Salinity and the growth of non-halophytic grass leaves: the role of mineral nutrient distribution

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuncai Hu ◽  
Wieland Fricke ◽  
Urs Schmidhalter
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Distribution ◽  
Nutrient Deposition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Salinity is increasingly limiting the production of graminaceous crops constituting the main sources of staple food (rice, wheat, barley, maize and sorghum), primarily through reductions in the expansion and photosynthetic yield of the leaves. In the present review, we summarise current knowledge of the characteristics of the spatial distribution patterns of the mineral elements along the growing grass leaf and of the impact of salinity on these patterns. Although mineral nutrients have a wide range of functions in plant tissues, their functions may differ between growing and non-growing parts of the grass leaf. To identify the physiological processes by which salinity affects leaf elongation in non-halophytic grasses, patterns of mineral nutrient deposition related to developmental and anatomical gradients along the growing grass leaf are discussed. The hypothesis that a causal link exists between ion deficiency and / or toxicity and the inhibition of leaf growth of grasses in a saline environment is tested.

scholarly journals Impact of Housing Environment on the Immune System in Chickens: A Review

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Hofmann ◽  
Sonja S. Schmucker ◽  
Werner Bessei ◽  
Michael Grashorn ◽  
Volker Stefanski
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Housing Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

During their lifespan, chickens are confronted with a wide range of acute and chronic stressors in their housing environment that may threaten their welfare and health by modulating the immune system. Especially chronic stressful conditions can exceed the individual’s allostatic load, with negative consequences for immunity. A fully functional immune system is mandatory for health and welfare and, consequently, also for high productivity and safe animal products. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of housing form, light regime as well as aerial ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations on the immune system in chickens. Certain housing conditions are clearly associated with immunological alterations which potentially impair the success of vaccinations or affect disease susceptibility. Such poor conditions counteract sustainable poultry production. This review also outlines current knowledge gaps and provides recommendations for future research.

scholarly journals Interaction of Plastics with Marine Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 647-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafet Cagri Ozturk ◽  
Ilhan Altinok
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Filter Feeder ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

The plastic litter in the seas and oceans has become one of the major threats for environment and a wide range of marine species worldwide. Microplastics are the most common litters in the marine environment corresponding to 60-80% of the total litter in the world’s seas. The risk factor of plastics is inversely associated with the size of the plastic. In the present study, we reviewed the state of knowledge regarding the impact of plastic pollution on marine environment and marine species, assessing the ingestion incidences, elimination of plastics, interactions of plastics with other pollutants, and effects on photosynthesis. Records of marine species ingesting plastic have increased and begin to attract considerable attention. Metadata generated from the review of related papers in the present study was used to evaluate the current knowledge on the plastic ingestion by different marine species. The retrieved data from reviewed articles revealed that the ingestion of plastic by marine animals have been documented in more than 560 species including fish, crustaceans, mammals, sea turtles, bivalves, gastropods even in sea stars and limpets. The size of ingested plastics varied from species to species generally depending on the feeding behavior. Microplastics showed the highest number of bibliographic citations in the plastic ingestion studies. They are mostly ingested by planktivorous and filter feeder species. Meso, macro, and occasionally megaplastics are reported in marine mammals and sea turtles since they often confuse plastic for their prey. The sensitivity and size of the detected plastics may vary based on the analytical plastic detection methods.

scholarly journals Mycotoxins and the Enteric Nervous System

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir Gonkowski ◽  
Magdalena Gajęcka ◽  
Krystyna Makowska
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Harmful Effects

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various fungal species. They are commonly found in a wide range of agricultural products. Mycotoxins contained in food enter living organisms and may have harmful effects on many internal organs and systems. The gastrointestinal tract, which first comes into contact with mycotoxins present in food, is particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of these toxins. One of the lesser-known aspects of the impact of mycotoxins on the gastrointestinal tract is the influence of these substances on gastrointestinal innervation. Therefore, the present study is the first review of current knowledge concerning the influence of mycotoxins on the enteric nervous system, which plays an important role, not only in almost all regulatory processes within the gastrointestinal tract, but also in adaptive and protective reactions in response to pathological and toxic factors in food.

scholarly journals A framework for understanding managerial responses to supply chain complexity

