Information Relevance, Working Memory, and the Consideration of Alternatives

1993 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford R. Mynatt ◽  
Michael E. Doherty ◽  
William Dragan
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Probabilistic Information ◽  
Inference Problems ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Information Relevance ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses

People routinely focus on one hypothesis and avoid consideration of alternative hypotheses on problems requiring decisions between possible states of the world–-for example, on the “pseudodiagnosticity” task (Doherty, Mynatt, Tweney, & Schiavo, 1979). In order to account for behaviour on such “inference” problems, it is proposed that people can hold in working memory, and operate upon, but one alternative at a time, and that they have a bias to test the hypothesis they think true. In addition to being an ex post facto explanation of data selection in inference tasks, this conceptualization predicts that there are situations in which people will consider alternatives. These are: 1. “action” problems, where the alternatives are possible courses of action; 2. “inference” problems, in which evidence favours an alternative hypothesis. Experiment 1 tested the first prediction. Subjects were given action or inference problems, each with two alternatives and two items of data relevant to each alternative. They received probabilistic information about the relation between one datum and one alternative and picked one value from among the other three possible pairs of such relations. Two findings emerged; (1) a strong tendency to select information about only one alternative with inferences; and (2) a strong tendency, compared to inferences, to select information about both alternatives with actions. Experiment 2 tested the second prediction. It was predicted that data suggesting that one alternative was incorrect would lead many subjects to consider, and select information about, the other alternative. For actions, it was predicted that this manipulation would have no effect. Again the data were as predicted.

Comment on “A Comparison of Dropouts and Nondropouts on Participation in School Activities”

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1243-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Moller ◽  
William Asher
Keyword(s):  
School Activities ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses

Caution in accepting conclusions from an ex post facto research (Bell, 1967) on dropouts is recommended prior to testing alternative hypotheses.

scholarly journals THE ANALYSIS OF SIGNIFICANCE DIFFERENCE IN WRITING ACHIEVEMENT AMONG THE STUDENTS WHO ARE INTROVERT, EXTROVERT, AND AMBIVERT

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-96
Author(s):  
Yashori Revola ◽  
Alamsyah Harahap ◽  
Bambang Suwarno
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
English Department ◽  
Writing Achievement ◽  
Comparison Result ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Academic Year

The objective of this research was to investigate significant difference among personality types in students’ writing achievement. The samples of the research comprised the third semester students of English Department of IAIN Bengkulu, academic year 2015/2016. The research design was ex - post facto. The result showed that the comparison result of writing achievement  between introvert and extrovert  types showed that Sig < ?, thus the alternative hypothesis was accepted. Comparison between introvert and ambivert types showed that Sig < ?, thus the alternative hypothesis was accepted. Then, comparison between extrovert and ambivert types showed Sig > ?, thus the alternative hypothesis was rejected. In conclusion, there was significance difference in writing achievement between introvert and both of extrovert and ambivert types. Meanwhile there was no  significant difference in writing achievement between extrovert and ambivert types. This means that introvert students were stronger than extrovert and ambivert students in writing achievement of narrative text

scholarly journals THE STUDY OF VOCABULARY SIZE OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS WHO PARTICIPATED IN ENGLISH DEBATE COMPETITION

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Eka Sulistia Cahya
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
School Students ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2

This study was conducted to know whether there is any significant difference in vocabulary size between students who participated and those who did not participate in English debate competition. This study applied ex post facto design. The sample of this research was 30 students from 3 different schools, they were SMAN 2 Kendari, SMAN 4 Kendari, and SMAN 5 Kendari. The students were divided into two  groups  consist  of  15  students.  The  researcher  used  the  test  of New Vocabulary Level Test (NVLT) to collect the data and the data were analyzed by  using  SPSS  16.0.  The  result  showed  that  there  is  a  significant difference of the mean score of the total correct answer that students could answer which automatically affect their amount of vocabulary size. The mean score of group 1 is 104 correct answer and it is higher than group 2 which gets the mean score of the correct answer only 82. The significant value of sig(2-tailed) is 0.001, it is lower than 0.05 (sig (2-tailed) < ∝). It can be concluded that the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted and indicated there is a significant difference in vocabulary size between students who participated in English debate competition and   those   who   did   not   participate,   while   the   null   hypothesis   (H0)   was automatically rejected. Keywords : Debate Competition, Vocabulary Size

scholarly journals Atitudes e condutas emocionais dos técnicos de basquetebol: a percepção dos atletas de duas equipes do campeonato da FGB

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
João Luís Coletto da Silva ◽  
Leticia Borfe
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Coaching Behavior

