—H. chilense recombinations which are useful for studying the effect of chromosome 2Hch on grain quality traits.

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Identification of candidate genes for lutein esterification in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) using physical mapping and genomics tools

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp18531 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (7) ◽

pp. 567 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

C. M. Ávila ◽

M. C. Palomino ◽

D. Hornero-Méndez ◽

S. G. Atienza

Keyword(s):

Candidate Genes ◽

Common Wheat ◽

Physical Mapping ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Lower Amount ◽

Hordeum Chilense ◽

Main Gene ◽

Genomics Tools ◽

Different Genetic Background ◽

Triticum Durum Desf

A high carotenoid content is important for the production of pasta from durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and yellow alkaline noodle from common wheat (T. aestivum L.). Carotenoid esters are more stable than free carotenoid during storage and processing, and thus they allow a higher retention through the food chain. Chromosome 7D carries gene(s) for lutein esterification. The aim of this study was the physical mapping of the gene(s) for lutein esterification on chromosome 7D and the identification of candidate genes for this trait. We developed crosses between a set of deletion lines for chromosome 7D in Chinese Spring (CS) background and the CS–Hordeum chilense substitution line CS(7D)7Hch. The F2 progeny derived from the deletion line 7DS4 produced a lower amount of lutein esters, which indicates that the main gene for lutein esterification is in the region of chromosome 7D lacking in 7DS4. Other gene(s) are contributing to lutein esterification because small amounts of lutein esters are produced in 7DS4. Genotyping by DArTSeq revealed that 7DS4 lacks a 127.7 Mb region of 7DS. A set of 10 candidate genes for lutein esterification was identified by using the wheat reference genome sequence along with the Wheat Expression Browser. This region contains the Lute locus previously identified in a different genetic background. Four genes with acyltransferase or GDSL esterase/lipase activity were identified in the vicinity of Lute. Our results indicate that the gene TraesCS7D01G094000 is a likely candidate for Lute but the gene TraesCS7D01G093200 cannot be ruled out. The candidate genes reported in this work are worthy for further investigation.

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Durum Wheat (Triticum durum L.) Landraces Reveal Potential for the Improvement of Grain Carotenoid Esterification in Breeding Programs

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10040757 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 757

Author(s):

María Dolores Requena-Ramírez ◽

Dámaso Hornero-Méndez ◽

Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez ◽

Sergio G. Atienza

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Relative Content ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Hordeum Chilense ◽

Human Diet ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Yellow Pigments ◽

Carotenoid Profile ◽

Remarkable Advance ◽

Β Carotene

Carotenoids are essential in the human diet for their important functions in health. Besides, they are responsible for the yellow pigments desirable for industrial quality in durum wheat. The remarkable carotenoid content of durum wheat endosperm is mostly due to lutein. However, lutein esters have not been previously detected in durum wheat as in other cereals such as common wheat, tritordeum or Hordeum chilense. Esterification increases carotenoid stability and allows greater retention and accumulation through the food chain. Therefore, carotenoid esterification is revealed as a new key target in breeding. We characterized the carotenoid profile of 156 accessions of the Spanish durum wheat collection, searching for landraces with esterification ability. Interestingly, four accessions produced lutein monoesters and diesters. Also, traces of lutein monoesters were detected in eleven accessions. The identification of the first durum wheat accessions with esterification ability reported herein is a remarkable advance for carotenoid biofortification. Furthermore, variation for the relative content of zeaxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene was also observed. This diversity for the β,ε and β,β branches of the carotenogenic pathway also represents a new opportunity for breeding for specific carotenoids in biofortification programs.

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Plant Carotenoids as Pigment Sources in Laying Hen Diets: Effect on Yolk Color, Carotenoid Content, Oxidative Stability and Sensory Properties of Eggs

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10040721 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 721

Author(s):

Kristina Kljak ◽

Klaudija Carović-Stanko ◽

Ivica Kos ◽

Zlatko Janječić ◽

Goran Kiš ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stability ◽

Egg Yolk ◽

Sensory Properties ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Total Carotenoid ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Total Carotenoid Content ◽

