scholarly journals The contribution of propionate to glucose synthesis in sheep given diets of different grain content

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Judson ◽  
Elizabeth Anderson ◽  
J. R. Luick ◽  
R. A. Leng
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Glucose Synthesis ◽  
The Mean

1. Glucose entry rates into the blood and propionate production rates in the rumen have been measured in sheep given rations containing varying proportions of starch and roughage (lucerne).2. Glucose entry rates and propionate production rates were similar for all rations studied.3. The proportion of the glucose entry rate arising from propionate produced in the rumen was highest on the ration containing the greatest quantity of lucerne and decreased as the proportion of starch in the ration increased. Rate of conversion of propionate into glucose was estimated and was found to decrease as the amount of starch in the ration increased.4. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the ruminal fluid were lowest in the ration with the greatest proportion of starch, implying lower VFA production rates with the starch rations although intakes of digestible energy were approximately the same. The mean concentrations and rates of production of propionate in ruminal fluid were similar for all rations.5. The low VFA concentrations and the reduced conversion of propionate into glucose on the high rations, despite similar propionate production rates and glucose entry rates, may have been due to starch escaping ruminal fermentation. It is suggested that this glucose absorption may have reduced gluconeogenesis from propionate.

Effects of Tithonia diversifolia on in vitro methane production and ruminal fermentation characteristics

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Terry ◽  
R. S. Ribeiro ◽  
D. S. Freitas ◽  
G. D. Delarota ◽  
L. G. R. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Tithonia Diversifolia ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Ch4 Production

The present study examined the effects of Tithonia diversifolia on in vitro methane (CH4) production and ruminal fermentation characteristics. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomised design (CRD) using a control (0% T. diversifolia) and three treatment groups with different concentrations (6.9%, 15.2%, 29.2%) of T. diversifolia, which replaced up to 15.2% and 14% dry matter (DM) of fresh sugarcane and concentrates, respectively. Ruminal fluid was obtained from two ruminally cannulated non-lactating Holstein × Zebu heifers maintained on a diet consisting of T. diversifolia, fresh sugarcane and 4 kg of concentrates. The inclusion of T. diversifolia had no effect (P ≥ 0.15) on cumulative gas production (mL, mL/g incubated DM, mL/g digested DM) or in vitro DM disappearance (%). Carbon dioxide (%, mL, mL/g incubated DM) linearly decreased (P ≤ 0.001) and CH4 (%, mL, mL/g incubated DM) quadratically increased (P ≤ 0.01) with increasing concentrations of T. diversifolia replacing fresh sugarcane and concentrates. The total volatile fatty acids (mM) and acetate (A) proportion of total volatile fatty acids (mmol/100 mmol) linearly increased (P < 0.01) with the increasing inclusion of T. diversifolia. Butyrate (mmol/100 mmol) increased quadratically (P ≤ 0.02), while propionate (P; mmol/100 mmol) decreased quadratically (P < 0.02). The A : P ratio increased linearly (P < 0.0001) with increasing amounts of T. diversifolia in the diet. These results indicated that increasing the amount of Tithonia diversifolia in the substrate DM increased the A : P ratio, which resulted in a six-fold increase of CH4 production when fresh sugarcane and concentrates were replaced at up to 15.2% and 14% (DM basis), respectively.

Changes in composition and pH of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract of sheep in relation to scouring induced by wheat engorgement

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

Changes in the composition of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract of scouring sheep fed on wheat grain ad libitum were studied relative to sheep fed on lucerne hay ad libitum. Wheat engorgement significantly (P < 0.005) depressed the pH of the digesta in the reticulorumen and the digestive tract distal to the jejunum. A mean total volatile fatty acids concentration of 10.3mM in the caecum of scouring sheep was significantly lower than the mean of 51.6mM in sheep fed on lucerne hay. Net absorption of water was negligible in the colon of scouring sheep as digesta were only 13.7–14.7% dry matter, whereas in sheep fed on lucerne, the dry matter of digesta increased from 14.7% in the caecum to 27.9% at the rectum.

Synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. II. A response to higher volatile fatty acids

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Appreciable Increase ◽  
The Mean

When sheep were fed on a virtually protein-free purified diet adequately supplied with nonprotein nitrogen, 71 g microbial protein was produced in the rumen daily. The addition of a mixture of higher volatile fatty acids (VFA) increased protein production to 81 g daily (P < 0.05). The VFA supplement also increased the molar proportions of these acids in the rumen fluid and the flow of total nitrogen from the rumen. There were no differences in nitrogen balance associated with the supplement. There were significant variations between sheep and between periods in both protein production and the molar proportion of acetic acid in the rumen fluid. A negative correlation was found between acetic acid proportions and protein production (r = -0.62, P < 0.025). The mean yield of protein from the ruminal fermentation was 13.0 g/100 g organic matter digested in the rumen. The addition of the higher VFA did not result in any appreciable increase in the efficiency of protein production from the energy available.

scholarly journals Effect of dietarysupplementation with treated amaranth seeds on fermentation parameters in an artificial rumen

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kubelková ◽  
D. Jalč ◽  
P. Homolka ◽  
B. Čermák
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

The rumen simulating technique (RUSITEC) was used to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of amaranth seeds on the rumen fermentation and the concentration of fatty acids (FA) in fermentation fluid. Four fermentation vessels of the RUSITEC were used. The control diet (C) consisted of 70% meadow hay and 30% barley meal, whereas 10% of barley meal was replaced by milled (A<sub>mill</sub>), mechanically ground (A<sub>gr</sub>), and ground after heating in a microwave amaranth seeds (A<sub>heat+gr</sub>) in other experimental vessels, respectively. All diets were isonitrogenous (11% of crude protein). With degradability of dry matter (DM) and acid-detergent fibre (ADF) not affected (P &gt; 0.05), degradability of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was significantly decreased by the inclusion of A<sub>mill</sub> (P &lt; 0.001) and A<sub>heat+gr</sub> (P &lt; 0.05). Heating, compared to milling, decreased degradation of crude protein (CP) and addition of amaranth seeds generally increased production of microbial nitrogen. Production of fermentation gasses, methane, and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) was not affected by changes in composition of diets. Addition of amaranth seeds in a milled form (A<sub>mill</sub>) caused a significant decrease in concentrations of acetate and propionate and growth in concentrations of butyrate, iso-valerate, and caproate. No effect (P &gt; 0.05), compared to C, was found on the percentage of saturated or unsaturated FA, but changes in concentrations of some FA were observed. An absence of any detrimental effects on ruminal fermentation patterns indicated that grain amaranth seeds can partially substitute for the barley in ruminant nutrition.

scholarly journals Dried distiller´s grains plus solubles supplementation improves low-quality tropical grass utilization on beef steers

2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olegario Hernández ◽  
Agustín López ◽  
Elisa Mariana García ◽  
Mónica Azucena Nazareno ◽  
José Ignacio Arroquy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Corn Ddgs

ABSTRACT: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of corn dried distiller´s grains (DDGS) supplementation on feed intake, total tract digestibility, and ruminal fermentation of beef steers fed low-quality Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus, cv. Gatton panic). Twelve Braford crossbred steers were housed in individual pens (n = 4 steers/treatment), provided with three levels of DDGS supplement: 0%, 0.6%, or 1.2% BW. Steers were blocked by live weight and randomly assigned to treatments within the block. Corn DDGS supplementation increased total OM intake (21.55, 40.23, and 56.69 g/kg BW0.75) and tract OM digestibility (46.33, 49.03, and 72.39 % DM). Total tract digestible OM, CP, NDF and EE intake also increase in response to DDGS supplementation. Forage OM intake decreased when supplementation level reached 1.2 % BW. Also, ruminal pH decreased with DDGS supplementation level (6.88, 6.47, and 6.27). No differences were observed in total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration; however, the molar proportion of acetate decreased (77.98, 73.90, and 67.29 % Total VFA) as well as acetate: propionate ratio (4.38, 3.48, and 2.74). On the contrary, propionate proportions increased (18.32, 21.86, and 24.81 % Total VFA). Levels of ammonia and lactate were within suggested values for optimal fermentation and bacterial growth. Low-quality grass supplementation with corn DDGS increased total OM intake and digestibility. Also, DDGS inclusion favorably altered volatile fatty acids profile by reducing the acetate to propionate ratio regarding forage-only diets.

