Storytellers, Sermons, Sales Pitches, and other Deceptive Features of City Life: A Cognitive Approach to Point of View in Chinese Plays

CHINOPERL ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-164
Author(s):  
Casey Schoenberger
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
City Life

scholarly journals THE UNIVERSITY AND ITS MUSEUMS: PLACE IN THE CULTURAL TOURIST AREA OF THE CITY

2017 ◽  
pp. 110-122
Author(s):  
Svitlana Muravska
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Will ◽  
University Environment ◽  
City Life ◽  
National University ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
The One ◽  
The University ◽  
The City

The article attempts to analyze the place of higher educational establishments(HEE) in general and its museums in particular playing in the city life. Thethe empirical basis of the article is the information collected as a result of researchvisits to HEE in seven regions of Western Ukraine: Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk,Ternopil, Volyn, Rivne, Chernivtsi, and Zakarpattia, organized for 2013-2017.The main used method is interviews with personnel of HEE museums.The author points out these «temples of muses» gradually moved awayfrom its traditional educational and research mission in the 1980’s. Such reassessmentof priorities had been caused by the crisis of the museum. For thelast 30 years it has become clear reduction of using the collections for teachingand research in many universities; some HEE plan to dispose of collectionsand to close museums; many universities are working out alternative organizationalmodels for managing collections in the one newly created museum.The crisis in the museum environment has imposed on the crisis, which theparent universities as institutions are encountering today - «crisis of identity» and «a crisis of resources», caused by the increasing often contradictoryrequirements to the high schools. On this background, the museums as individualunits also began to increase requirements. It led to their gradual transformationinto a museum of « the third generation». One of their defining missionis promoting the HEE, cooperation with the public in order to disseminateinformation about the university, vocational guidance, involvement of patronsand organization of other works implementing this direction. In particular,the article highlights atypical for the Ukrainian context the role of HEE museums- «shop-windows» and «show-cases», through which representatives ofoutside university environment can acquaint themselves with the achievementsof high school and feel its special atmosphere. The author outlines a numberof touristic potential of some HEE in Western Ukraine, where physical objectsare interesting from an architectural and cultural point of view. Amongthe most striking examples is the main building of Yuriy Fedkovych ChernivtsiNational University., Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, campus of Lviv Polytechnic National University, campus of The National Universityof Ostroh Academy, Lviv State University of Life Safety, Kremenets ForestryCollege. Among the researched 74 HEE are roughly a quarter which can beclassified as «visually attractive». However, less than 10 % of them use thisadvantage for brand developing. The relevant policy concerning museumsand academic space in general will allow high school to become a separatepoint on the tourist map, to establish relationships with the surrounding communityand to participate actively in local cultural life.

scholarly journals Integrated Analysis of Terms from a Cognitive Point of View (Based on the Terminology of Photonic Crystals)

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 841-848
Author(s):  
V. O. Kuleshova
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystals ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
General Terms ◽  
The World ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Definition Of

The article proposes a comprehensive methodology approach to terminological systems. The methodology involves several stages. The first one involves a semantic analysis. Then follows a structural model of the terminology in question based on the logical connections between objects and processes of a certain special field and their reflection in the professional language. Finally, the researcher discloses the pragmatic potential of terminology units and demonstrates their role in determining the position of the terminological system in the scientific view of the world. The research objective was to describe and apply this approach to the analysis of the terminology of photonic crystals. The study featured the terminology of photonic crystals. The terms were selected from several scientific books. The author employed the following methods: the method of semantic analysis, a cognitive approach to describing the structure of the terminology, and contextual analysis. The author revealed a close relationship between the internal form of the term and the sign. Understanding the internal form of the term makes it possible to determine the place of the term in the terminology, which guarantees it correct interpretation and use. The article introduces a convolved model of the terminological structure of photonic crystals and explains how the terms are organized within the terminological system and how the terminological system can be embedded in the scientific view of the world. The author highlighted the role of general terms in integrating terminological systems into the scientific view of the world and in the relationship between different terminological systems. The most accurate definition of the boundaries of the terminology is possible only in the context where the term can fully exercise its meaning.