Dietary Content ◽

Sensory Color ◽

Carotenoid Profile

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a supplementation diet for hens consisting of dried basil herb and flowers of calendula and dandelion for color, carotenoid content, iron-induced oxidative stability, and sensory properties of egg yolk compared with commercial pigment (control) and marigold flower. The plant parts were supplemented in diets at two levels: 1% and 3%. In response to dietary content, yolks from all diets differed in carotenoid profile (p < 0.001). The 3% supplementation level resulted in a similar total carotenoid content as the control (21.25 vs. 21.79 μg/g), but by 3-fold lower compared to the 3% marigold (66.95 μg/g). The tested plants did not achieve yolk color fan values as the control (13.47) or 3% marigold (11.47), and among them, calendula had the highest values (9.73). Despite the low carotenoid content in diets supplemented with basil herb, iron-induced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was low as for marigold (on average 106.83 vs. 92.68 ng/g after 250 min). The treatments differed in sensory color scores for fresh and hard-boiled yolks and flavor while other sensory properties were similar. In conclusion, the supplementation of plants in a hen diet may result in yolks containing carotenoids and other compounds showing a high antioxidant effect.

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Retention of Pro-Vitamin A Content in Products from New Biofortified Cassava Varieties

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods8050177 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 177 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Toluwalope Emmanuel Eyinla ◽

Busie Maziya-Dixon ◽

Oladeji Emmanuel Alamu ◽

Rasaki Ajani Sanusi

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Standard Methods ◽

Percentage Retention ◽

New Varieties ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

The Impact ◽

Β Carotene ◽

Cassava Varieties

Plant breeding efforts in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have produced biofortified cassava with high carotenoid content to address vitamin A deficiencies (VAD). Since carotenoids in foods are easily depleted during processing, the retention of β-carotene in some newly released cassava varieties is under query. From four of these new varieties, two commonly consumed products (gari and its dough) were processed according to standard methods. Retention of β-carotene was then probed after applying fermentation periods of a day and three days. The possible contribution of the products to Vitamin A intake in children, adolescents, and women was also assessed. The concentration of β-carotene in fresh Cassava roots ranged from 5.32 to 7.81 µg/g. The percentage retention ranged from 14.4 to 29.3% and 10 to 21.7% in gari fermented for one and three days respectively. The impact of varietal difference and length of fermentation was significant on retention in the intermediate and final products (p < 0.001). When compared with dietary intake data, cooking biofortified gari into its dough reduced Vitamin A intake in most varieties. We conclude that processing Cassava into gari (especially its dough) could hinder the retention of β-carotene however some varieties have retention advantage over others irrespective of the initial concentration in their fresh roots.

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Mediation of a GDSL Esterase/Lipase in Carotenoid Esterification in Tritordeum Suggests a Common Mechanism of Carotenoid Esterification in Triticeae Species

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2020.592515 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

María Dolores Requena-Ramírez ◽

Sergio G. Atienza ◽

Dámaso Hornero-Méndez ◽

Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez

Keyword(s):

Carotenoid Content ◽

Hordeum Chilense ◽

Common Mechanism ◽

Specific Marker ◽

Grain Development ◽

Human Diet ◽

Cysteine Substitution ◽

Triticeae Species ◽

Allele Specific ◽

Strong Candidate

Carotenoids are essential in human diet, so that the development of programs toward carotenoid enhancement has been promoted in several crops. The cereal tritordeum, the amphiploid derived from the cross between Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schulz. and durum wheat has a remarkable carotenoid content in the endosperm. Besides, a high proportion of these carotenoids are esterified with fatty acids. The identification of the gene(s) responsible for xanthophyll esterification would be useful for breeding as esterified carotenoids show an increased ability to accumulate within plant cells and have a higher stability during post-harvest storage. In this work, we analyzed five genes identified as candidates for coding the xanthophyll acyltransferase (XAT) enzyme responsible for lutein esterification in H. chilense genome. All these genes were expressed during grain development in tritordeum, but only HORCH7HG021460 was highly upregulated. Sequence analysis of HORCH7HG021460 revealed a G-to-T transversion, causing a Glycine to Cysteine substitution in the protein of H290 (the only accession not producing quantifiable amounts of lutein esters, hereinafter referred as zero-ester) of H. chilense compared to the esterifying genotypes. An allele-specific marker was designed for the SNP detection in the H. chilense diversity panel. From the 93 accessions, only H290 showed the T allele and the zero-ester phenotype. Furthermore, HORCH7HG021460 is the orthologue of XAT-7D, which encodes a XAT enzyme responsible for carotenoid esterification in wheat. Thus, HORCH7HG021460 (XAT-7Hch) is a strong candidate for lutein esterification in H. chilense and tritordeum, suggesting a common mechanism of carotenoid esterification in Triticeae species. The transference of XAT-7Hch to wheat may be useful for the enhancement of lutein esters in biofortification programs.

