scholarly journals Endogenous purine and pyrimidine derivative excretion in pregnant sows

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Martin Orue ◽  
J. Balcells ◽  
J. A. Guada ◽  
C. Castrillo
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Pyrimidine Derivative ◽  
Urinary Marker ◽  
Large White ◽  
Creatinine Excretion

The present experiment was carried out to study the endogenous losses of purine and pyrimidine derivatives from pregnant sows. Three pregnant and three non-pregnant Large White × Landrace sows were fed on a purine-free diet composed of starch, glucose, sucrose and vegetable oil, with casein as the protein source. The experiment began, for the six animals, after diagnosis of pregnancy and was divided into six 12 d periods. Urine was collected during the first 3 d of each experimental period by means of a urethral catheter for determination of allantoin, uric acid, xanthine, hypoxanthine and pseudouridine concentrations. In the absence of dietary nucleic acids (N A), allantoin and, as a consequence, excretion of total purine derivatives (PD) decreased significantly to a constant value (128·3 (se 7·07) μmol/kg metabolic live weight (W0·7) per d), an amount assumed to represent endogenous excretion. Excretion of uric acid (38·7 (SE 2·15) μmol/kg W0·75 per d), hypoxanthine (21·0 (SE 2·58) μmol/kg W0·75 per d) and xanthine (11·2 (SE 0·83) μmol/kg W0·75 per d) were not affected by the experimental treatment, although there was a significant decrease in hypoxanthine excretion in pregnant sows (from 25·5 to 5·2 μmol/kg W0·75 per d) compared with non-pregnant sows (from 26·7 to 44·8 μmol/kg W0·75 per d). Creatinine excretion was not affected by pregnancy and was used as an internal urinary marker. Purine excretion, either expressed as μmol/kg W0·75 per d or as the ratio PD:creatinine, was not affected by experimental treatment, although an apparent increase in pseudouridine excretion, a modified unsalvageable catabolite of RNA-pyrimidine, was found in late pregnancy (3·6 ν 52 mol/100 mol creatinine in on-pregnant sows compared with pregnant sows at 102 d collection).

A study of protein requirements of housed Scottish Blackface ewes during late pregnancy

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. McClelland ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYIn-lamb ewes were given 38, 58 and 82 g of digestible crude protein daily at a constant energy intake of 1600 kcal ME per head daily during the last 6 weeks of gestation. There were no significant differences between treatments in live-weight gain of the ewes, lamb birth weight or ewe net body-weight change (the difference between live-weight gain over the experimental period and live-weight loss at lambing).Digestibility coefficients for the diet components and nitrogen balances were determined on three ewes per treatment during weeks 15-16 and 19·20 of gestation. No differences in the apparent digestibility of the diet components were observed between the two periods. The apparent digestibility of crude protein increased significantly (P > 0·001) with increase in crude protein intake. A significant linear relationship (P<0·01) was found between digestible crude protein intake and nitrogen retention; daily N retention increased by 0·19 g per kg W0·73 for every 1 g per kg W0·73 of apparent digested nitrogen intake per day.

scholarly journals Investigation of the associations of SCD gene polymorphism with intramuscular fat content in Duroc and Large White pig breeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 190 (11) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
О. Костюнина ◽  
O. Kostyunina ◽  
Елена Требунских ◽  
Elena Trebunskikh ◽  
Маргарет Форнара ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Test System ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Large White ◽  
Pig Breeds ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ultrasound Scanner ◽  
Large White Pig

Abstract. A scientific novelty is the study of the allele pool of domestic reproduction pigs, the determination of population genetic parameters by DNA markers, and the search for associations of genetic variants with economically significant traits. The aim of the work was to study the influence of SCD Y487830 polymorphism: g.2228 T > C to the IMF content and to search for associations of genotypes with economically significant traits in domestic reproduction pigs. The studies were conducted in 2019 on pigs reared in Selection and Hybrid Center LLC (Voronezh region). Genotyping were determined by the QuantStudio™ 5 Real-Time PCR System using the developed test system. The content of IMF (%), backfat thickness (mm), lean (%), live weight (kg) in 103 boars and 27 gilts Duroc pigs, 30 Large White boars was determined using an ExaGo ultrasound scanner. The main diet and animal welfare conditions were identical and corresponded to zoosanitary standards. Model equation for multivariate analysis of variance with interaction was used to evaluate the effect of genotype by SCD on productive qualities. The frequency of the T allele and TT genotype in the group of Duroc pigs was 0.419 and 12.7 %, respectively. Large White pig breeds were characterized by the frequency of the T allele – 0.686, TT genotype – 46.8 %. All Landrace pigs were carriers of the TT genotype. The superiority of the C allele carriers in the content of IMF was shown. The difference between Duroc boars with TT and CC genotypes was 0.42 % (P ≤ 0.05), and individuals with CC genotype exceeded TT genotype carriers in the backfat thickness of more than 3 mm (P ≤ 0.001). The results confirm the association of the SCD genotype with the content of intramuscular fat and the backfat thickness in the Duroc boars.

