scholarly journals Protein, energetic, enzymatic and mineral profile of Nellore cows during the pregnancy, parturition and postpartum

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e49022
Author(s):  
Wagner Dias Coelho de Oliveira ◽  
Tairon Pannunzio Dias e Silva ◽  
Leílson Rocha Bezerra ◽  
Marcos Jácome de Araújo ◽  
Ricardo Loiola Edvan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Normal Variation ◽  
Blood Biomarkers ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Mineral Profile ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protein energetic, enzymatic and mineral profile of Nellore cows during the pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. Fifteen multiparous cows with 4 ± 1 years of age and live weight of 400 ± 50 kg were used at different stages (non-pregnant, in the initial, middle and late pregnancy, at birth, one day postpartum, 30 and 60 days postpartum). Blood collections were performed every 30 days and assayed for the following blood biomarkers: Protein (total proteins, albumin, urea and creatinine), energetic (cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and beta hydroxybutyrate), mineral (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) and enzymatic (alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase). Calcium had the lowest concentrations (p < 0.05) in the initial pregnancy, while phosphorus had the highest concentration at parturition (p < 0.05). Triglycerides, glucose and beta hydroxybutyrate were influenced by the stages of pregnancy, reducing in the late pregnancy and at parturition. Glucose had a reduction in the late pregnancy and elevation in the postpartum. Beta hydroxybutyrate showed increase at the late pregnancy. Although lipomobilization occurred in the phases of higher metabolic demands in the attempt to maintain homeostatic conditions. Nellore cows did not present negative energy balance in the late pregnancy period, maintaining normal variation in blood markers throughout the experimental period.

A study of protein requirements of housed Scottish Blackface ewes during late pregnancy

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. McClelland ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYIn-lamb ewes were given 38, 58 and 82 g of digestible crude protein daily at a constant energy intake of 1600 kcal ME per head daily during the last 6 weeks of gestation. There were no significant differences between treatments in live-weight gain of the ewes, lamb birth weight or ewe net body-weight change (the difference between live-weight gain over the experimental period and live-weight loss at lambing).Digestibility coefficients for the diet components and nitrogen balances were determined on three ewes per treatment during weeks 15-16 and 19·20 of gestation. No differences in the apparent digestibility of the diet components were observed between the two periods. The apparent digestibility of crude protein increased significantly (P > 0·001) with increase in crude protein intake. A significant linear relationship (P<0·01) was found between digestible crude protein intake and nitrogen retention; daily N retention increased by 0·19 g per kg W0·73 for every 1 g per kg W0·73 of apparent digested nitrogen intake per day.

scholarly journals Administration of early post-partum oral drench in dairy cows: effect on metabolic profile

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Schallenberger Gonçalves ◽  
Felipe Cardoso ◽  
Fábio De Souza Guagnini ◽  
Leidy Johanna Reyes Castañeda ◽  
Félix Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

<p>Some prophylactic treatments have been proposed in high-yielding dairy cattle in order to minimize the effects of negative energy balance and some disturbances such as hypocalcaemia and ketosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two doses of Drench within 24 h after calving on the metabolic profile and prevention of ketosis. A total of 48 cows from a herd in Rio Grande do Sul state (southern Brazil) was used in the study. The animals were randomly selected and treated orally with Drench (N= 32, propylene glycol, electrolytes and choline in 40 L of water) and water (N= 16) used as control. Blood samples were collected by blood coccygeal venipuncture through a vacutainer plain system tubes. Biochemical determinations were performed in serum (albumin, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids -NEFA-, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, aspartate transaminase -AST- and gammaglutamyl-transferase -GGT-) and a cow-side determination of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) was performed using the Abbot blood Precision Xtra system. All cows in the experiment had their milk production controlled. The Drench treatment produces a tendency to a better milk yield (32.5 vs 29.6 L/cow/day) and helps to prevent subclinical ketosis, as indicated by a lesser prevalence of subclinical ketosis (29.7 vs 37.2%) and mean values of BHB (1.19 vs 1.27 mmol/L) as well as a lesser lipolysis as indicated by NEFA values (509 vs 1.560 µmol/L).  The other components of the metabolic profile did not have substantial effects between treatments. In short, on the conditions of the present work, the Drench treatment is an effective management tool for prevention of subclinical ketosis and severe lipolysis.</p>

Differences in feed intake and the performance of Finn × Dorset ewes during late pregnancy