Effects of feeding wheat middlings on production, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and carcass characteristics in beef cattle

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. ZoBell ◽  
L. A. Goonewardene ◽  
K. C. Olson ◽  
C. A. Stonecipher ◽  
R. D. Wiedmeier
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
Daily Gain

Studies were conducted to compare the feed value of wheat middlings (WM) to cereal grains in rations with varying concentrate to roughage levels. In two separate studies, weaned heifers and steers were fed corn silage/alfalf a hay-based growing diets where the concentrate source was either a control diet consisting of rolled barley (heifers) or rolled corn (steers) versus WM, over an 84-d period. In a 107-d study, finishing steers were fed treatments that consisted of rolled corn (C) plus either 35% wheat middlings (WM35) or 50% wheat middlings (WM50). A single cross-over designed digestibility study was also conducted utilizing four cannulated yearling heifers fed either a corn or WM50 diet from the finishing steer study. Results from the heifer and growing and finishing steer studies showed that average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and feed efficience (FE) were not affected (P > 0.05) by feeding treatment. Carcass characteristics, including hot carcass weight, ribeye area, backfat, yield, quality grade and cutability were also unaffected (P > 0.05) by feed treatment. Results from the digestibility studies indicated total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were increased (P = 0.023) in the WM diet, with acetate lower (P = 0.0003) than the C group, and pH levels of 5.81 and 5.55 for the C and WM treatments respectively (P = 0.011). Dry matter and ADF digestibilities were not affected (P > 0.05) by feed treatment. It is concluded from these studies that WM can be fed to growing beef heifers and steers as an alternative to more traditional concentrate sources such as corn or barley. Wheat middlings could replace up to 50% of the concentrate in a finishing ration. However, certain ruminal fermentation characteristics such as pH, acetate: propionate ratio and total volatile fatty acids may be altered, which could affect performance over an extended feeding period. Key words: Wheat middlings, average daily gain, feed efficiency, digestibility, ruminal degradation, beef cattle

scholarly journals Effects of Increasing Doses of Condensed Tannins Extract from Cistus ladanifer L. on In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Biohydrogenation

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 761
Author(s):  
Olinda Guerreiro ◽  
Susana P. Alves ◽  
Mónica Costa ◽  
Maria F. Duarte ◽  
Eliana Jerónimo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Cistus Ladanifer ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Ct Dose ◽  
Linear Decrease

Cistus ladanifer (rockrose) is a perennial shrub quite abundant in the Mediterranean region, and it is a rich source in secondary compounds such as condensed tannins (CTs). Condensed tannins from C. ladanifer were able to change the ruminal biohydrogenation (BH), increasing the t11–18:1 and c9,t11–18:2 production. However, the adequate conditions of the C. ladanifer CTs used to optimize the production of t11–18:1 and c9,t11–18:2 is not yet known. Thus, we tested the effect of increasing the doses of C. ladanifer CT extract (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg dry matter (DM)) on in vitro rumen BH. Five in vitro batch incubations replicates were conducted using an oil supplemented high-concentrate substrate, incubated for 24 h with 6 mL of buffered ruminal fluid. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and long chain fatty acids (FA) were analyzed at 0 h and 24 h, and BH of c9–18:1, c9, c12–18:2 and c9, c12, c15–18:3, and BH products yield were computed. Increasing doses of C. ladanifer CTs led to a moderate linear decrease (p < 0.001) of the VFA production (a reduction of 27% with the highest dose compared to control). The disappearance of c9–18:1 and c9,c12–18:2 as well as the production of t11–18:1 and c9, t11:18:2 was not affected by increasing doses of C. ladanifer CTs, and only the disappearance of c9, c12, c15–18:3 suffered a mild linear decrease (a reduction of 24% with the highest dose compared to control). Nevertheless, increasing the C. ladanifer CT dose led to a strong depression of microbial odd and branched fatty acids and of dimethyl acetals production (less than 65% with the highest dose compared to control), which indicates that microbial growth was more inhibited than fermentative and biohydrogenation activities, in a possible adaptative response of microbial population to stress induced to CTs and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The ability of C. ladanifer to modulate the ruminal BH was not verified in the current in vitro experimental conditions, emphasizing the inconsistent BH response to CTs and highlighting the need to continue seeking the optimal conditions for using CTs to improve the fatty acid profile of ruminant fat.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Sampling Techniques for Evaluating Ruminal Fermentation and Microbiota in the Planktonic Phase of Rumen Digesta in Dairy Cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Flavia de Assis Lage ◽  
Susanna Elizabeth Räisänen ◽  
Audino Melgar ◽  
Krum Nedelkov ◽  
Xianjiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Dissolved Hydrogen