scholarly journals A cognitive-pragmatic análisis in British and AmericanNews

2011 ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Josefa Roldán Castro
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
News Item ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Structural Form ◽  
Structural Scheme ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Structural Part ◽  
The Guardian

The aim of this study is to analyze two articles in two different newspapers (The Guardian and Herald Tribune) to underline, following a rhetorical exposition, not only the parallels between them in terms of the information given and the incidents mentioned, but also the striking differences or contrasts in their treatment of the same event. This comparative analysis will follow two of the three main rhetorical components, that is: invention and disposition . In «invention» we shall deal with the semantic contents or subject matter of the news: deployment of missiles versus disarmament proposals. The main function of language displayed is the communicative one, and as it highlights the content of the message, the language is making use of the referential or denotative function in contrast to the connotative function . Arrangement or «disposition » contains an analysis of the structural scheme of both news texts, that is, how the previous material is organized into structural form. In this structural part we shall analyze the main parts of a news item: its headline, lead and the body. The news item adopts the structure of an inverted triangle: the most important facts appear in the » headline » and are explained in the » lead ». Although the two headlines treat the same event, they usually adopt different point of views in their treatment in the headline and the place they occupy within the paper. Emphasis will be laid on one of the three major functional-semantic components of a text: the ideational element, the field which tends to determine the transitivity pattern, types of processes, participants and settings (or circumstances). We are going to apply to these journalistic texts mainly a cognitive approach, but also a functional one, analyzing the processes and their components to deduce which ones are the commonest and why. To conclude, the contrast in newspaper styles is best seen when different newspapers deal with the same story right from the opening lines of a news item. These two articles are clear examples of journalistic language, in which the semantic contents are more or less the same although each newspaper focuses them according to a different point of view, paying attention to the elements which could more strongly interest their respective readers. This is related somehow to three main » cognitive linguistic » perspectives: experiential view, the prominence view, and attentional view. Finally, this comparative analysis will allow us to see how the culture and the ideology of the newspaper can influence the treatment of the same event.El objetivo de este estudio es analizar dos artículos periodísticos en dos periódicos diferentes (The Guardian y Herald Tribune) para resaltar, siguiendo una exposición retórica, no solamente las similitudes entre ellos en cuanto a la información publicada y los incidentes mencionados, sino también las diferencias más llamativas a la hora de tratar el mismo hecho. Este análisis comparativo tendrá como base dos de los tres principales componentes de la Retórica, es decir: «inventio» y «dispositio». En «inventio» nos centraremos en los contenidos semánticos o tema principal de la noticia: el despliegue de misiles frente a las propuestas de desarme. La principal función del lenguaje utilizada es la comunicativa y, al poner énfasis en el contenido del mensaje, se está haciendo uso de la función referencial o denotativa frente a la connotativa. «Dispositio» consiste en un análisis estructural de ambos textos, estos es, cómo el material anterior se organiza de manera estructurada. En este apartado dedicado a la estructura, analizaremos los principales componentes de una noticia: titular, encabezamiento y desarrollo o cuerpo. Las noticias periodísticas adoptan la forma de un triángulo invertido, ya que los hechos más importantes aparecen en el titular y se desarrollan en el encabezamiento. Aunque los dos titulares tratan el mismo tema, suelen adoptar diferentes puntos de vista al resumirlo en sus respectivos titulares, ocupando éstos distintos lugares en el periódico. Se hará hincapié en uno de los tres principales componentes funcionales-semánticos del texto: el elemento ideacional, el campo que determina el modelo de transitividad, tipos de procesos, participantes y circunstancias. Se aplicará a estos textos periodísticos una metodología cognitiva funcional a la hora de analizar los procesos y sus componentes para concluir cuáles son los más comunes y por qué. Como conclusión, el contraste en los estilos periodísticos se percibe mejor cuando diferentes periódicos tratan la misma noticia desde sus primeras líneas. Estos dos artículos son un claro ejemplo de lenguaje periodístico, en los que los contenidos semánticos son más o menos los mismos, aunque cada periódico los interpreta según su punto de vista, prestando más atención a los hechos que podrían interesar más a sus lectores respectivos. Esto está de alguna manera relacionado con los tres principales enfoques de la lingüística cognitiva: «punto de vista de la experiencia, de la importancia y de la atención.»Finalmente, este análisis comparativo nos permitirá demostrar cómo la cultura y la ideología de un periódico puede influir en el tratamiento de un mismo hecho.