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1433-1466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Turner ◽  
James Aitken ◽  
Cecil Bozarth
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Descriptive Framework ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of supply chain complexity and extend this with literature developed within the project domain. The authors use the lens of ambidexterity (the ability both to exploit and explore) to analyse responses to complexity, since this enables the authors to understand the application of known solutions in conjunction with innovative ones to resolve difficulties. This research also seeks to investigate how managers respond to supply chain complexities that can either be operationally deleterious or strategically beneficial.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop a descriptive framework based on the project management (PM) literature to understand response options to complexity, and then use interviews with supply chain managers in six organisations to examine the utility of this framework in practice. The authors ask the research question “How do managers in supply chains respond to complexities”?FindingsThe case study data show first that managers faced with structural, socio-political, or emergent supply chain complexities use a wide range of responses. Second, over a third of the instances of complexity coded were actually accommodated, rather than reduced, by the study firms, suggesting that adapting to supply chain complexity in certain instances may be strategically appropriate. Third, the lens of ambidexterity allows a more explicit assessment of whether existing PM solutions can be considered or if novel methods are required to address supply chain complexities.Practical implicationsThe descriptive framework can aid managers in conceptualising and addressing supply chain complexity. Through exploiting current knowledge, managers can lessen the impact of complexity while exploring other innovative approaches to solve new problems and challenges that evolve from complexity growth driven by business strategy.Originality/valueThis study addresses a gap in the literature through the development of a framework which provides a structure on ways to address supply chain complexity. The authors evaluate an existing project complexity concept and demonstrate that it is both applicable and valuable in non-project, ongoing operations. The authors then extend it using the lens of ambidexterity, and develop a framework that can support practitioners in analysing and addressing both strategically necessary supply complexities, together with unwanted, negative complexities within the organisation and across the supply chain.

scholarly journals The Impact of Bartonella VirB/VirD4 Type IV Secretion System Effectors on Eukaryotic Host Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Fromm ◽  
Christoph Dehio
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Type Iv Secretion ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Type Iv Secretion System ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Host Signaling ◽  
The Impact

Bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that infect a wide range of mammalian hosts including humans. The VirB/VirD4 type IV secretion system (T4SS) is a key virulence factor utilized to translocate Bartonella effector proteins (Beps) into host cells in order to subvert their functions. Crucial for effector translocation is the C-terminal Bep intracellular delivery (BID) domain that together with a positively charged tail sequence forms a bipartite translocation signal. Multiple BID domains also evolved secondary effector functions within host cells. The majority of Beps possess an N-terminal filamentation induced by cAMP (FIC) domain and a central connecting oligonucleotide binding (OB) fold. FIC domains typically mediate AMPylation or related post-translational modifications of target proteins. Some Beps harbor other functional modules, such as tandem-repeated tyrosine-phosphorylation (EPIYA-related) motifs. Within host cells the EPIYA-related motifs are phosphorylated, which facilitates the interaction with host signaling proteins. In this review, we will summarize our current knowledge on the molecular functions of the different domains present in Beps and highlight examples of Bep-dependent host cell modulation.

scholarly journals Groundwater–Surface Water Interactions: Recent Advances and Interdisciplinary Challenges

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Lewandowski ◽  
Karin Meinikmann ◽  
Stefan Krause
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Drinking Water Resources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

The interactions of groundwater with surface waters such as streams, lakes, wetlands, or oceans are relevant for a wide range of reasons—for example, drinking water resources may rely on hydrologic fluxes between groundwater and surface water. However, nutrients and pollutants can also be transported across the interface and experience transformation, enrichment, or retention along the flow paths and cause impacts on the interconnected receptor systems. To maintain drinking water resources and ecosystem health, a mechanistic understanding of the underlying processes controlling the spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of groundwater–surface water interactions is crucial. This Special Issue provides an overview of current research advances and innovative approaches in the broad field of groundwater–surface water interactions. The 20 research articles and 1 communication of this Special Issue cover a wide range of thematic scopes, scales, and experimental and modelling methods across different disciplines (hydrology, aquatic ecology, biogeochemistry, environmental pollution) collaborating in research on groundwater–surface water interactions. The collection of research papers in this Special Issue also allows the identification of current knowledge gaps and reveals the challenges in establishing standardized measurement, observation, and assessment approaches. With regards to its relevance for environmental and water management and protection, the impact of groundwater–surface water interactions is still not fully understood and is often underestimated, which is not only due to a lack of awareness but also a lack of knowledge and experience regarding appropriate measurement and analysis approaches. This lack of knowledge exchange from research into management practice suggests that more efforts are needed to disseminate scientific results and methods to practitioners and policy makers.