The objective of this experiment was to compare ruminal fluid samples collected through rumen cannula (RC) or using an oral stomach tube (ST) for measurement of ruminal fermentation and microbiota variables. Six ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows fed a standard diet were used in the study. Rumen samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h after the morning feeding on two consecutive days using both RC and ST techniques. Samples were filtered through two layers of cheesecloth and the filtered ruminal fluid was used for further analysis. Compared with RC, ST samples had 7% greater pH; however, the pattern in pH change after feeding was similar between sampling methods. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetate and propionate concentrations in ruminal fluid were on average 23% lower for ST compared with RC. There were no differences between RC and ST in VFA molar proportions (except for isobutyrate), ammonia and dissolved hydrogen (dH2) concentrations, or total protozoa counts, and there were no interactions between sampling technique and time of sampling. Bacterial ASV richness was higher in ST compared with RC samples; however, no differences were observed for Shannon diversity. Based on Permanova analysis, bacterial community composition was influenced by sampling method and there was an interaction between sampling method and time of sampling. A core microbiota comprised of Prevotella, S24-7, unclassified Bacteroidales and unclassified Clostridiales, Butyrivibrio, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, unclassified Ruminococcaceae, Ruminococcus, and Sharpea was present in both ST and RC samples, although their relative abundance varied and was influenced by an interaction between sampling time and sampling method. Overall, our results suggest that ruminal fluid samples collected using ST (at 180 to 200 cm depth) are not representative of rumen pH, absolute values of VFA concentrations, or bacterial communities &gt;2 h post-feeding when compared to samples of ruminal fluid collected using RC. However, ST can be a feasible sampling technique if the purpose is to study molar proportions of VFA, protozoa counts, dH2, and ammonia concentrations.

scholarly journals Concentrate containing calcium salts of fatty acids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can change rumen fermentation in grazing goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽  
Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽  
Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽  
Luiz Paulo Rigolon ◽  
Ana Paula Silva Possamai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Ruminal Ph

Feeding goats with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) can supply ruminants with lipids, with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility. However, there is a shortage of information on the effect of CSFA on characteristics of rumen fermentation in grassland goats. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the addition of CSFA to concentrate on the parameters of rumen fermentation of grazing goats. Five rumen cannulated goats were distributed in a Latin square 5x5 design (treatments: 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% CSFA. The pH, ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content were analyzed in the ruminal fluid at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after concentrate supplementation. The pH and ammonia N concentration showed a linear effect with the addition of CSFA. There was no effect observed for the VFA molar concentration after grazing goats were fed with the experimental diet. In conclusion, further research is needed to investigate the addition of CSFA to goat diets because there is evidence that CSFA increases ruminal pH and decreases excess ruminal ammonia without changing the VFA concentration in the rumen fluid.

Further studies on the effects of dietary cottonseed oil on milk-fat secretion in the cow

1968 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Steele ◽  
J. H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Cottonseed Oil ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Low Levels

SummaryThe effects of the isocaloric replacement of part of the dietary concentrate mixture by cottonseed oil on the yield and composition of the milk fat and on the pattern of rumen fermentation was investigated in 2 feeding experiments with a total of 8 cows in mid-lactation. The concentrate mixtures were given with high- or low-roughage diets that supplied 9·1 or 1·8 kg of hay/day.In expt 1 the yield of milk fat was not altered by the addition of 10% cottonseed oil to the concentrate mixtures given either with the high- or with the low-levels of dietary roughage. On the low-roughage treatment, dietary cottonseed oil increased milk yield but reduced the fat content of the milk. The change from the high- to the low-roughage diets containing no cottonseed oil resulted in reductions in the yield and percentage of fat in the milk. In expt 2 the yields of milk and milk fat were similar irrespective of whether the concentrate mixture contained 5 or 10% cottonseed oil.In expt 1 the inclusion of 10% cottonseed oil in the concentrate mixture reduced the yields and percentages of the medium-chain fatty acids (12:0, 14:0 and 16:0) and increased the yields and percentages of the C18 fatty acids in the milk fat. In expt 2, when the concentrate mixture contained 5% cottonseed oil, the yields and percentages of all the fatty acids in the milk fat were similar to the values obtained when the concentrates contained 10% cottonseed oil. For any given concentrate mixture, the change from the high- to the low-roughage treatments in both expts 1 and 2 resulted in increases in the percentage of oleic acid in the milk fat. The highest concentration of trans-octadecenoic acid was observed in the milk fat of the cows when they were given the high-roughage diet with the concentrate mixture containing 10% cottonseed oil.In expt 2 the level of cottonseed oil in the concentrate mixture did not influence the pattern of rumen fermentation as measured by the concentrations of the various volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor. However, the change from the high- to the low-roughage diets reduced the proportion of acetic and increased the proportions of propionic and n-valeric acids in the total volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor.

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