scholarly journals Resistant starch: Implications of dietary inclusion on gut health and growth in pigs: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felina P. Y. Tan ◽  
Eduardo Beltranena ◽  
Ruurd T. Zijlstra
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Distal Small Intestine

AbstractStarch from cereal grains, pulse grains, and tubers is a major energy substrate in swine rations constituting up to 55% of the diet. In pigs, starch digestion is initiated by salivary and then pancreatic α-amylase, and has as final step the digestion of disaccharides by the brush-border enzymes in the small intestine that produce monosaccharides (glucose) for absorption. Resistant starch (RS) is the proportion of starch that escapes the enzymatic digestion and absorption in the small intestine. The undigested starch reaches the distal small intestine and hindgut for microbial fermentation, which produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) for absorption. SCFA in turn, influence microbial ecology and gut health of pigs. These fermentative metabolites exert their benefits on gut health through promoting growth and proliferation of enterocytes, maintenance of intestinal integrity and thus immunity, and modulation of the microbial community in part by suppressing the growth of pathogenic bacteria while selectively enhancing beneficial microbes. Thus, RS has the potential to confer prebiotic effects and may contribute to the improvement of intestinal health in pigs during the post-weaning period. Despite these benefits to the well-being of pigs, RS has a contradictory effect due to lower energetic efficiency of fermented vs. digested starch absorption products. The varying amount and type of RS interact differently with the digestion process along the gastrointestinal tract affecting its energy efficiency and host physiological responses including feed intake, energy metabolism, and feed efficiency. Results of research indicate that the use of RS as prebiotic may improve gut health and thereby, reduce the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) and associated mortality. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the effects of RS on microbial ecology, gut health and growth performance in pigs.

scholarly journals Low-Dose Lactulose as a Prebiotic for Improved Gut Health and Enhanced Mineral Absorption

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarkan Karakan ◽  
Kieran Michael Tuohy ◽  
Gwendolyn Janssen-van Solingen
Keyword(s):  
Bone Health ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Mineral Absorption ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
High Doses

Although medium and high doses of lactulose are used routinely for the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy, respectively, a wealth of evidence demonstrates that, at low doses, lactulose can also be used as a prebiotic to stimulate the growth of health-promoting bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Indeed, multiple preclinical and clinical studies have shown that low doses of lactulose enhance the proliferation of health-promoting gut bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp.) and increase the production of beneficial metabolites [e.g., short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)], while inhibiting the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria (e.g., certain clostridia). SCFAs produced upon microbial fermentation of lactulose, the most abundant of which is acetate, are likely to contribute to immune regulation, which is important not only within the gut itself, but also systemically and for bone health. Low-dose lactulose has also been shown to enhance the absorption of minerals such as calcium and magnesium from the gut, an effect which may have important implications for bone health. This review provides an overview of the preclinical and clinical evidence published to date showing that low-dose lactulose stimulates the growth of health-promoting gut bacteria, inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria, increases the production of beneficial metabolites, improves mineral absorption, and has good overall tolerability. Implications of these data for the use of lactulose as a prebiotic are also discussed.

scholarly journals The use of probiotics in animal feeding for safe production and as potential alternatives to antibiotics

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
Mbarga M. J. Arsène ◽  
Anyutoulou K. L. Davares ◽  
Smolyakova L. Andreevna ◽  
Ermolaev A. Vladimirovich ◽  
Bassa Z. Carime ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Suitable Alternative

Although the production of safe food for human consumption is the primary purpose for animal rearing, the environment and well-being of the animals must also be taken into consideration. Based on microbiological point of view, the production of healthy food from animals involves considering foodborne pathogens, on the one hand and on the other hand, the methods used to fight against germs during breeding. The conventional method to control or prevent bacterial infections in farming is the use antibiotics. However, the banning of these compounds as growth promoters caused many changes in animal breeding and their use has since been limited to the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. In this function, their importance no longer needs to be demonstrated, but unfortunately, their excessive and abusive use have led to a double problem which can have harmful consequences on consumer health: Resistance to antibiotics and the presence of antibiotic residues in food. The use of probiotics appears to be a suitable alternative to overcome these problems because of their ability to modulate the immune system and intestinal microflora, and further considering their antagonistic role against certain pathogenic bacteria and their ability to play the role of growth factor (sometimes associated with prebiotics) when used as feed additives. This review aims to highlight some of the negative effects of the use of antibiotics in animal rearing as well as emphasize the current knowledge on the use of probiotics as a feed additive, their influence on animal production and their potential utility as an alternative to conventional antibiotics, particularly in poultry, pig, and fish farming.