Salinity-induced changes in the nutritional status of expanding cells may impact leaf growth inhibition in maize

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz G. Neves-Piestun ◽  
Nirit Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Volumetric Expansion ◽  
Unique Distribution ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Induced Changes

Salinity-induced excess or deficiency of specific nutrients are often hypothesised to operate as causes of growth inhibition and to trigger primary responses, which directly affect growth. Information concerning salinity effects on microelement nutrition in the growing cells is limited. In this study, salinity-(80 mm NaCl) inflicted alterations in spatial profiles of essential elements (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu) and the salinity source (Na and Cl) were studied along the growing zone of leaf 4 of maize (Zea mays L.). Correlations between spatial profiles of growth and nutritional status of the tissue were tested for evaluation of the hypothesis that a disturbance of specific mineral nutritional factors in the growing cells might serve as causes of salt-induced growth inhibition. Examined nutritional elements exhibited unique distribution patterns, all of which were disturbed by salinity. With the exception of Na, Cl and Fe, the deposition rates of all the studied mineral elements were reduced by salinity throughout the elongating tissue. Localised contents of Ca, K and Fe in the growing tissue of the salt-stressed leaf were highly correlated with the intensity of localised tissue volumetric expansion, suggesting reduced levels of Ca and K, and toxic levels of Fe as possible causes of growth inhibition. Na and Cl accumulation were not correlated with growth inhibition under salinity.

scholarly journals Tellurium: A Rare Element with Influence on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Biological Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5924
Author(s):  
Silvia Vávrová ◽  
Eva Struhárňanská ◽  
Ján Turňa ◽  
Stanislav Stuchlík
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rare Element ◽  
Oncological Diseases ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
The Impact

Metalloid tellurium is characterized as a chemical element belonging to the chalcogen group without known biological function. However, its compounds, especially the oxyanions, exert numerous negative effects on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Recent evidence suggests that increasing environmental pollution with tellurium has a causal link to autoimmune, neurodegenerative and oncological diseases. In this review, we provide an overview about the current knowledge on the mechanisms of tellurium compounds’ toxicity in bacteria and humans and we summarise the various ways organisms cope and detoxify these compounds. Over the last decades, several gene clusters conferring resistance to tellurium compounds have been identified in a variety of bacterial species and strains. These genetic determinants exhibit great genetic and functional diversity. Besides the existence of specific resistance mechanisms, tellurium and its toxic compounds interact with molecular systems, mediating general detoxification and mitigation of oxidative stress. We also discuss the similarity of tellurium and selenium biochemistry and the impact of their compounds on humans.

The Telephone as a Communication Medium for Health Education

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 759-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna E. Soet ◽  
Charles E. Basch
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Communication Medium ◽  
Education Practice ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prevention Interventions ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Impact

The telephone is being widely used by the private sector as a communication medium for understanding and influencing consumer behavior. Coinciding with the growth of telephone use in the private sector is the expansion of telephone use in health care to include complex health promotion and disease prevention interventions aimed at initiating and maintaining health-related behavioral changes. While several studies have evaluated the impact of telephone interventions on a wide range of health behaviors, no published reports synthesizing current knowledge about using the telephone as a communication medium for health education were identified. In this article, the authors therefore (1) examine recent applications of telephone use in health education by describing three example interventions, (2) outline key features and alternatives in conceptualizing and designing health education using the telephone, (3) review advantages and disadvantages of using the telephone for health education, and (4) discuss implications for health education practice and research.

THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP PRACTICES TO TEAM MEMBERS’ SATISFACTION

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chalimah .
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Leadership Practices ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Leader Behavior ◽  
Team Leader ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Top Executives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

eamwork is becoming increasingly important to wide range of operations. It applies to all levels of the company. It is just as important for top executives as it is to middle management, supervisors and shop floor workers. Poor teamwork at any level or between levels can seriously damage organizational effectiveness. The focus of this paper was therefore to examine whether leadership practices consist of team leader behavior, conflict resolution style and openness in communication significantly influenced the team member’s satisfaction in hotel industry. Result indicates that team leader behavior and the conflict resolution style significantly influenced team member satisfaction. It was surprising that openness in communication did not affect significantly to the team members’ satisfaction.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document