scholarly journals Recovery of inulin from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in the small intestine of man

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bach K. E. Knudsen ◽  
I. Hessov
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Mean Transit Time ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Helianthus Tuberosus ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Glucose Ratio

The recovery of inulin, a naturally occurring β(2→l)-fructan isolated from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), in the small intestine of man was studied in ileostomy subjects. The ileostomists were given a low-dietary-fibre diet based on white wheat bread and virtually free of inulin, and the same diet with the addition of 10 g and 30 g inulin product respectively, and the recovery and mean transit time (MTT) of inulin were estimated by tracking inulin in ileal effluent. The recovery of inulin was approximately 87% at both ingestion levels. MTT was 4·9 (SE 0·6) h at an intake of 10 g inulin product decreasing to 3·4 (SE 0·3) h at an intake of 30 g Inulin product. A significant change in the fructose: glucose ratio of inulin from ingestion (4·1) to recovery in ileal effluent (4·5–4·7) and a lower recovery of the glucose residue than of the fructose residue of inulin indicate that the low-molecular-weight inulins are more sensitive to hydrolysis than the high-molecular-weight fragments. The loss of inulin during passage through the small intestine is presumably due to hydrolysis by either acids or enzymes and to microbial degradation by the microfiora permanently colonizing the distal small intestine. The concentrations of lactic acid (LA) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in frequently collected ileal effluents on the control day were approximately 6 mmol/l and approximately 55 mmol/l respectively. During periods with inulin ingestion the concentration of LA increased to 18–26 mmol/l (P < 0·052), while the concentration of SCFA ran converse and decreased to 18–32 mmol/l (P < 0·023). The osmotic loads (68 and 204 mosmol/l) associated with the ingestion of inulin product caused minor malabsorption of low-molecular-weight sugars.

A new low-molecular-weight calcium-binding ligand in rat small intestine

Life Sciences ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 33 (24) ◽  
pp. 2399-2408 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.K. Song ◽  
M.A. Song ◽  
D.B.N. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Rat Small Intestine

scholarly journals Polyethylene glycol as marker in piglet diets with a high dry-matter content

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Manners ◽  
D. E. Kidder
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Weight Substance

1. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) of high molecular weight, used as a dietary marker, did not distribute uniformly in the water present in a high-casein diet as did glucose, a low-molecular-weight substance.2. This distribution effect also occurred with the contents of the stomach and, to a smaller extent, with the contents of the first quarter of the small intestine of piglets given such a diet.

Modification to AOAC Official Methods 2009.01 and 2011.25 to Allow for Minor Overestimation of Low Molecular Weight Soluble Dietary Fiber in Samples Containing Starch

2014 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 896-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry V McCleary
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Soluble Dietary Fiber ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Aoac Official ◽  
Proposed Modification ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Abstract AOAC Official Methods 2009.01 and 2011.25 have been modified to allow removal of resistant maltodextrins produced on hydrolysis of various starches by the combination of pancreatic α-amylase and amyloglucosidase (AMG) used in these assay procedures. The major resistant maltodextrin, 63,65-di-α-D-glucosyl maltopentaose, is highly resistant to hydrolysis by microbial α-glucosidases, isoamylase, pullulanase, pancreatic, bacterial and fungal α-amylase and AMG. However, this oligosaccharide is hydrolyzed by the mucosal α-glucosidase complex of the pig small intestine (which is similar to the human small intestine), and thus must be removed in the analytical procedure. Hydrolysis of these oligosaccharides has been by incubation with a high concentration of a purified AMG at 60°C. This incubation results in no hydrolysis or loss of other resistant oligosaccharides such as FOS, GOS, XOS, resistant maltodextrins (e.g., Fibersol 2) or polydextrose. The effect of this additional incubation with AMG on the measured level of low molecular weight soluble dietary fiber (SDFS) and of total dietary fiber in a broad range of samples is reported. Results from this study demonstrate that the proposed modification can be used with confidence in the measurement of dietary fiber.

scholarly journals Low Molecular Weight Barley β-Glucan Affects Glucose and Lipid Metabolism by Prebiotic Effects

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Seiichiro Aoe ◽  
Kento Mio ◽  
Chiemi Yamanaka ◽  
Takao Kuge
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Specific Effects

We investigated the effect of low molecular weight barley β-glucan (LMW-BG) on cecal fermentation, glucose, and lipid metabolism through comparisons to high molecular weight β-glucan (HMW-BG). C57BL/6J male mice were fed a moderate-fat diet for 61 days. LMW-BG or HMW-BG was added to the diet corresponding to 4% β-glucan. We measured the apparent absorption of fat, serum biomarkers, the expression levels of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver and ileum, and bacterial counts of the major microbiota groups using real time PCR. The concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the cecum was analyzed by GC/MS. Significant reductions in serum leptin, total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, and mRNA expression levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) were observed in both BG groups. HMW-BG specific effects were observed in inhibiting fat absorption and reducing abdominal deposit fat, whereas LMW-BG specific effects were observed in increasing bacterial counts of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides and cecal total SCFAs, acetate, and propionate. mRNA expression of neurogenin 3 was increased in the LMW-BG group. We report that LMW-BG affects glucose and lipid metabolism via a prebiotic effect, whereas the high viscosity of HMW-BG in the digestive tract is responsible for its specific effects.

scholarly journals The hypocholesterolaemic effects of pectins in rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Judd ◽  
A. S. Truswell
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Liver Cholesterol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