scholarly journals 114 Role of fiber in promoting health in nursery pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 64-65
Author(s):  
Ruurd T Zijlstra ◽  
Janelle M Fouhse ◽  
Charlotte Maria Elisabeth Heyer ◽  
Felina Tan ◽  
Thavaratnam Vasanthan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Metabolite Production ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract In swine production, use of feed antibiotics as antimicrobial growth promotant will be reduced; thus, feed alternatives to manage gut health are required to prevent post-weaning diarrhea. Dietary fiber, resistant starch, oligosaccharides, and exo-polysaccharides are carbohydrates are nutritional tools that may be part of managing gut health in pigs. Antibiotics are hypothesized to influence gut health via modulation of intestinal microbial profiles; fermentation and intestinal inflammation are considered important mechanisms. As alternative, dietary fiber sources differ in 2 key properties: fermentability and viscosity. Rapid fiber fermentation is associated with changes in microbial profiles and increased metabolite production. Recently, microbial composition was hypothesized to be less important, and it was thought that the focus should be on combined output of metabolites. Increased viscosity has been associated with increased gut content of virulence factors linked with diarrhea. Fiber properties may manipulate retention time and physico-chemical properties of the undigested residue. Starch is mostly digested and absorbed as glucose; however, resistant starch is not digested but fermented instead. Resistant starch acts as fermentable fiber but is unique, because it specifically increases digesta abundance of bifidobacteria that are associated with improved gut health. Oligosaccharides may be rapidly fermented and thereby influence intestinal microbial profiles and metabolite production. Raw materials and some feed additives both influence kinetics of fermentation and have prebiotic activity. Their kinetics of fermentation should be quantified so that it can be considered in feed formulation. Finally, exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus reuteri and unique oligosaccharides may serve as scavenger molecules for pathogenic bacteria, e.g., enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), to bind to instead of adhering to the gut wall, thereby avoiding diarrhea initiation. In conclusion, dietary fiber and other carbohydrates may be important solutions to maintain gut health when antibiotics are removed as growth promotants from swine feeds.

scholarly journals Muribaculaceae genomes assembled from metagenomes suggest genetic drivers of differential response to acarbose treatment in mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron J. Smith ◽  
Richard A. Miller ◽  
Thomas M. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Starch Fermentation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Acarbose Treatment ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Study Sites

AbstractThe drug acarbose (ACA) is used to treat diabetes, and, by inhibiting α-amylase in the small intestine, increases the amount of starch entering the lower digestive tract. This results in changes to the composition of the microbiota and their fermentation products. Acarbose also increases longevity in mice, an effect that has been correlated with increased production of the short-chain fatty acids propionate and butyrate. In experiments replicated across three study sites, two distantly related species in the bacterial family Muribaculaceae were dramatically more abundant in ACA-treated mice, distinguishing these responders from other members of the family. Bacteria in the family Muribaculaceae are predicted to produce propionate as a fermentation end product and are abundant and diverse in the guts of mice, although few isolates are available. We reconstructed genomes from metagenomes (MAGs) for nine populations of Muribaculaceae to examine factors that distinguish species that respond positively to acarbose. We found two closely related MAGs (B1A and B1B) from one responsive species that both contain a polysaccharide utilization locus with a predicted extracellular α-amylase. These genomes also shared a periplasmic neopullulanase with another, distantly related MAG (B2) representative of the only other responsive species. This gene differentiated these three MAGs from MAGs representative of non-responding species. Differential gene content in B1A and B1B may be associated with the inconsistent response of this species to acarbose across study sites. This work demonstrates the utility of culture-free genomics for inferring the ecological roles of gut bacteria including their response to pharmaceutical perturbations.ImportanceThe drug acarbose is used to treat diabetes by preventing the breakdown of starch in the small intestine, resulting in dramatic changes in the abundance of some members of the gut microbiome and its fermentation products. In mice, several of the bacteria that respond most positively are classified in the family Muribaculaceae, members of which produce propionate as a primary fermentation product. Propionate has been associated with gut health and increased longevity in mice. We found that genomes of the most responsive Muribaculaceae showed signs of specialization for starch fermentation, presumably providing them a competitive advantage in the large intestine of animals consuming acarbose. Comparisons among genomes enhance existing models for the ecological niches occupied by members of this family. In addition, genes encoding one type of enzyme known to participate in starch breakdown were found in all three genomes from responding species, but none of the other genomes.

scholarly journals Recovery of inulin from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in the small intestine of man

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bach K. E. Knudsen ◽  
I. Hessov
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Mean Transit Time ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Helianthus Tuberosus ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Glucose Ratio