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Shevah ◽  
W. J. M. Black ◽  
R. B. Land
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYIn two experiments carried out in the autumn of 1971 and 1972 (treatment prefixes 1 and 2 respectively), 84 Finn x Dorset ewes found by X-ray to carry from 1 to 4 foetuses were individually fed during the last 6 weeks of gestation either: 1A, ad libitum; 1H and 2H, 33 kcal M/kg ewe live weight+365 kcal per ME/kg foetus (anticipated birth weight); 1M, 80%; and 2L, 50% of the total energy fed to treatments 1H and 2H. The amounts given remained constant during the experimental period. The method of feeding according to foetal number within treatments, attempted to standardize the nutritional state within treatments.All ewes (except those on 2L which remained constant) gained 6 to 8 kg live weight during the last 6 weeks of gestation and lost 8 to 10 kg at parturition. The birth weight of lambs was not affected by the range of energy (2·3 to 4·4 Meal ME/ewe per day) consumed during the last 6 weeks of gestation.Plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA), glucose and ketone bodies were determined weekly. The mean FFA levels were significantly higher in the low energy treatment groups than the high ones.The present data indicated that if there is little change in body weight i n the early stages of pregnancy a 65 kg ewe bearing twin lambs, will require about 4 Meal ME/day during the last 50 days of gestation t o prevent a rise in plasma FFA concentration or loss of weight over the gestation period.

scholarly journals Indicators of the Internal Environment of Gasconne Calves during Rearing

2009 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleš Pavlík ◽  
Radka Zahrádková ◽  
Daniel Bureš ◽  
Pavel Jelínek ◽  
Zdeněk Havlíček
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Total Bilirubin ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Growth Intensity ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Positive Effect

Selected indicators of the internal environment were determined in 11 bulls and 11 heifers of the Gasconne breed. Blood was sampled and the live weight was recorded on a regular basis at ages of 64, 99, 127, 155, 190, 216 and 253 days. Plasma concentrations of total proteins, urea, glucose, total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, total bilirubin, activity of alkaline phosphatase, alanine- and aspartate aminotransferase, concentrations of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc and copper were assessed. The effects of sex (p < 0.01) on changes in the concentration of total proteins, urea and total cholesterol (p < 0.05) were found. Enhanced growth intensity had a positive effect on the concentration of total cholesterol (r = 0.52; p < 0.05) but a negative correlation was detected between the growth intensity and activity of ALT (r = -0.50; p < 0.05), AST (r = -0.46; p < 0.05), and magnesium (r = -0.35; p < 0.05). The age of the animals affected the concentration of plasma triodothyronine (r = -0.45; p < 0.05), ALP (r = -0.64; p < 0.05), urea (r = -0.66; p < 0.05) and iron (r = -0.34; p < 0.05). The indicators of internal environment determined in this study were within the physiological range and therefore helped to specify the health and nutritional status of animals reared in extensive suckling cows systems.

scholarly journals Endogenous purine and pyrimidine derivative excretion in pregnant sows

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Martin Orue ◽  
J. Balcells ◽  
J. A. Guada ◽  
C. Castrillo
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Pyrimidine Derivative ◽  
Urinary Marker ◽  
Large White ◽  
Creatinine Excretion

The present experiment was carried out to study the endogenous losses of purine and pyrimidine derivatives from pregnant sows. Three pregnant and three non-pregnant Large White × Landrace sows were fed on a purine-free diet composed of starch, glucose, sucrose and vegetable oil, with casein as the protein source. The experiment began, for the six animals, after diagnosis of pregnancy and was divided into six 12 d periods. Urine was collected during the first 3 d of each experimental period by means of a urethral catheter for determination of allantoin, uric acid, xanthine, hypoxanthine and pseudouridine concentrations. In the absence of dietary nucleic acids (N A), allantoin and, as a consequence, excretion of total purine derivatives (PD) decreased significantly to a constant value (128·3 (se 7·07) μmol/kg metabolic live weight (W0·7) per d), an amount assumed to represent endogenous excretion. Excretion of uric acid (38·7 (SE 2·15) μmol/kg W0·75 per d), hypoxanthine (21·0 (SE 2·58) μmol/kg W0·75 per d) and xanthine (11·2 (SE 0·83) μmol/kg W0·75 per d) were not affected by the experimental treatment, although there was a significant decrease in hypoxanthine excretion in pregnant sows (from 25·5 to 5·2 μmol/kg W0·75 per d) compared with non-pregnant sows (from 26·7 to 44·8 μmol/kg W0·75 per d). Creatinine excretion was not affected by pregnancy and was used as an internal urinary marker. Purine excretion, either expressed as μmol/kg W0·75 per d or as the ratio PD:creatinine, was not affected by experimental treatment, although an apparent increase in pseudouridine excretion, a modified unsalvageable catabolite of RNA-pyrimidine, was found in late pregnancy (3·6 ν 52 mol/100 mol creatinine in on-pregnant sows compared with pregnant sows at 102 d collection).

scholarly journals Glucose and protein metabolism during late pregnancy in triplet-bearing ewes given fresh forages ad lib.