Objetivo: Investigar as possíveis diferenças na percepção dos atletas de duas equipes participantes do campeonato promovido pela Federação Gaúcha de Basquete (FGB), em relação aos comportamentos, atitudes, condutas, fluência da comunicação e estados emocionais dos técnicos. Métodos: Foram sujeitos deste estudo 25 atletas adolescentes, na faixa etária entre 14 e 15 anos. A investigação baseou-se com delineamento ex-post-facto, de caráter descritivo comparativo, e teve como instrumento o questionário Coaching Behavior Questionnaire com perguntas objetivas em uma escala de Likert de 1 a 4. Para verificar as questões mais e menos valorizadas, estratificados, por dimensões, foi utilizada a estatística descritiva, apresentando as médias e o desvio padrão. Resultados: Fica evidente que existiram diferenças entre as filosofias dos dois clubes pesquisados, devido, principalmente, aos comportamentos e condutas apreendidas dos atletas em relação aos seus educadores. Os atletas da equipe A possuem médias superiores em relação aos atletas da equipe B. Conclusão: A percepção de uma equipe é distinta da outra, mostrando o papel fundamental que o treinador tem no seu trabalho profissional e pedagógico. ABSTRACT.  Emotional attitudes and behaviors of basketball coaches: the perception of the athletes of two FGB championship teams. Objective: To investigate the possible differences in the perception of the athletes of two teams participating in the championship promoted by the Gaucho Federation of Basketball (FGB), in relation to behaviors, attitudes, behaviors, communication fluency and emotional states of the coaches. Methods: 25 adolescents, aged 14 to 15 years, were subjects of this study. The research was based on an ex-post facto design, with a comparative descriptive character, and had as instrument the Coaching Behavior Questionnaire with objective questions on a Likert scale of 1 to 4. To verify the more and less valued, stratified issues, by means of descriptive statistics, using the means and the standard deviation. Results: It is evident that there were differences between the philosophies of the two clubs studied, mainly due to the behaviors and behaviors seized of the athletes in relation to their educators. The athletes of team A have superior means in relation to the athletes of team B. Conclusion: The perception of one team is different from the other, showing the fundamental role that the coach has in his professional and pedagogical work.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KONFORMITAS TERHADAP PERILAKU DISIPLIN BERLALU LINTAS PADA MASAHISWA DENGAN SEPEDA MOTOR DI JAKARTA

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Abdullah Farkhan ◽  
Burhanuddin Tola
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Negative Effect

Abstract Purpose of this research is to detect how much the conformity influence the behavior of traffic discipline in students with a motorcycle in Jakarta. This research using quantitative method with ex post facto research design and using accidental sampling technique. Population in this research were all Universitas Negeri Jakarta students which ride a motorcycle as main transportation. The sample of this research are 40 respondents. This research used regression analysis with SPSS version 17.00 as analysis data technique. Based on the results of the data, the F value is 9,757 with 0,003 as significance level. Regression equation, Y = 69,782 + (-) 0,382X and the influenced of (R square) variable are 20,4 %, 79,6 % remaining are infuenced by the other factors than conformity. Based on this calculation Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, so that can be concluded that there is a significant negative effect between conformity and traffic discipline in Universitas Negeri Jakarta students were ride a motorcycle, and it means if the conformity of Universitas Negeri Jakarta students which ride a motorcycle was increase so, the disciplinary of them was decrease. Keywords: conformity, discipline, traffic

scholarly journals Students’ Perceptions on Teachers’ Teaching Strategy and Their Effects towards Students’ Achievement

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
M Zaim ◽  
Refnaldi Refnaldi ◽  
Ria Rahmiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Teaching Strategy ◽  
Learning Content ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Ex Post Facto Study ◽  
Learning English

Teaching strategy is necessary for the teaching and learning process. It is used as a way to present learning content in a way that engages the learners. It is assumed that applying appropriate teaching strategies has a positive impact on students' achievement. This study aimed to analyze students' perceptions of teacher's teaching strategy and its effect on students' achievement in learning English. This study was an Ex-post Facto study. The population of this study was the students who had studied English as a general subject at Universitas Negeri Padang in the academic year of January-June 2019. Cluster random sampling was used with 150 students as the sample of this study. Then, for collecting the data, two questionnaires and documents of students’ final scores were used as the instruments. The data was analyzed by using a Likert-type scale and regression linear statistical analysis through IBM SPSS Statistics 22 Software. The results showed that generally, students' perception of the teacher's teaching strategy was High. Then, based on the statistical analysis, it was found that thevalue of F-count was lower than F-table. It meant that the null hypothesis (H0) was accepted, and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was rejected. Thus, there was no significant effect of student's perception of teaching strategy towards students' achievement in learning English as a general subject.

scholarly journals Decisiones en evaluación: ambientes virtuales de posgrado, un estudio ex post-facto.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (59) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana Rocio Rodriguez Aramendiz ◽  
Katherina Edith Gallardo Córdova
Keyword(s):  
Process Analysis ◽  
Virtual Learning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Graduate Level ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Evaluative Process ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
Student’S Performance ◽  
Ex Post Facto Study