О содержательном варьировании термина космизм

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н. В. Козловская
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Spiritual Development ◽  
World View ◽  
Language Model ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Frame Structure ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Philosophical Discourse ◽  
Semantic Variation ◽  
The Individual

В статье использован когнитивный подход к терминологии, в рамках которого термин рассматри-вается как компонент динамической модели языка для специальных целей, диалектически сочетаю-щий в себе стабильную знаковую форму и постоянное переосмысление содержание. Содержатель-ное варьирование термина обусловлено сложностью семантики термина, а также диалектическим характером познания.Цель статьи – выявить и лингвистически обосновать различия в понятийном наполнении тер-мина космизм в разных областях знания. Для решения этой научной задачи произведен анализ контекстуальных определений и выявлены элементы сходства и различия в функционировании и содержании термина в разных типах дискурсов: религиозно-философском, философском, есте-ственнонаучном и литературно-художественном. Сопоставление содержательного наполнения тер-м\xD0\xB8на космизм в языках для специальных целей показало, что в философии термин космизм может включать исторический и субъективный компоненты значения, отражающие развитие философ-ской мысли в рамках направления или индивидуального мировоззрения (космизм в древнегреческой философии, космизм Спинозы, поздний космизм, космизм Н. А. Бердяева).Изменение содержательной структуры термина в философском дискурсе не затрагивает понятий-ного ядра, включающего базовые слоты, сохраняющиеся во всех без исключения терминосистемах. Однако организация этих слотов и содержательная связь между ними может быть разной: в боль-шинстве концепций это преобладание вселенского (космического) начала над индивидуальным, од-нако в авторской терминосистеме Н. А. Бердяева происходит выбор и замена слота ‘подчинение’ на ‘равенство’. Это свидетельствует о том, что космизм – полиинтерпретируемый философский термин, дефинитивная вариантность которого определяется конкретной философской терминосистемой, в том числе авторской. Термин может использоваться в широком (философское понимание кос-мизма) и узком (естественнонаучное понимание космизма в трудах К. Э. Циолковского, В. И. Вер-надского и др.) значениях. За пределами философского дискурса термин активно используется как литературоведческое понятие, обозначающее различные виды поэтического мировоззрения (кос-мизм Ф. И. Тютчева, космизм С. А. Есенина). Кроме того, термин космизм как название направления пролетарской поэзии, является частью закрытой терминосистемы, существовавшей в 1918–1925 гг. (творчество поэтов Пролеткульта).Все эти интерпретационные варианты объединены общим сигнификативным компонентом зна-чения, включающим базовые компоненты: Человек, Вселенная, способ взаимосвязи между ними. Экстралингвистически содержательная вариантность термина обусловлена движением научной мысли и вектором духовного развития, лингвистически – перегруппировкой и добавлением слотов в фреймовую структуру термина.