1. The hypocholesterolaemic effects of pectins were studied in a series of five experiments in weanling Sprague-Dawley rats.2. Expt A examined the effects of differing levels of dietary fat on plasma and liver lipids. Rats were given diets containing 100 g pectin, National Formulary (NF)/kg, and either 50,100, 150 or 200 g oil/kg. All diets contained 10 g cholesterol/kg. Plasma cholesterol levels were lower in all pectin-fed groups compared with rats given the control diet containing 100 g Solkafloc and 100 g oil/kg. Liver lipid and cholesterol levels increased with increasing fat content of the diet, reaching a plateau at 150 g fat/kg diet, but were still significantly lower in all pectin-fed groups compared with the control group.3. Expt B. The effects of molecular weight and degree of methoxylation of pectins were studied in five groups of rats given either a control diet containing 100 g Solkafloc/kg or high molecular weight, high methoxyl pectin (HMW HMP); high molecular weight, low methoxyl pectin (HMW LMP); low molecular weight, high methoxyl pectin (LMW HMP); low molecular weight, low methoxyl pectin (LMW LMP). All diets in this and subsequent experiments contained 100 g fat and 10 g cholesterol/kg. Plasma cholesterol levels were significantly lower than control values only in the HMW HMP group. Compared with controls, animals given HMW pectins had lower levels of liver lipid and liver cholesterol; on the LMW HMP diet the liver cholesterol, but not the liver lipid, was lower.4. Expt C. An attempt was made to clarify the possible effect of degree of methoxylation by feeding diets containing either 100 g Solkafloc/kg,100 g pectin NF/kg or 100 g very high methoxyl pectin/kg.Plasma cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by both pectins but there was no difference in effect between the two. Both had similar viscosities suggesting that this is a more important factor than methoxyl content.5. Expts D and E. Effects of dose on hypocholesterolaemic effects of HMP and LMP were studied. Diets containing 50 or 100 g Solkafloc, HMP or LMP/kg were given in Expt D, and 25 g Solkafloc or HMP/kg, 50 g Solkafloc, HMP or LMP/kg and 100 g Solkafloc or LMP/kg in Expt E. Plasma cholesterol levels were significantly reduced in groups given 50 or 100 g HMP/kg and in groups given 100 g LMP/kg.6.HMP were found to be more effective at lowering plasma cholesterol levels than LMP. LMW pectins were not effective. This suggests that the hypocholesterolaemic effects are at least partly due to viscosity.7. Gut length and weight was increased in pectin-fed animals compared with controls despite their lower body-weight. The weight of small intestinal contents at death was also greater in pectin-fed rats (Expts A and B), particularly in the distal small intestine.

scholarly journals Resistant starch: Implications of dietary inclusion on gut health and growth in pigs: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felina P. Y. Tan ◽  
Eduardo Beltranena ◽  
Ruurd T. Zijlstra
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Distal Small Intestine

AbstractStarch from cereal grains, pulse grains, and tubers is a major energy substrate in swine rations constituting up to 55% of the diet. In pigs, starch digestion is initiated by salivary and then pancreatic α-amylase, and has as final step the digestion of disaccharides by the brush-border enzymes in the small intestine that produce monosaccharides (glucose) for absorption. Resistant starch (RS) is the proportion of starch that escapes the enzymatic digestion and absorption in the small intestine. The undigested starch reaches the distal small intestine and hindgut for microbial fermentation, which produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) for absorption. SCFA in turn, influence microbial ecology and gut health of pigs. These fermentative metabolites exert their benefits on gut health through promoting growth and proliferation of enterocytes, maintenance of intestinal integrity and thus immunity, and modulation of the microbial community in part by suppressing the growth of pathogenic bacteria while selectively enhancing beneficial microbes. Thus, RS has the potential to confer prebiotic effects and may contribute to the improvement of intestinal health in pigs during the post-weaning period. Despite these benefits to the well-being of pigs, RS has a contradictory effect due to lower energetic efficiency of fermented vs. digested starch absorption products. The varying amount and type of RS interact differently with the digestion process along the gastrointestinal tract affecting its energy efficiency and host physiological responses including feed intake, energy metabolism, and feed efficiency. Results of research indicate that the use of RS as prebiotic may improve gut health and thereby, reduce the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) and associated mortality. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the effects of RS on microbial ecology, gut health and growth performance in pigs.

A high-performance oil-free backing pump for electron microscopes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-111
Author(s):  
G.K.W. Balkau ◽  
E. Bez ◽  
J.L. Farrant
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Rotary Pumps ◽  
Electron Microscopes

The earliest account of the contamination of electron microscope specimens by the deposition of carbonaceous material during electron irradiation was published in 1947 by Watson who was then working in Canada. It was soon established that this carbonaceous material is formed from organic vapours, and it is now recognized that the principal source is the oil-sealed rotary pumps which provide the backing vacuum. It has been shown that the organic vapours consist of low molecular weight fragments of oil molecules which have been degraded at hot spots produced by friction between the vanes and the surfaces on which they slide. As satisfactory oil-free pumps are unavailable, it is standard electron microscope practice to reduce the partial pressure of organic vapours in the microscope in the vicinity of the specimen by using liquid-nitrogen cooled anti-contamination devices. Traps of this type are sufficient to reduce the contamination rate to about 0.1 Å per min, which is tolerable for many investigations.

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