  La investigación se realizó sobre la toma de decisiones en evaluación en ambientes virtuales de aprendizaje. Se tomaron dos materias o cursos ofrecidos en programas en línea a nivel de posgrado, que incluyó el aspecto instruccional y la retroalimentación de las actividades evaluables. Un diseño ex post-facto y la Nueva Taxonomía de Marzano y Kendall (2007) que permitió emitir una serie de juicios sobre el diseño y la retroalimentación, análisis de tareas, actividades asignadas y los objetivos o competencias para el cumplimiento de las metas generales. Los resultados arrojaron que, el proceso evaluativo está ligado a la toma de decisiones desde el diseño dado que permite conducir a progresos en el desempeño del estudiante, por otro lado, las actividades evaluables se diseñaron para conducir a los estudiantes en la realización de procesos de análisis, reflexión, interpretación y comprensión. Sin embargo, esta misma solidez no se reflejó en la retroalimentación. This research was carry out about the decisions in evaluation in virtual learning environments.Two subjects or courses offered on the online modality for graduate level included the instructional aspect and the feedback given to assessable activities. An ex post-facto study and  The New Taxonomy (Marzano and Kendall, 2007) that permitted the emission of a series of judgments on design and feedback, the analysis of tasks, assigned activities and objectives or competencies to fulfill the overall goals.The results showed that the evaluative process is link with the decisions making from the desing, when it allows to lead to progress in the student's performance, on the other hand, the evaluation is related to the level of objectives or competences to be worked. In fact, the evaluative activities were designed with the intention to lead students in performing process analysis, reflection, interpretation, and understanding

Hidden “holes” in the capital of banks and the supply of credit to the real sector of economy

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Mamonov
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Loan Loss ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The One

Our analysis documents that the existence of hidden “holes” in the capital of not yet failed banks - while creating intertemporal pressure on the actual level of capital - leads to changing of maturity of loans supplied rather than to contracting of their volume. Long-term loans decrease, whereas short-term loans rise - and, what is most remarkably, by approximately the same amounts. Standardly, the higher the maturity of loans the higher the credit risk and, thus, the more loan loss reserves (LLP) banks are forced to create, increasing the pressure on capital. Banks that already hide “holes” in the capital, but have not yet faced with license withdrawal, must possess strong incentives to shorten the maturity of supplied loans. On the one hand, it raises the turnovers of LLP and facilitates the flexibility of capital management; on the other hand, it allows increasing the speed of shifting of attracted deposits to loans to related parties in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. This enlarges the potential size of ex post revealed “hole” in the capital and, therefore, allows us to assume that not every loan might be viewed as a good for the economy: excessive short-term and insufficient long-term loans can produce the source for future losses.

DARI PERSIA HINGGA CINA: Diskursus tentang Teori Kedatangan Islam di Melayu Nusantara

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Lukmanul Hakim
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Common View ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Malay Archipelago

The arrival of Islam in Malay Archipelago to this day is still a debate, because no data and facts have been found to be scientifically justified, but also because of the unilateral nature of the various theories. There is a strong tendency, certain theories emphasize only the specific aspects, while ignoring the other aspects. Therefore, most of the theories that exist in certain aspects fail to explain the coming of Islam, and the process of Islamization. This paper aims to analyze the theory of the arrival of Islam in the Malay Archipelago world. The method used is historical method. Until now there are at least four theories that discuss the theory of the arrival of Islam in the Malay Archipelago world. The four theories are Gujarat theory, Mecca theory, Persian theory and fourth theory (Chinese). Each of these theories has the strengths and weaknesses and certainly these four theories have a common view of Islam as a religion developed in the archipelago through a peaceful way and Islam does not recognize mission as practiced by Christians and Catholics.

Relationship Between Level of Income and Method of Contribution and Appointment of Islamic Waqf Bank as an Agent in Collecting Waqf Fund

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ridhwan Ab. Aziz ◽  
Mohd Asyraf Yusof ◽  
Fuadah Johari ◽  
Hisham Sabri
Keyword(s):  
Support Services ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Trust Fund ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Good Education ◽  
Unique Structure ◽  
The Relationship

Receiving a good education helps empower people knowledge, thus making them strong enough to look after themselves in any given situation. It keeps oneself aware of given surrounding as well as the rules and regulations of the society they living in. Moreover, the technology that we use today is a result from the advancement and improvement of education. On the other hand Islamic waqf bank is a special designed financial institution in Islam. This bank will benefit the student and also their parents, due to its unique structure that could finance students‟ education in term of fees and cost of living. Islamic waqf bank uses the concept of cash waqf in terms of funding the education. While cash waqf is a trust fund established with money to support services for mankind‟s benefits in the name of Allah. The objective of this article is to examine the relationship between level of income and contribution method of cash waqf fund in Islamic waqf bank as well as the appointment of an agent in collecting waqf fund in Islamic waqf bank. The methodology of this research is a quantitative research towards 287 respondents among Muslim public in this country. The general finding of this article shows that, with proper contribution method and the appointment of Islamic waqf bank as an agent in collecting the cash waqf fund, there is a strong tendency that the Islamic waqf bank‟s operation will be run effectively.

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