The recovery of inulin, a naturally occurring β(2→l)-fructan isolated from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), in the small intestine of man was studied in ileostomy subjects. The ileostomists were given a low-dietary-fibre diet based on white wheat bread and virtually free of inulin, and the same diet with the addition of 10 g and 30 g inulin product respectively, and the recovery and mean transit time (MTT) of inulin were estimated by tracking inulin in ileal effluent. The recovery of inulin was approximately 87% at both ingestion levels. MTT was 4·9 (SE 0·6) h at an intake of 10 g inulin product decreasing to 3·4 (SE 0·3) h at an intake of 30 g Inulin product. A significant change in the fructose: glucose ratio of inulin from ingestion (4·1) to recovery in ileal effluent (4·5–4·7) and a lower recovery of the glucose residue than of the fructose residue of inulin indicate that the low-molecular-weight inulins are more sensitive to hydrolysis than the high-molecular-weight fragments. The loss of inulin during passage through the small intestine is presumably due to hydrolysis by either acids or enzymes and to microbial degradation by the microfiora permanently colonizing the distal small intestine. The concentrations of lactic acid (LA) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in frequently collected ileal effluents on the control day were approximately 6 mmol/l and approximately 55 mmol/l respectively. During periods with inulin ingestion the concentration of LA increased to 18–26 mmol/l (P < 0·052), while the concentration of SCFA ran converse and decreased to 18–32 mmol/l (P < 0·023). The osmotic loads (68 and 204 mosmol/l) associated with the ingestion of inulin product caused minor malabsorption of low-molecular-weight sugars.

Prospective Memory Development Across the Lifespan

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Zuber ◽  
Matthias Kliegel
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Present Model ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Integrative Framework

Abstract. Prospective Memory (PM; i.e., the ability to remember to perform planned tasks) represents a key proxy of healthy aging, as it relates to older adults’ everyday functioning, autonomy, and personal well-being. The current review illustrates how PM performance develops across the lifespan and how multiple cognitive and non-cognitive factors influence this trajectory. Further, a new, integrative framework is presented, detailing how those processes interplay in retrieving and executing delayed intentions. Specifically, while most previous models have focused on memory processes, the present model focuses on the role of executive functioning in PM and its development across the lifespan. Finally, a practical outlook is presented, suggesting how the current knowledge can be applied in geriatrics and geropsychology to promote healthy aging by maintaining prospective abilities in the elderly.

scholarly journals Functional syndromes and symptom-orientated aftercare after esophagectomy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristjan Ukegjini ◽  
Diana Vetter ◽  
Rebecca Fehr ◽  
Valerian Dirr ◽  
Christoph Gubler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Interdisciplinary Cooperation ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
Gastrointestinal Function ◽  
Postoperative Changes ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Esophagectomy For Cancer

Abstract Background Surgery is the cornerstone of esophageal cancer treatment but remains burdened with significant postoperative changes of gastrointestinal function and quality of life. Purpose The aim of this narrative review is to assess and summarize the current knowledge on postoperative functional syndromes and quality of life after esophagectomy for cancer, and to provide orientation for the reader in the challenging field of functional aftercare. Conclusions Post-esophagectomy syndromes include various conditions such as dysphagia, reflux, delayed gastric emptying, dumping syndrome, weight loss, and chronic diarrhea. Clinical pictures and individual expressions are highly variable and may be extremely distressing for those affected. Therefore, in addition to a mostly well-coordinated oncological follow-up, we strongly emphasize the need for regular monitoring of physical well-being and gastrointestinal function. The prerequisite for an effective functional aftercare covering the whole spectrum of postoperative syndromes is a comprehensive knowledge of the pathophysiological background. As functional conditions often require a complex diagnostic workup and long-term therapy, close interdisciplinary cooperation with radiologists, gastroenterologists, oncologists, and specialized nutritional counseling is imperative for successful management.

scholarly journals 13 Opportunities for using low-protein diets for weanling pigs to improve intestinal health

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 18-19
Author(s):  
Martin Nyachoti ◽  
Jinyoung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Diet Formulation

Abstract Dietary manipulation with respect to crude protein (CP) content has been suggested as part of the overall strategy for the nutritional management of weanling pigs to improve intestinal health. This has focused on the use of low CP diets that are appropriately fortified with crystalline amino acids (AA). Use of low CP diets minimizes the amount of undigested dietary protein entering the large intestine and being subjected to bacterial fermentation. This is important because protein fermentation leads to the production of toxic metabolites and encourages the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, thus causing enteric problems such as post-weaning diarrhea. There have been considerable efforts to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the potential benefits of feeding low CP diets to piglets. In addition to impacting the intestinal microbiome and its associated activities, it is clear that feeding a low CP diets interferes with the attachment of enterotoxigenic E. coli to the intestinal mucosa, thus minimizing its ability to cause disease. Another area of interest has been how use low CP diets in combination with other dietary manipulations to further enhance intestinal health in piglets. In this regards, existing evidence suggests that a low CP diet may be used in combination with other dietary interventions, such as probiotics and dietary fiber, to further enhance gut health outcomes in piglets. Also, addressing the potential reduction in piglet performance when feeding low CP diets by looking more into diet formulation to avoid deficiencies of essential AA or even some of non-essential AA, is critical for successful use low CP diets. Based on the available information, a reduction of dietary protein by four percentage units coupled with appropriate AA supplementation can be a useful dietary strategy to improve intestinal health.

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