Variation in maturity, stolon development and frost resistance of Glycine javanica

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (23) ◽  
pp. 380 ◽  
Author(s):  
LA Edye ◽  
HJ Kiers
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Early Variety ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Discontinuous Variation ◽  
Late Maturity ◽  
Maturity Type ◽  
Stolon Development

Introductions of G. javanica showed wide variation in flowering time, seed set, seed yield, stolon development, and frost resistance at Lawes in south-eastern Queensland. The discontinuous variation in flowering time of 50 introductions over 103 days at Lawes has enabled very early, early, midseason, and late maturity types to be defined. These maturity classes hold equally well when applied at 'Lansdown' in north Queensland. With the exception of C.P.I. 25336, only very early and early introductions set seed in large areas of south-eastern Queensland where frosts are experienced in June and July. C.P.I. 25336, an early variety with an extended flowering period, did not set seed before the first heavy frost on June 24, 1961. The association of maturity type, stolon development, and frost resistance with the country of origin of the introductions is mentioned and the significance of these characters in adapting G. javanica to Australian conditions is discussed.

scholarly journals Monitoring the phenology of Forsythia velutina, an endemic plant of Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-363
Author(s):  
Jung-Won Sung ◽  
Geun-Ho Kim ◽  
Kyeong-Cheol Lee ◽  
Yun-Jin Shim ◽  
Shin-Gu Kang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Basic Data ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Endemic Plants ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

Background and objective: This study was conducted on Forsythia velutina, a special plant, in Gyeongsangnam-do Arboretum under the Gyeongsangnam-do Forest Environment Research Institute, which is located in the southern part of Korea. Methods: The research aimed to analyze the flowering characteristics of the plant by calculating the optimal temperature and humidity according to the flowering time and flowering period for 8 years from 2010 to 2017 in order to provide basic data for bioclimate studies of endemic plants. Results: It was observed that the Forsythia velutina showed a life cycle from mid-March and to mid-November. Average growth period was 243 (± 6.5) days. In testing the reliability of a single variable according to the meteorological factors, the Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.701, which indicates that the findings were relatively reliable. The average date of flowering was March 16 (SD = 5.8) and the average date on which blossoms fall was March 29 (SD = 5.2). A substantial difference in flowering period was observed from year to year 11 to 23 days, with an average of 16 days (± 4.7). The temperature and humidity in February to March, which affect the flowering, were 2.9-5.5℃, and 66.5-73.0%, respectively, and showed differences every year. Conclusion: The correlation between flowering time and meteorological factors was positive, and the highest daily temperature and average daily temperature had the highest significance. When establishing basic data on plant species for the conservation of endemic plants, the changes in life cycle events and weather conditions are identified. It is believed that it will be helpful in establishing a conservation strategy for the plant species in the future.

Undersowing wheat with annual legumes: Effects on wheat yields and legume seed yields in the south-eastern wheat belt of Western Australia

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (42) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Poole ◽  
JW Gartrell
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
The South ◽  
Legume Seed ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Seed Yields

Ten annual Trifolium and Medicago cultivars were sown at low (1-6 lb an acre) and high (3-18 lb an acre) seeding rates with wheat crops in five trials in the south-eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia. Wheat and legume seed yields from these mixed stands were compared with stands of the same rates of wheat and legume sown alone. Sowing the legumes with the crop reduced wheat yields by from 7.4 bushels an acre (25 per cent) in one trial to 1.5 bushels an acre (5 per cent) in another. The evidence did not suggest which factors caused the different response. Legume seed production under the crop was severely reduced in all trials. In 30 of the 44 comparisons made it was reduced by more than 50 per cent, and in 13 cases by more than 75 per cent. In 9 cases the amount of seed set under the crop was less than 30 lb an acre. In most cases trebling the amount of legume seed sown under the crop greatly increased legume seed yield but caused only a small (less than one bushel per acre) further decrease in wheat yield.