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Barry ◽  
T. R. Manley
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Hyperbolic Relation ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

1. Ewes of the Booroola x Romney genotype carrying triplet lambs were given fresh forages ad lib. in late pregnancy. In Expt 1, groups of three ewes were given kale (Brassica oleracea), perennial ryegrass (Loliumperenne) or perennial ryegrass (0.75)–barley (0.25). In Expt 2, groups of two or three ewes were given fresh perennial ryegrass and infused into the abomasum with iso-energetic quantities of casein and glucose in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Post-lambing ewe live weights were 40–50 kg. Glucose irreversible loss (GIL) was determined from dilution of D-[U-14C]glucose.2. For ewes given kale, perennial ryegrass and perennial ryegrass—barley in Expt 1, mean metabolizable energy (ME) intakes were 0.50, 0.82 and 0.83 MJ/kg live Weight0.75 per d, GIL was 112, 142 and 157 g/d, and mean birth weight 2.22, 3.05 and 2.95 kg/lamb.3. In Expt 2, infusion of glucose, casein, and glucose+casein depressed herbage ME intake respectively by 1.6, 0.9 and 0.3 times the amount of ME infused. GIL (185–325 g/d) was increased by 800 and 350 g respectively for each kg of glucose or casein infused. Casein infusion increased calculated amino acid absorption from 0.18 to 0.36 of ME, increased wool growth and increased calculated maternal N balance. Birth weight was unaffected by nutritional treatment and averaged 3.29 kg/lamb.4. When values from both experiments were combined, birth weight was related to GIL by a hyperbolic relation, with maximum predicted birth weight being 4.1 kg/lamb. It was postulated that this value was never attained in practice, due to uterine expansion being restricted by the low maternal body size. Marked decreases in birth weight occurred when GIL decreased below 173 g/d.5. It was calculated that ewes in all treatment groups were in negative energy balance, and that glucose supplied by the kale and unsupplemented ryegrass diets were respectively below and equal to calculated conceptus uptakes of glucose necessary to maintain growth of triplet fetuses. It was further calculated that amino acid requirements of triplet-bearing ewes in late pregnancy were likely to exceed substantially net absorption from digestion of fresh forage diets, and that maternal tissues go into negative N balance to ensure fetal growth, thus explaining the lack of response to abomasal casein infusion.

scholarly journals Mammary Gland Structures Are Not Affected by an Increased Growth Rate of Yearling Ewes Post-Weaning but Are Associated with Growth Rates of Singletons

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 884
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Haslin ◽  
Rene A. Corner-Thomas ◽  
Paul R. Kenyon ◽  
Adrian J. Molenaar ◽  
Stephen T. Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Heavy Group

The experiment aimed to examine the impacts of an increased growth rate of ewes between three and seven months of age on udder development using ultrasound and to establish whether ultrasonography could be used to identify ewe mammary structures that may be indirect indicators of singleton growth to weaning. Udder dimensions, depths of gland cistern (GC), parenchyma (PAR) and fat pad (FP) were measured in late pregnancy (P107), early lactation (L29), and at weaning (L100) in 59 single-bearing yearling ewes selected from two treatments. The ‘heavy’ group (n = 31) was preferentially fed prior to breeding achieving an average breeding live-weight of 47.9 ± 0.38 kg at seven months of age. The ‘control’ group (n = 28) had an average breeding live-weight of 44.9 ± 0.49 kg. Udder dimensions, GC, PAR and FP did not differ between treatments. Lamb growth to L100 was positively associated (p < 0.05) with PAR at P107 and GC at L29. There was no evidence of negative effects of the live-weight gain treatments on udder development of yearling ewes as measured by ultrasonography. The results suggest that this ultrasound method has the potential to identify pregnant yearling ewes which would wean heavier singletons.

The effect of ammonia treatment on the intake of straw and hay when offered with rations of concentrates to ewes in late pregnancy

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Orr ◽  
T. T. Treacher ◽  
V. C. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Forage Intake

ABSTRACTFinnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes were offered 300, 600 or 900 g fresh weight per day of concentrates and forage ad libitum from day 105 of pregnancy until lambing. Spring barley straw (S) or hay (H) was offered either untreated (U) or following treatment with anhydrous ammonia in an oven (T). Organic matter digestibilities (in vitro) were 0·42, 0·58, 0·42 and 0·60 and nitrogen contents were 7·2, 18·6, 12·0 and 25·0 g/kg dry matter for US, TS, UH and TH respectively. Forage intake did not differ between ewes carrying two or more foetuses but the small number of ewes carrying one foetus ate more straw (6·8 v. 4·5 g organic matter (OM) per kg live weight) than ewes carrying two or more foetuses. Ammonia treatment increased intake; the increase was larger on straw (4·6 v. 100 g OM per kg live weight) than on hay (9·0 v. 10·7 g OM per kg live weight). Replacement rates of forage by concentrates were -0·21, +0·06, -0·48 and +0·08 kg forage per kg concentrates for treatments US, TS, UH and TH respectively; only the value for treatment UH differed significantly from zero. On most treatments forage intake decreased as pregnancy progressed and the declines were greater when treated forages were offered. Concentrate level had a large effect on most aspects of ewe performance. Ewes offered treated forage gained slightly more weight in pregnancy (138 v. 104 g/day), had a slightly smaller decrease in body condition score (-0·54 v. -0·68) between day 105 and lambing but did not have greater lamb birth weights than ewes on untreated forage.