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The level of putative carotenoid-binding proteins determines the body color in two species of endemic Lake Baikal amphipods

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.9387 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e9387

Author(s):

Polina Drozdova ◽

Alexandra Saranchina ◽

Mariya Morgunova ◽

Alena Kizenko ◽

Yulia Lubyaga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lake Baikal ◽

Binding Proteins ◽

The Body ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Body Color ◽

Total Carotenoid Content ◽

Color Morphs ◽

Carotenoid Composition ◽

Coloration Patterns ◽

Odorant Binding

Color is an essential clue for intra- and interspecies communication, playing a role in selection and speciation. Coloration can be based on nanostructures and pigments; carotenoids and carotenoproteins are among the most widespread pigments in animals. Over 350 species and subspecies of amphipods (Crustacea: Amphipoda) endemic to Lake Baikal exhibit an impressive variability of colors and coloration patterns, including intraspecific color morphs. However, the mechanisms forming this diversity are underexplored, as while the carotenoid composition of several transparent, green, and red species was investigated, there have been no reports on the corresponding carotenoid-binding proteins. In this work, we analyze the coloration of two brightly colored Baikal amphipods characterized by intraspecific color variability, Eulimnogammarus cyaneus and E. vittatus. We showed that the color of either species is defined by the level of putative carotenoid-binding proteins similar to the pheromone/odorant-binding protein family, as the concentration of these putative crustacyanin analogs was higher in blue or teal-colored animals than in the orange- or yellow-colored ones. At the same time, the color did not depend on the total carotenoid content, as it was similar between animals of contrasting color morphs. By exploring the diversity of these sequences within a larger phylogeny of invertebrate crustacyanins, we show that amphipods lack orthologs of the well-studied crustacyanins A and C, even though they possess some crustacyanin-like sequences. The analysis of expression levels in E. cyaneus showed that the transcripts encoding crustacyanin analogs had much higher expression than the crustacyanin-like sequences, suggesting that the former indeed contribute to the color of these brightly colored animals. The crustacyanin analogs seem to act in a similar way to the well-studied crustacyanins in body color formation, but the details of their action are still to be revealed.

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The Impact of an Inert Gas Atmosphere on the Kinetics of Changes in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Carrot Lyophilisate

International Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijfe-2018-0414 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1-2) ◽

Author(s):

D. Nowak

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Storage Time ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Sorption Properties ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Gas Atmosphere ◽

Colour Parameters ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyse the impact of blanching, the atmosphere of nitrogen and storage time on carotenoids content, colour and sorption properties of freeze-dried carrot. The material was stored for up to 16 weeks, in the dark, at room temperature. The colour was measured on the surface and in cross sections. As the storage time increased, there was a continual decrease in the carotenoids content in the carrot packed in atmospheric air. In the carrots packed in the atmosphere of nitrogen, no changes in carotenoid content were observed. The colour parameters correlated with the changes in the carotenoids content. The colour parameters changed on the surface and in cross sections in the same manner. During storage, a significant decrease in sorption properties of freeze-dried carrots was noted after 2 weeks of storage.

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Exploitation of nuclear and cytoplasm variability in Hordeum chilense for wheat breeding

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262111000402 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 313-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez ◽

María J. Giménez ◽

María C. Ramírez ◽

Azahara C. Martín ◽

Natalia Gutierrez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽

Female Parent ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Septoria Tritici Blotch ◽

Septoria Tritici ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Hordeum Chilense ◽

Male Sterile ◽

Alloplasmic Lines ◽

Ideal System

Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schultz. is a diploid wild barley native to Chile and Argentina. The high crossability of this species with other members of the Triticeae tribe promoted the development of the new species × Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner. Hexaploid tritordeum was developed from the hybrid derived from the cross between H. chilense (used as female parent) and durum wheat. The interest of H. chilense is based on the presence of traits potentially useful for wheat breeding, including high endosperm carotenoid content, septoria tritici blotch resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. Besides, the variability at cytoplasm level is also important in this species. The development of common wheat–H. chilense alloplasmic lines (nucleus from wheat and cytoplasm from H. chilense) results in fertile or male sterile genotypes, depending on the accession donating the cytoplasm. Furthermore, these alloplasmic lines constitute an ideal system for deepening our knowledge on nuclear–cytoplasm interactions. In conclusion, H. chilense is an interesting source of variability for wheat breeding.

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