Post head-emergence frost resistance of barley genotypes in the northern grain region of Australia

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 736 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Frederiks ◽  
J. T. Christopher ◽  
S. E. H. Fletcher ◽  
A. K. Borrell
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Barley Genotypes ◽  
Control Genotype

Post head-emergence frost causes substantial losses for Australian barley producers. Varieties with improved resistance would have a significant positive impact on Australian cropping enterprises. Five barley genotypes previously tested for reproductive frost resistance in southern Australia were tested, post head-emergence, in the northern grain region of Australia and compared with the typical northern control cultivars, Gilbert and Kaputar. All tested genotypes suffered severe damage to whole heads and stems at plant minimum temperatures less than −8°C. In 2003, 2004 and 2005, frost events reaching a plant minimum temperature of ~−6.5°C did not result in the complete loss of grain yield. Rather, partial seed set was observed. The control genotype, Gilbert, exhibited seed set that was greater than or equal to that of any genotype in each year, as did Kaputar when tested in 2005. Thus, Gilbert and Kaputar were at least as resistant as any tested genotype. This contrasts with trial results from the southern grain region where Gilbert was reported to be less resistant than Franklin, Amagi Nijo and Haruna Nijo. Hence, rankings for post head-emergence frost damage in the northern grain region differ from those previously reported. These results indicate that Franklin, Amagi Nijo and Haruna Nijo are not likely to provide useful sources of frost resistance or markers to develop improved varieties for the northern grain region of Australia.

scholarly journals Population structures and seasons affected flowering, pollination and reproductive outputs of sandalwood in Gunung Sewu, Java, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
YENI W.N. RATNANINGRUM ◽  
SAPTO INDRIOKO ◽  
ENY FARIDAH ◽  
ATUS SYAHBUDIN
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Reproductive Parameters ◽  
The South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Population Structures

Ratnaningrum YWN, Indrioko S, Faridah E, Syahbudin A. 2018. Population structures and seasons affected flowering, pollination and reproductive outputs of sandalwood in Gunung Sewu, Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 10: 12-26. Sandalwood was the origin to the south-eastern islands of Indonesia, but is recently occurred as new landraces in Gunung Sewu Geopark, Java, Indonesia. This study compared flowering and pollination, and their effect on reproductive outputs, among sandalwood populations in Gunung Sewu, during the dry and rainy season of 2016 flowering period. Flowering and pollination rate differed significantly between seasons but were similar among sites. Oppositely, reproductive outputs differed significantly among sites, but were similar between seasons. The rainy season produced more flowers and pollination. Pollination was less correlated to flowers abundance, but more affected by population size. The higher and cooler population visited more by Dipterans (31.8% to 32.6%) and Hymenopterans (28.2% to 30%), while the warmer, lower sites dominated by Lepidopterans (37.2% to 43%) and Dipterans (32.9% to 38.2%). Higher population received fewer visits, but more visitors diversity (28 families). In contrast, lower sites received more visits, but with less diversity (20 families). Most insect families were considered “Rare” and “Occasional”. However, pooled altogether, the whole families of Lepidopterans and Dipterans considered “Frequent” and “Effective”. The Hymenopterans considered “Frequent” and “Effective” at Nglanggeran and Wanagama. The Cicadellidae of Coleopterans, along with arachnids and grasshoppers, were considered robbers. All of the agents were diurnal. However, the time of activity was varied. Rainy season gained more flowers and visits, but in contrast, resulted in fewer fruits at all sites. Both flowers abundance and pollination were negatively correlated to the reproductive parameters. Populations might gain more flowers and visits, but the reproductive outputs were significantly lower. Particularly in the clonalized and lower heterozygosity populations, more flowers increased geitonogamy which may lead to inbreeding depression.

scholarly journals Comparative reproductive biology of the six species of Rhododendron (Ericaceae) in Hong Kong, South China

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sai-chit Ng ◽  
Richard T Corlett
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
South China ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Apis Cerana ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Light Requirement ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Visitation Rate