Effect of age, abomasal cannulation and rumen catheterization on intake and site of digestion by early-weaned lambs

1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Cruickshank ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
A. S. Familton
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestion ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Cumulative Intake

SUMMARYThe voluntary food intake, in vivo digestibility and site of nutrient digestion was measured in 12 Polled Dorset ram lambs, from 6 to 24 weeks of age, offered clover hay. Lambs were weaned at 6 weeks of age. Six were fitted with a permanent T-shaped cannula in the abomasum and a temporary rumen catheter during the periods of digesta flow measurement.Surgical modification of lambs did not influence intake (g/kg live weight (W) per day), in vivo digestibility or marker retention time in the rumen. However, intact lambs grew significantly faster than cannulated lambs (139 v. 109g/day, P < 0·05) apparently because of an overall higher cumulative intake over the whole experimental period rather than any change in efficiency of use of nutrients or maintenance requirement.Relative to live weight, intake increased rapidly until c. 10 weeks of age and remained relatively constant at c. 37 g DM/kg W per day for the remainder of the experiment. Age had no effect on in vivo digestibility of organic matter (OM) or neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (average 0·69).The proportion of digestible organic matter apparently digested in the rumen (DOMADR) decreased from 0·63 to 0·47 between 8 and 24 weeks of age whilst intake between these measurement periods increased. Nonammonia N (NAN) flow past the abomasum was similar at all ages in relation to digestible organic matter intake (55·1 g NAN/kg DOMI) but was higher at 16 and 24 weeks of age than at 8 and 12 weeks of age, respectively, in relation to organic matter apparently digested in the rumen (OMADR) (116 and 85 g NAN/kg OMADR, respectively, P < 0·05).Fractional outflow rate of digesta markers from the rumen, when estimated from abomasal digesta, was significantly higher than when estimated from faeces (103Ru-p 0·121 v. 0·09; 51Cr-EDTA 0·169 v. 0·111/h; P > 0·05).It was concluded that cannulation did not affect intake and digestion characteristics in these young lambs. The changes in the site of nutrient digestion as the animals aged may have been due to agerelated changes in digestive function but appeared to be associated with the increase in intake that occurred between measurement periods of the cannulated lambs.

The effects of different amounts of liquid skim-milk on pork pigs with particular reference to carcass quality

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Barber ◽  
R. Braude ◽  
Zena D. Hosking ◽  
K. G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Caloric Value ◽  
Calculated Energy ◽  
Matter Basis

SUMMARY1. Seventy-two individually fed pigs on six treatments were used to determine the effects on performance and in particular on carcass quality of (a) giving quantities of liquid skim-milk (preserved with formalin) in excess of those normally recommended; (b) replacing meal by skim-milk in the ration on a calculated dry-matter basis (1 gal. skim-milk equivalent to 1 · 1 lb. meal) as compared with a calculated energy basis (1 gal. skim-milk equivalent to 1 · 3 lb. meal) and (c) giving skim-milk for only a part of the growing period instead of throughout. The experimental period continued from 9–10 weeks of age until slaughter at an average live-weight of 135 lb.2. Extensive carcass measurements were taken and in addition assessment of the carcasses was made by a representative of the County Quality Pork Association and by an expert pork butcher.3. Carcasses from pigs given an all-meal diet were comparable in all respects with those from pigs given skim-milk throughout up to a maximum of either 5¼ or 10½ pints per pig per day.4. Carcasses from pigs given the highest level of skim-milk (maximum of 15¾ pints per pig per day) were superior in many respects to those on any of the other treatments, but the possibility that this was due to their slower rate of growth rather than to the high level of milk per se, is discussed.5. Pigs given skim-milk as replacement of part of their meal allowance on a calculated dry matter basis grew significantly faster than those in which the replacement was made on a calculated energy basis or than those given an all-meal diet. The importance is stressed of ensuring that in assessing the value of skim-milk for pigs the caloric value of the rations being compared is similar. The need for experiments based on actual determinations of the caloric value of the rations used is also emphasised.6. While the performance of pigs given skim-milk up to 75 lb. live-weight only was similar to that of pigs given skim-milk throughout, evidence was obtained that the quality of their carcasses was slightly inferior.7. There was some suggestion that as the level of skim-milk in the diet increased an eye muscle of a rather paler colour was produced.

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