Seasonal Field Analyses of Fat Content, Live Weight, Dry Weight and Water Content of the Aphidophagous Scymnodes Lividigaster (Mulsant) and Mycophagous Leptothea Galbula (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 679 ◽  
Author(s):  
JME Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Fat Reserves

Over 36 and 24 months, respectively, both the aphidophagous Scymnodes lividigaster (Muls.) and the mycophagous Leptothea galbula (Muls.) accumulated fat before periods of dormancy, but contained little fat after dormancy and during breeding. Over the whole period, there were no significant differences between sexes or between years in either species, except that dormant females contained significantly more fat than males, and that during breeding males of S. lividigaster contained significantly more fat than females. Subjective assessment of fat reserves gave the same results as did quantitative analysis. Live and dry weights of females were higher during breeding and dormancy than after dormancy; live weights of females were higher than those of males. Water content was lower during dormancy than during breeding. In L. galbula, seasonal changes were similar in a dry and a well watered habitat; any differences appeared related to a higher survival rate in females compared with males, especially in the poorer habitat. In S. lividigaster, seasonal changes in fat content were negatively related to changes in abundance of an essential prey species.

Using real-time ultrasound for in vivo assessment of carcass and internal adipose depots of dairy sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 650-658
Author(s):  
J. Afonso ◽  
C. M. Guedes ◽  
A. Teixeira ◽  
V. Santos ◽  
J. M. T. Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Intermuscular Fat

AbstractFifty-one Churra da Terra Quente ewes (4–7 years old) were used to analyse the potential of real-time ultrasound (RTU) to predict the amount of internal adipose depots, in addition to carcass fat (CF). The prediction models were developed from live weight (LW) and RTU measurements taken at eight different locations. After correlation and multiple linear regression analysis, the prediction models were evaluated by k-fold cross-validation and through the ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD). All prediction models included at least one RTU measurement as an independent variable. Prediction models for the absolute weight of the different adipose depots showed higher accuracy than prediction models for fat content per kg of LW. The former showed to be very good or excellent (2.4 ⩽ RPD ⩽ 3.8) for all adipose depots except mesenteric fat (MesF) and thoracic fat, with the model for MesF still providing useful information (RPD = 1.8). Prediction models for fat content per kg of LW were also very good or excellent for subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, CF and body fat (2.6 ⩽ RPD ⩽ 3.2), while the best prediction models for omental fat, kidney knob, channel fat and internal fat still provided useful information. Despite some loss in the accuracy of the estimates obtained, there was a similar pattern in terms of RPD for models developed from LW and RTU measurements taken just at the level of the 11th thoracic vertebra. In vivo RTU measurements showed the potential to monitor changes in ewe internal fat reserves as well as in CF.

THE COMPOSITION OF FEMALE RAT SKIN IN RELATION TO REGION, AGE, HAIR GROWTH CYCLE AND HORMONES

1966 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. EBLING ◽  
PATRICIA A. HALE
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Hydroxyproline Content ◽  
Regular Manner ◽  
Follicular Activity

SUMMARY Skin from the dorsal flank of rats had a higher water content, a lower fat content per unit dry weight, and a higher hydroxyproline content, estimated as a proportion of the dry, defatted skin weight, than skin from the ventral flank. In each region the water content decreased with age until the rats were about 80 days old and then remained relatively constant; the hydroxyproline content increased with age between 25 and 150 days, but not in a regular manner. There were no significant changes in skin fat with age in either region. Superimposed on these changes were cyclic fluctuations which were correlated with the hair growth cycle. The water content was greatest during the latter part of the resting phase, and fell steeply during early activity of the follicles to a minimum towards the middle or in the latter part of the active phase. Fat reached a peak around the middle of the active phase and fell to a trough during the resting phase; it started to increase again well before the start of new follicular activity. Hydroxyproline fell during the early active phase to a minimum shortly after eruption of the hair, and then rose to reach a new peak in early telogen. When the follicular period was shortened by ovariectomy or administration of thyroxine, or lengthened by implantation of oestradiol or by inhibition of the thyroid with propylthiouracil, the changes in water, fat and hydroxyproline continued, in the main, to fluctuate in phase with follicular activity, and the regional differences were substantially maintained. There was a tendency for the fluctuations to be accentuated when the periods were shortened and damped when they were lengthened. Oestradiol accelerated the fall in skin water content which normally occurs with age, so that the ultimate low plain was achieved 25 days earlier. In propylthiouracil-treated rats the skin water content decreased more slowly than in normal rats, and had not reached a stable value by 150 days of age. Oestradiol-treated rats had more and spayed rats less skin fat at any age than normal controls. The skin fat content rose progressively when rats were treated with propylthiouracil.