Six rhododendron species grow wild in Hong Kong: Rhododendron farrerae Tate and Rhododendron simsii Planch. are common and widespread, Rhododendron moulmainense Hook. f. is restricted, and Rhododendron championiae Hook. f., Rhododendron hongkongense Hutch., and Rhododendron simiarum Hance are rare. The length and timing of the flowering period varied between species, but peak flowering for all was between late February and early May, when weather is variable and unpredictable. All species were more or less self-sterile, had sucrose-dominated nectar, and were visited by diverse insects, of which Apis cerana, Bombus eximius, and Xylocopa spp. are the major pollinators. Seeds of all species, except R. simiarum, had a light requirement for germination. There were large differences between species in the pollen/ovule ratio (176-1343), daily nectar production (0.9-38.7 µL per flower), large bee visits (0.35-4.28 per flower per 100 h) and total visits (0.92-14.53), mean seed production per flower (2-135) and per plant (100 - 14 800), and mean seed weight (0.11-0.45 mg). The large-bee visitation rate was significantly correlated across species with mean daily nectar production and mean seed set. The two common species had the smallest flowers, lowest nectar production, lowest pollen/ovule ratios, fewest large bee visitors, and produced fewest seeds.Key words: breeding system, China, pollination, rarity, Rhododendron, seeds.

Prostanthera junonis Conn (LAMIACEAE); is recovery possible?

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Tierney ◽  
C. L. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Clonal Growth ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Endangered Plant ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Recovery Planning ◽  
South Wales

Prostanthera junonis is an endangered plant from the Somersby plateau west of Gosford, New South Wales. Most populations occur in sites modified by clearing or adjacent to developments. This paper examines the current status and recovery efforts for this species in the light of research to date. Studies undertaken indicate that the species has the reproductive ecology expected of a colonising species. Autogamy, a low pollen/ovule ratio, higher seed set in open sites compared with densely vegetated sites, clonal growth, a long flowering period and flowering by young plants were recorded for the species. It is predicted that these reproductive traits should help the population recover from clearing. Comments on recovery planning are made.

Effect of sowing time on yield and agronomic characteristics of wheat in south-eastern Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Gomez-Macpherson ◽  
RA Richards
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
South Eastern Australia

The main environmental constraints to the yield of dryland wheat in south-eastern Australia are: a low and erratic rainfall throughout the growing season, the chance of frost at flowering time, and high temperatures during the grain-filling period. The aims of this work were threefold. Firstly, to determine which sowing period minimizes these constraints and results in the highest yields. Secondly, what is the optimum flowering time for a given sowing date so that maximum yield is achieved. The third aim was to determine whether any crop characteristic was associated with high yield or may limit yield in the different sowings. The experiments were conducted at three sites in New South Wales that were representative of dry (Condobolin) and cooler and wetter (Moombooldool, Wagga Wagga) sites in the south-eastern wheatbelt. In this study several sets of isogenic material, involving a total of 23 genotypes, that were similar in all respects except for flowering time, were sown early (mid-April and early May), normal (mid to late May) and late (June to mid July). Characteristics of the highest-yielding lines in each experiment are presented. The average flowering time of the highest yielding lines in all sowings had a range of only 12 days at the driest site, but a range of over 20 days at the coolest and wettest site. The optimum anthesis date (day of year, y) was related to sowing date (day of year, doy) at the cooler sites such that: y = 245+0.32 doy (r2 = 0.86) and at Condobolin, y = 253+0.19 doy (r2 = 0.91). Optimum anthesis date expressed in thermal time (�C days) after sowing (y) was related to sowing time (doy) as follows: y = 2709 -8-3 doy (r2 = 0.84). It is suggested that these relationships are likely to be quite robust and should hold true for similar thermal environments in eastern Australia. There was little variation in grain yield between the earliest sowing in mid-April (108 doy) and sowings throughout May (up to 147 doy). Grain yield declined 1.3% per day that sowing was delayed after late May. Aboveground biomass was substantially higher in early sown crops. However, this did not translate into higher yields. From the evidence presented it is argued that the principal reason that greater yields were not obtained in the early sowings, particularly in the April sowing, was the greater competition for assimilates between the growing spike and the elongating stem. It is suggested that a way of overcoming this competition is to genetically shorten the stems of winter wheats. This should capitalize on the considerable advantages in terms of water use efficiency that early sowing offers and result in greater yields. Barley yellow dwarf virus, although present at the cooler, wettest site in one year, was more frequent in the later sowings than in the early sowing and was not likely to have contributed to the lower than expected yields in the early sowings.