Материалом исследования являются тексты, содержащие термин космизм. Терминофиксирующие источники (словари, энциклопедии) в ходе анализа не использовались, так как ни один источни\xD0\xBA такого типа не отражает явления содержательной вариантности термина в полной мере.The paper deals with the cognitive approach to terminology, according to which the term is considered as part of a dynamic language model for special purposes, which dialectically combines a stable sign form with constant rethinking of the meaning. The semantic variation of the term is caused by both the complexity of the term’s semantics and the dialectical character of cognition.The research is aimed at the revelation and linguistic substantiation of the differences in the conceptual contents the term cosmism demonstrates in different branches of knowledge. In order to solve the above-mentioned scientific task, the contextual definitions of the term are analyzed and the similarities and differences in the functioning and meaning of the term are revealed depending on different discourse types such as the religious-philosophical, philosophical, natural-science as well as literary and art discourse. The comparison of the conceptual meanings of the term cosmism in languages for special purposes has shown that cosmism as a philosophical term can comprise historical and subjective semantic components which reflect the development of philosophical thought within the framework of a certain movement or of an individual world view (cosmism in Ancient Greek philosophy, Spinoza’s cosmism, the late cosmism, Berdyaev’s cosmism).The transformation of the term’s semantic structure in philosophical discourse does not affect the conceptual meaning including the basic slots which remain preserved in all systems of terminology without exception. However, the slot structure and the semantic connection between them may be different: in most conceptions, the universal, or cosmic, principle prevails over the individual one, while in Berdyaev’s individual terminology, a term selection can be observed and the slot ‘subordination’ is replaced through the slot ‘equality’. This statement is the evidence of the fact that cosmism is a variously interpreted philosophical term whose definitive variation is determined by a certain philosop hical term system, including the one of an individual author.The term can be interpreted in a broad sense (the philosophical understanding of cosmism) and a narrow sense (the natural-science understanding of cosmism in Tsiolkovsky’s and Vernadsky’s works). Beyond the philosophical discourse, the term is frequently used as a concept in the study of literature, where it denotes different types of poetic worldview (Tyutchev’s cosmism, Esenin’s cosmism). Besides, the term cosmism belongs to the closed term system as a denomination for the Proletarian poetry movement in the years 1918–1925 (the works of Proletkult poets).The above-mentioned interpretational variants are united by a common significant semantic component which includes the basic semes: the Human, the Universe, and the way of intercommunication between them. From an extralinguistic point of view, the semantic variation of the term is determined by a current of scientific thought and a trend for spiritual development, while linguistically it is caused by the rearrangement and addition of slots into the term’s frame structure.The research is based on texts which contain the term cosmism. Sources containing the lexicographic representation of the term (like dictionaries or encyclopedias) have not been used for the purpose of analysis since there is no source of such kind that would be able to fully reflect the semantic variation of the term.