scholarly journals Protein, energetic, enzymatic and mineral profile of Nellore cows during the pregnancy, parturition and postpartum

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e49022
Author(s):  
Wagner Dias Coelho de Oliveira ◽  
Tairon Pannunzio Dias e Silva ◽  
Leílson Rocha Bezerra ◽  
Marcos Jácome de Araújo ◽  
Ricardo Loiola Edvan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Normal Variation ◽  
Blood Biomarkers ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Mineral Profile ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protein energetic, enzymatic and mineral profile of Nellore cows during the pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. Fifteen multiparous cows with 4 ± 1 years of age and live weight of 400 ± 50 kg were used at different stages (non-pregnant, in the initial, middle and late pregnancy, at birth, one day postpartum, 30 and 60 days postpartum). Blood collections were performed every 30 days and assayed for the following blood biomarkers: Protein (total proteins, albumin, urea and creatinine), energetic (cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and beta hydroxybutyrate), mineral (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) and enzymatic (alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase). Calcium had the lowest concentrations (p < 0.05) in the initial pregnancy, while phosphorus had the highest concentration at parturition (p < 0.05). Triglycerides, glucose and beta hydroxybutyrate were influenced by the stages of pregnancy, reducing in the late pregnancy and at parturition. Glucose had a reduction in the late pregnancy and elevation in the postpartum. Beta hydroxybutyrate showed increase at the late pregnancy. Although lipomobilization occurred in the phases of higher metabolic demands in the attempt to maintain homeostatic conditions. Nellore cows did not present negative energy balance in the late pregnancy period, maintaining normal variation in blood markers throughout the experimental period.

High Level Cereal Diets for the Growing/Finishing Pig: VII. The Performance Of Weaned Pigs Grown To Cutter Weight (160 lb live weight) on Iso-Nitrogenous-Maize Based Diets Containing Different Levels of Lysine and Tryptophan

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. J. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Large White ◽  
Finishing Pig ◽  
White Type ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
High Level ◽  
Weaner Pigs ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARYIn a randomized block 3x2 factorial experiment 72 Large White type weaner pigs were individually and restrictedly fed, from 501b (22–7 kg) to approximately 1601b (72–7 kg) live weight, iso-nitrogenous (16% crude protein) maize-based diets (as wet mashes with 2:1 ratios of water to dry food) containing 0–15%, 0–22% or 0–29% tryptophan and either 0–85% or 0–97% lysine. Overall, for the period in its entirety and in the period from the start to 110 lb (50–0 kg) live weight, the diets containing 0–22% and 0–29% tryptophan gave a similar performance. Together they gave a significantly superior performance compared with that obtained from the diets containing 0–15 % tryptophan. Pigs fed the diets containing 0–85 % lysine converted their food better and grew faster than pigs fed the diets containing 0–97 % lysine. These differences were significant (P <0–05) for both parameters in the period from 110 lb (50–0 kg) live weight to the finish of the experiment at 1601b (72–5 kg) live weight and significant (P <0–05) for efficiency of food conversion in the overall experimental period.

The influence of dietary protein intake during lactation on the reproductive performance of sows

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. MacPherson ◽  
F. W. H. Elsley ◽  
R. I. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Large White ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk

SUMMARY1. Forty-five Large White gilts were given 2·20 kg daily of a diet containing 14·0% crude protein during three successive pregnancies. During a 6-week lactation they received 5·30 kg daily of one of three diets containing 19·0% (HP), 16·5% (MP) or 14·0% (LP) crude protein.2. Daily milk yield was estimated on the 10th, 20th, 30th and 40th day of lactation. Milk samples were obtained from the same sows for the determination of protein, fat, lactose and total solids on the 11th, 21st, 31st and 41st day.3. One sow and litter from each treatment in each lactation was placed in metabolism cages during lactation and estimates of nitrogen and dry matter excretion obtained.4. As the concentration of protein in the diet decreased the average 42-day gain in litter weight from birth increased significantly in the first lactation. This trend continued in the second lactation although it was not significant but did not appear in the third.5. There was no marked difference in daily milk yield between treatment groups.6. There was a significantly greater loss of live weight by the sows on the lower levels of protein in the first lactation. These differences were not significant in the second and third lactations.