Yield comparisons of thirty-eight introductions of Glycine javanica in swards in three environments

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (27) ◽  
pp. 342 ◽  
Author(s):  
LA Edye
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
The Third ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Maturity Type ◽  
Stolon Development

Thirty-eight introductions of Glycine javanica were established in swards with an associate grass at Lawes and Kumbia in south-eastern Queensland and at 'Lansdown' near Woodstock in northern Queensland. The introductions showed highly significant differences in annual yield and total yield of dry matter. At Lawes there were also significant differences in ease and vigour of establishment, in nitrogen content, and in seasonal yield distribution. Late maturing introductions grew better late in the season when early and mid-season maturity types were either flowering or had flowered. At 'Lansdown' all the introductions tolerated a dry season of 27 weeks in 1965, but failed to survive a dry season of 36 weeks in 1966. At Lawes, the most promising introductions in terms of high yield and strong stolon development in each maturity type were, Tinaroo (late), C.P.I. 26433 (mid-season), Cooper (early), and C.P.I. 27835 (early). At 'Lansdown' C.P.I. 25423 (early) and C.P.I. 25918 (very early) appeared most tolerant of extended dry periods. At Lawes, swards of Cooper (C.P.I. 25702) and green panic grass (Panicum maximum var trichoglume) yielded 7,000 to 8,000 lb of dry matter an acre with a legume content of 50 to 56 per cent in their third, fourth, and fifth seasons. In these swards the dry matter production and legume content showed no signs of declining after the third season.

scholarly journals Suitability of new subterranean clovers in the Canterbury region

2000 ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Widdup ◽  
C. Pennell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Seedling Regeneration ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Late Maturity

The annual legume, subterranean clover, is adapted to permanent pastures in the summer drought-prone areas of eastern New Zealand. Dry summers over the last decade in Canterbury have renewed the interest from farmers in the use of sub clover. As the previously used cultivars Mt Barker and Tallarook are no longer available, a trial was established at AgResearch Templeton to evaluate a new series of cultivars and breeding lines from Australia together with recent New Zealand selections. The lines were sown in rows in May 1993 and assessed for seed set, autumn seedling regeneration and spring growth under sheep grazing for 4 years. The new Australian cultivars had improved seed set and consistently better seedling regeneration and herbage yield compared with older cultivars. The late-flowering, small-leaved and densely branched types were best adapted to the Canterbury environment. The late-maturity cultivars Denmark and Leura, selected from Sardinian germplasm, re-established 50% more seedlings and produced 25% greater late winter/ spring growth than Mt Barker and Tallarook in the third year. The New Zealand selection Ak 948 had similar performance to Denmark and Leura but the remaining selections were mediocre by the fourth year. The Sardinian ecotype breeding material appeared well-adapted to Canterbury conditions and future cultivars based on this material may be most suitable. Further trials are required in harsher sites to confirm these cultivar recommendations. Keywords: Australian cultivars, dry regions, herbage yield, seedling regeneration, subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum

scholarly journals Manipulation of Barley Development and Flowering Time by Exogenous Application of Plant Growth Regulators

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan M. Kupke ◽  
Matthew R. Tucker ◽  
Jason A. Able ◽  
Kenton D. Porker
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Accelerate Development

Matching flowering time to the optimal flowering period in Mediterranean cropping zones is pivotal to maximize yield. Aside from variety selection and sowing date, growers have limited options to alter development in season. Plant hormones and growth regulators are used in perennial horticultural systems to manipulate development and floral initiation. In this study, a range of plant hormonal products were tested to analyze their effects on barley (Hordeum vulgare L) development by exogenous spray applications. Plants were grown in controlled conditions under long and short photoperiods with different vernalization treatments. The gibberellin (GA) products demonstrated the greatest potential for altering development. The GA inhibitor trinexapac-ethyl was able to delay the time to flowering in genetically divergent barley cultivars by up to 200 degree days under controlled conditions. A similar delay in flowering could be achieved via application at both early (GS13) and late (GS33) stages, with higher rates delaying flowering further. Notably, trinexapac-ethyl was able to extend the duration of pre-anthesis phases of development. By contrast, GA3 was unable to accelerate development under extreme short (8 h) or long (16 h) day lengths. There was also little evidence that GA3 could reproducibly accelerate development under intermediate 10–12 h day lengths. In addition, sprays of the cytokinin 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) were unable to reduce the vernalization requirement of the winter genotype Urambie. The present study provides baseline data for plant growth regulator treatments that delay cereal development. These treatments might be extended in field studies to align flowering of early sown crops to the optimal flowering period.

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