Fuel Utilization and Duration of Tethered Flight in Aphis Fabae Scop

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. COCKBAIN
Keyword(s):  
Fat Body ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Tethered Flight ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
Flight Muscles

1. Fat contents (ether extracts) of unflown 24 hr. old alatae of Aphis fabae Scop., from different host plants, range from 3-12% of the live weight and 9-33% of the dry weight. Glycogen contents of alatae reared in culture range from 0.5-1% of the live weight and 1.7-3.4% of the dry weight. 2. Both fat and glycogen are consumed during tethered flight. Glycogen is used during early flight and fat is the principal fuel after the first hour, when it is consumed at a mean rate of 0.005 mg./aphid/hr. and provides about 90% of the energy for a 6 hr. flight. The amounts of glycogen in laboratory-reared aphids alone could not maintain flight for more than ¾ hr. 3. Metabolic rates during tethered flight range from 52 to 66 cal./g. live wt./hr. or 11-14 ml. O2/g./hr. The flight muscles constitute about 13% of the live body weight of 24 hr. old aphids, and, attributing most of the metabolism during flight to these muscles, their metabolic rates range from 400 to 500 cal./g./hr. 4. Flight capacity of 24 hr. old aphids at 25-26° C. is directly related to initial fat content and varies between 3 and 8 hr. in aphids from culture (mean of 4% fat by live weight) and between 7 and 12 hr. in aphids from the field (10% fat). Flight fatigue occurs before all the fat reserves are used; possibly fat stored in parts of the body remote from the flight muscles cannot be mobilized rapidly enough to support continuous flight. 5. Fat and glycogen reserves occur mainly in the fat-body cells of the thorax and abdomen; fat also occurs between the fibrils of the indirect flight muscles and glycogen along the surface of the fibres. Flight-exhausted insects have little or no fat in the thorax, but small deposits remain in the abdomen; little glycogen can be detected in culture aphids flown to exhaustion.

STUDIES OF WOOD: II. ON THE WATER CONTENT OF CERTAIN CANADIAN TREES AND ON CHANGES IN THE WATER-GAS SYSTEM DURING SEASONING AND FLOTATION

1935 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Darnley Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Water Contents

The chief species studied were paper birch, poplar (Populus tremuloides), jack pine, white spruce, and balsam fir.Methods for the study of water contents are described. Determinations of densities and swelling percentages are summarized. Conversion factors that may be employed to convert moisture contents based on dry weight into percentages of original volume are:—for jack pine 0.38, for balsam 0.315, for poplar 0.42 and for birch 0.49.The hardwoods examined show a maximum water content in spring and a sharp drop in the summer. This appears to vary from year to year and the possible reasons for this variation are discussed. In 1931 birch and poplar lost half their total (spring) water during the summer months. In birch this may not be made up until the following spring. The softwoods show no marked seasonal changes in water content.The distribution of water is characteristic for each species. Changes in distribution throughout the year have been followed. In birch all parts of the wood (there is no heartwood) join in the seasonal changes; in poplar only the sapwood varies in water content. The results of individual year-ring analyses and of borings at different heights point to uniform water content in corresponding parts of the tree.Diurnal changes in water content have been investigated and rapid fluctuations recorded. These point to a decrease during the morning followed by an increase later in the day. These variations are correlated with tension changes and no doubt also with transpiration. It seems certain that the actual amount of gas in the tree varies but little during the diurnal changes, though it does vary with the seasonal fluctuations in water content.Girdling of birch, balsam and spruce is described and the effects on water contents are followed. It is shown that in the case of birch, removal of wood to a depth of more than one inch leads to little change during two seasons. This is correlated with the continued activity of all parts of the wood. In balsam, almost complete drying of the sapwood within two or three months follows girdling through the sapwood. The characteristic wet patches of balsam heartwood, however, are unaffected, and it is concluded that these have no connection with the sapwood and so play no part in water conduction. The results from spruce are irregular.Experiments on seasoning and flotation in the field and in the laboratory are described. The summer seasoning of "sour-felled" birch is more rapid than that of normal or of peeled logs or the normal water loss of living standing trees, and this must be due to evaporation from the leaves.The effects of log length, of barking, and of end and/or side painting on rate of penetration of water have been investigated. While penetration of water is chiefly through the ends of logs, escape of dissolved air is largely in the radial direction, and so end penetration is less important than might be expected. There is considerable top drying from unseasoned floating logs (in laboratory tanks), which may assist in solution and removal of air and so hasten rather than slow up sinkage of the log. Seasoning followed by end painting results in very slow entry of water and so is excellent in flotation.