Differences in feed intake and the performance of Finn × Dorset ewes during late pregnancy

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Shevah ◽  
W. J. M. Black ◽  
R. B. Land
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYIn two experiments carried out in the autumn of 1971 and 1972 (treatment prefixes 1 and 2 respectively), 84 Finn x Dorset ewes found by X-ray to carry from 1 to 4 foetuses were individually fed during the last 6 weeks of gestation either: 1A, ad libitum; 1H and 2H, 33 kcal M/kg ewe live weight+365 kcal per ME/kg foetus (anticipated birth weight); 1M, 80%; and 2L, 50% of the total energy fed to treatments 1H and 2H. The amounts given remained constant during the experimental period. The method of feeding according to foetal number within treatments, attempted to standardize the nutritional state within treatments.All ewes (except those on 2L which remained constant) gained 6 to 8 kg live weight during the last 6 weeks of gestation and lost 8 to 10 kg at parturition. The birth weight of lambs was not affected by the range of energy (2·3 to 4·4 Meal ME/ewe per day) consumed during the last 6 weeks of gestation.Plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA), glucose and ketone bodies were determined weekly. The mean FFA levels were significantly higher in the low energy treatment groups than the high ones.The present data indicated that if there is little change in body weight i n the early stages of pregnancy a 65 kg ewe bearing twin lambs, will require about 4 Meal ME/day during the last 50 days of gestation t o prevent a rise in plasma FFA concentration or loss of weight over the gestation period.

scholarly journals Performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs fed varying levels of beniseed (Sesamum indicum L.) hull in replacement for maize (Zea mays LINN)

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
R. Olajide ◽  
E. K. Asaniyan ◽  
S. M. Aro ◽  
O. B. Olusegun
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Sixty (60) grower-finisher pigs (Landrace x Large white) were used to investigate the nutritional value of beniseed hull (BSH) as substitute for maize on performance, carcass, and organs characteristics of the experimental animals. Five experimental diets were formulated by incorporating BSH into basal diet to replace maize at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%; designated as T1 (control), T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. The experimental pigs were individually weighed and assigned to five dietary treatments of three replicates of four animals each in a completely randomized design. The animals were fed for 2 weeks pre-experimental period and thereafter for ten weeks during which data were collected. Feed cost per kg live weight gain (? 668.67) of the animals fed 0% BSH significantly (P<0.05) reduced to ? 620.06 (25% BSH), ? 527.24 (50% BSH), ? 509.74 (75% BSH) and ? 456.73 (100% BSH). The bled weight, scald weight, eviscerated weight, dressing percentage, bacon, fore hock, hind hock and tail were significantly (P<0.05) affected by dietary treatments. The biggest liver weight (2.27g/kg) obtained in the animals fed the control diet (0% BSH) reduced significantly (P<0.05) to 2.20 (25% BSH), 1.91 (50% BSH), 1.76 (75% BSH) and 2.00 (100% BSH). Variations obtained in the kidney weight (0.40 g/kg) of the experimental animals fed with 25% BSH-based diets were similar (P>0.05) to 0.38 g/kg in the control (0% BSH) with both significantly (P<0.05) reduced to 0.36 (50% BSH), 0.36 (75% BSH) and 0.32 (100% BSH), respectively. Beniseed hull (BSH) poses no health challenge to the pigs used in this study. There were reductions in the cost/kg and cost of feed per kilogram live-weight gain with increasing levels of BSH in the diets, the lowest being at 100% level of substitution; beniseed hull could economically and safely replace maize in pig's diets up to 100% level.

scholarly journals Nitrogen metabolism and urinary excretion of purines in goat kids

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Lindberg
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Protein Supply

1. In Expt 1 three male goat kids of the Swedish Landrace breed were bottle-fed on isoenergetic liquid diets composed of goat's milk alone or substituted with 200, 400, 600 and 800 ml of a nitrogen-free liquid diet/1. The goat kids were 3 weeks old at the start of the experiment and weighed on average 5.3 (sd 0.22) kg. The experiment lasted for 45 d divided into nine 5 d periods. The goat kids were kept individually in metabolism cages, and faeces and urine were collected daily.2. In Expt 1 there was a significant (P < 0.001) relation between N intake and N retention, with an estimated (extrapolation) basal N excretion of 211 mg N/kg metabolic live weight (W0.75). While the creatinine excretion remained fairly constant (19.9 mg/W0.75), there was a tendency for both the allantoin and uric acid excretions to change with N intakes. Hypoxanthine showed no consistent excretion pattern, and xanthine could not be detected.3. In Expt 2 three male goat kids of the Swedish Landrace breed were used to study the effect of level of intake on N and purine metabolism. The first experimental period (period 1) started at 2 weeks of age (5.5 kg live weight) and the second experimental period (period 2) at 9 weeks of age (9.8 kg live weight). The goat kids were bottle-fed on goat milk at intended intakes of 400, 600, 800 and 1000 kJ gross energy/kg W0.75. Each treatment was given for 7 d with adaptation for 3 d and collections for 4 d.4. In Expt 2 there were significant (P < 0.001) increases in both live weight and N retention when level of intake was increased. With increasing N intakes both total N and urea-N excretions increased significantly (P < 0.05). The proportions of urea-N and ammonia-N were fairly constant within periods, and were on average respectively 0.81 and 0.059 in period I and 0.84 and 0.068 in period 2. There was no significant effect of treatment on the urinary excretion of allantoin, hypoxanthine, xanthine and creatinine. In period 2 uric acid excretion was significantly (P < 0.01) affected by the treatments.5. From the presented findings it is concluded that the endogenous urinary excretion of purine derivatives in a young growing ruminant was only marginally affected by large variations in protein supply, and also by the level of intake of milk.