scholarly journals Emotion in the Appreciation of Fiction

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-223
Author(s):  
Íngrid Vendrell Ferran
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Fictional World ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Anna Karenina ◽  
Philosophy Of Emotion

Abstract Why is it that we respond emotionally to plays, movies, and novels and feel moved by characters and situations that we know do not exist? This question, which constitutes the kernel of the debate on »the paradox of fiction«, speaks to the perennial themes of philosophy, and remains of interest to this day. But does this question entail a paradox? A significant group of analytic philosophers have indeed thought so. Since the publication of Colin Radford’s celebrated paper »How Can We Be Moved by the Fate of Anna Karenina?« (1975), the number of proposals to solve, explain, reformulate, dismiss or even revitalize this apparent paradox has continued to proliferate. In line with recent developments in the philosophy of emotion, in this paper I will argue against the sustainability of the paradox, claiming that the only reasonable way to continue our discussions about it consists in using it as a heuristic tool to shed light on problems regarding our involvement with fiction. Against this background, I will then focus on one of the problems related to how our emotional responses to fiction contribute to our appreciation of it. The paper is divided into three main sections. The first section shows the parallel evolution of the paradox of fiction and the analytic philosophy of emotion. Here I claim that, although the paradox is epistemically flawed, since one of its premises is rooted in a limited view on the emotions typical of early cognitivism, the discussions it provokes are still epistemically useful. As Robert Stecker (2011, 295), among others, has pointed out, the paradox was formulated during the heyday of cognitive theories of the emotions in which emotion necessarily requires belief. Today, however, only few authors would endorse this premise. If emotion does not always require belief (as the majority of authors in the contemporary debate admit), let alone belief about the existence of the object towards which it is directed, then there is no reason to speak of a paradox. From this first conclusion, however, it does not follow that the paradox is completely without use from the epistemic point of view. A glimpse at the topics touched on during the discussions about how to solve, reformulate, or negate the paradox reveals their value in shedding light on the interrelation between emotion and fiction. The second section elaborates a phenomenologically inspired cognitive account of the emotions by focusing on their cognitive bases, their influence on cognitions, and their cognitive function. In this model, emotions are responsible for indicating values, for showing what matters to us, and for being appropriate to their objects. My claim is that this view applies not only to reality, but also to our involvement with fiction. In the final section I draw on this account to focus on one kind of appreciation of fiction which necessarily requires our emotional involvement. Following an idea put forward by Susan Feagin (1996, 1), I employ the concept of »appreciation« to refer to a set of abilities exercised with the aim of extracting value from the work. There is a long tradition in aesthetics that condemns any focus on the emotions in the appreciation of art and fiction, and defends the necessity of aesthetic appreciation without emotional influence. To refer to this negative attitude towards the emotions, I will borrow an expression coined by Susan Feagin (2013, 636), who refers to »the intellectualized view of appreciation«. Against this widespread view, I will argue that some aspects of the fiction can only be appreciated with the help of our emotions. The cognitive approach developed in the previous section can explain how the emotions might in fact play a significant role in the appreciation of art and fiction. Attention will be paid to three activities involved in appreciation, for all of which emotion is crucial: processing relevant information about the fictional world, understanding aspects of it, and becoming acquainted with the values it presents. My aim here is to argue that there are particular aspects of the fictional world that can only be appreciated if recipients have the appropriate emotions.

scholarly journals Virtual Reality for Smart Urban Lighting Design: Review, Applications and Opportunities

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelangelo Scorpio ◽  
Roberta Laffi ◽  
Massimiliano Masullo ◽  
Giovanni Ciampi ◽  
Antonio Rosato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
City Life ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Lighting Systems ◽  
The City ◽  
Main City

More and more cities are evolving into smart cities, increasing their attractiveness, energy efficiency, and users’ satisfaction. Lighting systems play an important role in the evolution process, thanks to their ability to affect city life at night along with people’s mood and behaviour. In this scenario, advanced lighting design methods such as virtual reality (VR) became essential to assess lighting systems from different points of view, especially those linked with the city users’ expectations. Initially, the review highlights a list of objective and subjective parameters to be considered for the lighting design of three main city areas/applications: roads, green areas and buildings. Besides, the state-of-art in using VR for outdoor lighting design is established. Finally, the Unreal game engine is used to analyse the ability of VR to take into account the lighting parameters, not yet investigated in current literature and to highlight the VR potential for augmenting lighting design. The results confirm the benefit of using VR in lighting design, even if further investigations are needed to establish its reliability, especially from the photometrical point of view.

Comment on the Articles by June Nash and James Peacock

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-336
Author(s):  
Robert R. Jay
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Social World ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Personal Lives ◽  
Passion Plays ◽  
City Life ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Personal Attitudes ◽  
Direct Correspondence

The two authors of these papers face in common one very complex and perplexing problem: the place that representations of dramatic art take in the personal lives of their spectators. Enormous effort has been put into this question, particularly in works on the popular forms of dramatic art in the United States. Both authors take the same point of view on the question, that there is a fairly direct correspondence between the content of the dramas they analyze and the content of the personal experiences and social world of the spectators. Nash argues that the differing contents of the passion plays produced in the three towns she examines faithfully reflect the differing local configurations of religious organization and Indian/Ladino relations. Peacock argues that the ways the ludruk dramas characterize the inner, kampung life versus the outer, more modern and worldly city life bias the spectators directly in their personal attitudes and decisions toward rejecting features of kampung life in favor of modes of modern city life.