Fat reserves and reproduction in the green turtle, Chelonia mydas

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Kwan
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Chelonia Mydas ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fat Stores

Measurements were made of the fat and water content of standard cores of fat lining the inner carapace of green turtles caught and butchered by indigenous fishermen in Daru, Papua New Guinea. The amount of depot fat, total lipid and neutral lipid per core varied with the sex, maturity and reproductive status of the turtle. The fat content of cores from prepubescent turtles did not vary with sex. In contrast, cores from adult female turtles had a significantly greater fat content than those from males. Cores from pubescent and vitellogenic females had the highest fat content. Neutral (storage) lipid was significantly higher in cores from vitellogenic females than in those from breeding, which suggests that sub-carapace depot fat is used to fuel the energetically expensive costs of migration and egg production. Cores from breeding females had a significantly higher fat content than those from males, which suggests that the energetic costs of vitellogensis and egg-laying are reflected in sub-carapace fat stores. The greater energetic cost to this fat store for breeding by females is also reflected in the significantly higher water content of the fat of females that had bred in the previous season compared with those in vitellogenesis. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the water content of cores from non-breeding and breeding males.

Characterization of frozen hydrated biological specimens by low-loss EELS

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1572-1573
Author(s):  
Songquan Sun ◽  
Richard D. Leapman
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Subcellular Compartment ◽  
Differential Shrinkage ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

Analyses of ultrathin cryosections are generally performed after freeze-drying because the presence of water renders the specimens highly susceptible to radiation damage. The water content of a subcellular compartment is an important quantity that must be known, for example, to convert the dry weight concentrations of ions to the physiologically more relevant molar concentrations. Water content can be determined indirectly from dark-field mass measurements provided that there is no differential shrinkage between compartments and that there exists a suitable internal standard. The potential advantage of a more direct method for measuring water has led us to explore the use of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) for characterizing biological specimens in their frozen hydrated state.We have obtained preliminary EELS measurements from pure amorphous ice and from cryosectioned frozen protein solutions. The specimens were cryotransfered into a VG-HB501 field-emission STEM equipped with a 666 Gatan parallel-detection spectrometer and analyzed at approximately −160 C.

STEM measurement of subcellular water distributions

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
R.D. Leapman ◽  
S.Q. Sun ◽  
S-L. Shi ◽  
R.A. Buchanan ◽  
S.B. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Inelastic Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Annular Dark Field

Recent advances in rapid-freezing and cryosectioning techniques coupled with use of the quantitative signals available in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) can provide us with new methods for determining the water distributions of subcellular compartments. The water content is an important physiological quantity that reflects how fluid and electrolytes are regulated in the cell; it is also required to convert dry weight concentrations of ions obtained from x-ray microanalysis into the more relevant molar ionic concentrations. Here we compare the information about water concentrations from both elastic (annular dark-field) and inelastic (electron energy loss) scattering measurements.In order to utilize the elastic signal it is first necessary to increase contrast by removing the water from the cryosection. After dehydration the tissue can be digitally imaged under low-dose conditions, in the same way that STEM mass mapping of macromolecules is performed. The resulting pixel intensities are then converted into dry mass fractions by using an internal standard, e.g., the mean intensity of the whole image may be taken as representative of the bulk water content of the tissue.

ANALISIS FISIKA KIMIA DARI KERANG DARA (Anadara granosa) YANG BERASAL DARI KAYUTANYO KAB. BANGGAI The Analysis of physical chemical from dara shells (Anadara granosa) origin from Kayutanyo, Kab.Banggai

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
SULASMI ANGGO
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Dust Content ◽  
Total Dust ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Anadara Granosa

The Analysis of physical chemical from dara shells (Anadara granosa) origin from Kayutanyo, kab. Banggai, has been conducted.Dara shell meat is sleaned and dried and after that powered with blender. Determine % rendement, water bonding capacity and index water solubility with Anderson method, coarse fat content with gravimetric method and carbohydrate method with “bye difference” decrease method.The result of analysis showed rendement value is 24,35%, water bonding capacity is 1,6248 gram/ml, index water solubility is 0,202 gram/ml, water content is 79,0045%, total dust content is 1,072%, coarse protein content is 2,25%, coarse fat content is 8,47%, carbohydrate content is 9,2035%. Keyword : Dara shells, (Anadara granosa), analysis physical chemical