Further studies of the effect of dietary energy content on the voluntary intake of pigs

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Owen ◽  
W. J. Ridgman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Large White ◽  
Short Period

1. Twenty-seven Large White pigs from three litters were involved in a 33 factorial experiment in which they were given three pelleted diets containing 0, 10% and 20% of dry sawdust during each third of an experimental period ranging from 29·5 to 118 kg live weight. The effects of these treatments on dry-matter intake and rate of growth in each sub-period and on the final carcass quality of the pig were studied.2. The results confirmed a previous finding that pigs developed a compensatory increase in intake in response to diets containing increasing amounts of sawdust, but that in small pigs this operates very poorly and leads to much retarded growth on the high sawdust diets.3. The compensatory intake mechanism took some time to develop after the pig had been put on to the sawdust diets, the delay being much longer in the smaller pig. Similarly, when the pigs were returned to high energy diets some time elapsed before intake returned to normal. During this time lag the pigs grew faster, as with compensatory growth, than when they had not previously been subjected to low energy diets.4. It is concluded that long-term observations must be made in order to investigate the nutrition of pigs fed ad libitum.5. Although energy intake can be restricted by giving low energy diets for a short period, this does not seem to improve carcass quality.

Indexes of reproductive ability and their repeatability in sows of different genotypes, taking into account the polymorphism g.1426g> a of the Mc4r gene

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Khalak ◽  
Vasyl Voloshchuk ◽  
Konstiantyn Pochernyaev ◽  
Serhii Smyslov ◽  
Maria Ilchenko
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Large White ◽  
Mc4r Gene ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Consolidation Coefficient

The results of studies of the reproductive ability of sows of different genotypes are given taking into account the polymorphism g.1426G> A of the MC4R gene, the factor of repeatability of characters is determined, and the economic efficiency of the research results is calculated. The experimental part of the research was carried out in the conditions of the «Druzhba-Kaznacheevka» LTD in Dnipropetrovsk region. The objects of research were sows of the Large White breed. It was determined that sows of the main herd, according to signs of reproductive ability, belong to class I and class elite. The experiment showed that sows of genotype AG exceeded their peers of others (GG and AA) in terms of “born piglets total, heads” by 1.6 and 0.7 heads, “Live piglets born (multiple births), heads - by 1 6 and 0.9 heads, “the mass of the litter at the time of birth, kg” - by 2.7 - 1.3 kg., “the mass of the litter at the time of weaning at the age of 28-35 days, kg” - by 5, 1 - 3.9 kg. The difference between animals of the indicated genotypes is: for large-foetus - 0.06-0.01 kg, the index "evenness of the sow’s litter in live weight of piglets at birth, points" - 1.05-1.84 points, index of N. D. Berezovsky - 3.75 -2.36 points. The index of the safety of piglets before weaning ranged from 84.4 to 93.0 %. It was proved that the minimum value of the index “evenness of the sow’s littar in live weight of piglets at the time of birth, points (7.76 ± 1,082 points) are characterized by sows of genotype AA, in which the rate of multiple pregnancy ranged from 8 to 14 pigs, and the value of the sign“ large-foetus, kg "equaled 1.37 kg. The repeatability coefficient for sows of the main herd and sows of the Large White breed of different genotypes for the melanocortin 4 (MC4R) receptor gene ranges from -0.916 ± 0.1418 (І-IV farrow, genotype - GG, sign - “piglet safety before weaning, %) to 0.978 ± 0.0738 (I-V farrow, genotype - GG, sign - “large foetus”, kg ”). The maximum value of the phenotypic consolidation coefficient was found in sows of genotype AA according to the following quantitative characteristics: “live piglets (multiple births), heads.”, “litter weight at the time of birth, kg”, “litter weight at weaning age of 28-35 days, kg "," the safety of piglets before weaning ,% ". The sows of the genotype GG belong to the unconsolidated group according to the signs of reproductive qualities. The use of sows of the genotype for the melanocortin 4 (MC4R) AG receptor gene provides additional products at the level of 5.15 %, and its cost is 165.41 UAH /head. Keywords: sow, breed, reproductive ability, MC4R gene, genotypic consolidation coefficient, variability, correlation, repeatability.

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