scholarly journals Cognitive metaphor as a tool for study of work perception by different professional groups

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-141
Author(s):  
E.P. Sukhanov
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Cognitive Metaphor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Precise Tool ◽  
Thinking Process

This article contains an analysis of cognitive approach to metaphor and of pos- sibility to use it in researching objects perception by people. Metaphor is considered as a part of thinking process and at the same time as its product, which can be meaning- ful for thinking process analysis itself. The main basics of metaphor were formulated. Methods were modified for creating metaphors. A wide range of respondents were at- tracted to help many of them with creating metaphors as it is too difficult task from their point of view. To open diagnostically potential of cognitive metaphor it was held comparative analysis of metaphors for perception of work among 124 teachers and 52 medicine workers. The result of content analysis helped to find metaphor groups reflecting some patterns of perception of work. It was shown that cognitive metaphor is effective and precise tool which helps to understand characteristic perception people have about their work.

scholarly journals Imagination and nonliterality : a case study of superhuman entities in religion

1999 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
María Dolores Fernández de la Torre Madueño
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Community ◽  
Lexical Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Cognitive Perspective ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Great Relevance

In the present work we would like to emphasize the aspect of imagination as an element of great relevance in the production of metaphorical processes. With the experientialism upheld by the cognitive approach, people's imaginative ability is established as one of the main arguments to face any lexical analysis from a cognitive perspective. A double focus can be appreciated in the religious vocabulary: On one hand, the experience that the members of a linguistic community live directly and personally and on the other hand, a virtual creation of such an experience, a sort of "imagined experience". In it, imagination would be characterized by the ability to transfer certain conceptualizations and ideas to human domains; conceptualizations and ideas which, from a theological point of view, are neither present nor located in such domains. This focus centers on a series of religious lexemes of a superhuman nature, angel and devil.

scholarly journals 「指物」與「齊物」的認知觀點比較/Comparison of the Cognitive Perspective of “Referring to Things” and “Equality of Things”

Asian Studies ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 45-64
Author(s):  
Hsien-Chung LEE
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Philosophy ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Cognitive Perspective ◽  
Cognitive Problems

摘要「指物」是名家公孫龍的觀點，「齊物」是道家莊子的看法。莊子在〈齊物論〉中強烈批評公孫龍的「指物」思想。公孫龍的〈指物論〉基本上是主客二元認知模式，而莊子〈齊物論〉的認知觀點則是「道通為一」的感通模式。本文從認知的目的、方式、結果等方面進行比較；說明「指物」的認知觀點容易走入懷疑或不可知論，而莊子的「齊物」觀點，雖有神秘色彩，但在認知方法上，提供了階段性的「整體把握」。「指物」與「齊物」的認知觀點，在傳統中國哲學認知問題上具有相輔相成的意義。關鍵詞：指物、齊物、主客二元、道通為一While Gong Sun Longzi advocated the cognitive perspective of “referring to things”, (zhi wu 指物) Zhuangzi advocated the cognitive position of “equality of things” (qi wu 齊物), which strongly criticized the former. The cognitive model of Gong Sun Longzi is basically a subject-object dualism, but Zhuangzi’s cognitive perspective is that all things are penetrated into One by Dao. The purpose of this article is to compare the cognitive purpose, methods, and results between Gong Sun Longzi and Zhuangzi and to illustrate that the cognitive perspective of “referring to things” may easily fall into scepticism, or agnosticism, and Zhuang zi’s “equality of things” point of view is, although mysterious, a cognitive approach, providing a stage for “overall grasp”. Both of them have complementary significance of the cognitive problems in the traditional Chinese philosophy. 

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