BIOASSAY OF PROLACTIN

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Nicoll
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Assay Sensitivity ◽  
Mucosal Epithelium ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Total Dry Weight

ABSTRACT The response of the pigeon crop-sac to systemically acting prolactin (injected subcutaneously) was evaluated by measuring the wet weight of the responsive lateral lobes of the organ and by determining the dry weight of a 4 cm diameter disc of mucosal epithelium taken from one hemicrop. Of several different injection schedules tested, administration of prolactin in four daily injections was found to yield optimal responses. When compared with a graded series of prolactin doses, measurement of the mucosal dry weight proved to be a better method of response quantification than determination of the crop-sac wet weight with respect to both assay sensitivity and precision. The submucosal tissue of the crop-sac was estimated to constitute about 64 % of the total dry weight of the unstimulated organ and it was found to be relatively unresponsive to prolactin stimulation in comparison with the mucosa. The lipid content of the mucosal epithelium was determined using unstimulated crop-sacs or tissues which showed varying degrees of prolactin-induced proliferation. The fat content of the mucosal epithelial cells increased only slightly more rapidly than the dry weight or the defatted dry weight of the mucosa. Suggestions are made for the further improvement of the systemic crop-sac assay for prolactin.

MODERN CONDITION AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN WHITEHEAD BREED

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 194-202
Author(s):  
S. L. Voitenko ◽  
L. V. Vishnevsky
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Future ◽  
Efficiency Of Selection ◽  
Selection Of

The article shows the state of Ukrainian Whiteheaded cattle, which includes distribution of cattle, the number of animals belonging to respective bloodlines, evaluation of young animals with live weight in the process of growing and milk production of cows during the first lactation. It reflects the historic development of the breed when it was colonism whiteheaded cattle, which turned into the original breed, undergone a significant expansion in livestock and increase of productivity, decreased in the number, was as basis for creation of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed and now bred only in one breeding farm. Visual estimation of animal exterior showed good development of cows and calves and their belonging to the dairy type. In the vast majority the cows of the herd have a black suit, a white head with " glasses" around the eyes, white belly, udder, lower legs and brush of the tail. The youngsters aren’t consolidated by the exterior, and among them there are animals which are not typical for Ukrainian Whiteheaded breed. The young animals have some lag in live weight behind the breed standard [12] to 7 months’ age with exceeding of this trait in certain periods quite significantly in the future. It was established that selection of heifers on live weight will be effective at the early age (1-5 months), given the coefficient of variation of live weight – 22,63-30,21% and will not have a significant influence in the future. Milk yields of first-calf heifers vary considerably depending on the origin. The milk yield of first-calf heifers in the herd was 4238,5 kg on average, the heifers belonging to Mart 171 and Ozon 417 bloodlines had the best milk performance – 4483,1 and 4254,9 kg accordingly. The most aligned milk yield during the first lactation was in the cows belonging to Ozon 417 bloodline, the limits of the trait are 4128,5-4327,4 kg with the average value by the line 4254,9 kg. In contrast, the first-calf heifers of Ryezvyi 33 bloodline with average milk yield 4048,9 kg had limits of the trait 2199,3-4736,1 kg. Even greater range in cows’ milk yield during the first lactation R= 4939 kg (limits 1687 – 6626 kg) is characterized for the herd in general, it shows, on the one hand, the possibility of qualitative improvement of cows’ productivity due to selection on the investigated trait and lack of selection in the herd on the other hand. It was established that daughters of bull Chardash belonging to Ryezvyi 33 bloodline produced 4736,1 kg of milk for 305 days of the first lactation with fat content 3,6%, whereas Zlak’s descendants of the same line were characterized by the lowest milk yield for the first completed lactation – 2199,3 kg with fat content 3,7% and the average value by the line – 4048,9 kg of milk, fat content 3,6%. Similar variability of first-calf heifers’ milk yields, depending on the origin, is typical for other bloodlines of Ukrainian Whiteheaded breed. To increase milk productivity of Ukrainian Whiteheaded cows is recommended to repeat successful combinations of parental forms, and to preserve the breed – to carry out an objective assessment of animals by a range of traits, given the efficiency of selection of heifers on live weight at early age.

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