scholarly journals Characterization approach to develop distillation process for production of anode-grade coal tar pitch

2021 ◽  
Vol 882 (1) ◽  
pp. 012035
Author(s):  
Phiciato ◽  
S Rianda ◽  
C Irawan ◽  
D Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Vacuum Pressure ◽  
Distillation Process ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Distillation System ◽  
Two Stages

Abstract Many efforts have been spent to make a trade-off between designing an efficient distillation system and meeting very strict requirements of pitch product. The design of coal tar distillation for pitch production should be able not only energetically efficient but also to meet the physicochemical requirements of pitch. This paper presents a practical approach and a systematic method of material characterizations to evaluate appropriate distillation operating conditions. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple coal tar distillation process that focused on obtaining anode-grade binder having certain specifications. The distillation process was carried out in two stages. The first stage occurred up to 360-370°C at atmospheric pressure to separate all volatile fractions. The second stage distillation involves vacuum pressure with 4 conditions in which A<B<C<D ranging from -4 to -35 cmHg and varying soaking time to convert soft pitch into hard pitch. Higher vacuum pressure of distillation is not necessarily high to meet specifications. Our finding shows that B is the most favourable vacuum pressure and can be further heat treated for specific requirements of pitch.

scholarly journals Specific heat-temperature curves of some age-hardening alloys

1938 ◽  
Vol 168 (933) ◽  
pp. 237-264 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Age Hardening ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Two Stages

In a recent paper Gayler (1937) has dealt with the various theories of age hardening and has put forward the view that ageing takes place in two stages: in the first stage the solute atoms diffuse to planes about which precipitation proper will ultimately take place, and this gives rise to an increase in resistance to deformation and an increase in electrical resistivity without change in lattice parameter. The second stage follows the first and takes place nearly simultaneously. Some of the diffusing atoms will form molecules gradually form groups which will tend to produce a gradual decrease in resistivity and a diminution in the rate of hardening. When the molecular groups have grown to such an extent that the parent solid solution can no longer withstand the stresses set up, release of these stresses is caused by rejection of the groups, i. e. precipitation proper takes place. Once precipitation has set in them, according to Gayler's view, softening should begin. This theory tends to combine the "Knot" theory (Gayler and Preston 1932), which states that age-hardening occurs due to the formation of clusters or groups of atoms inside the parent lattice (the first stage, according to Gayler), and the precipitation theory (Merica and other 1919) which attributed hardening to the presence of large numbers of precipitated particles, probably ultramicroscopic in size, dispersed throughout the material. Naturally the formation of clusters or knots will occur at a lower temperature than precipitation, so that at low temperatures hardening will occur by the mechanism of the first stage. At high temperatures hardening may take place due to precipitation, the first stage being masked entirely. The question as to which of the tow processes is likely to be more effective in any particular alloy when heat-treated to give the maximum hardness obtainable in the hardening range is not specifically dealt with by Gayler, although it is stated that the experimental evidence available suggests that the second stage is, in general, more important. The work of Cohen (1936) on the silver-copper alloy containing 7∙5 % copper supports this contention, since his results show that hardening due to knot formation even at low temperatures (100-150°C) is very small indeed.

scholarly journals Isolation of guaiene from crude and distillate patchouli oil extracted by molecular distillation

2021 ◽  
Vol 924 (1) ◽  
pp. 012008
Author(s):  
A Widyasanti ◽  
S Nurjanah ◽  
B Nurhadi ◽  
C P Osman
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Molecular Distillation ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Distillation Process ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Oil Fraction ◽  
Distillation System ◽  
Distillate Fraction ◽  
Distillation Residues

Abstract Guaiene is one of the components of sesquiterpenes that affects the patchouli oil fragrance. It is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry and is also used as a flavoring and fragrance agent in the food industry. The objective of this study was to obtain the highest content of guaiene and to investigate the effect of the isolation stage by the molecular distillation process. Crude and distillate fraction patchouli oil samples were introduced into the molecular distillation system. The process conditions applied were first-stage and second-stage molecular distillation. Parameters observed were in terms of chemical composition and color. Results obtained the highest content of a-guaiene in the patchouli oil fraction distillate provided by second-stage molecular distillation (23.53%). However, the highest content of A-guaiene was revealed in second-stage molecular distillation residues (33.15%) of patchouli oil fraction distillate samples. The chromaticity value of the second stage distillate was yellow while the residue was yellow-red, respectively.

Altered Fine Structure of B Lymphocytes Correlated with Defective Terminal Differentiation

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 386-387
Author(s):  
Dale E. Bockman ◽  
L. Y. Frank Wu ◽  
Alexander R. Lawton ◽  
Max D. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Deficiency Diseases ◽  
Cell Line Generation

B-lymphocytes normally synthesize small amounts of immunoglobulin, some of which is incorporated into the cell membrane where it serves as receptor of antigen. These cells, on contact with specific antigen, proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells which synthesize and secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin. The two stages of differentiation of this cell line (generation of B-lymphocytes and antigen-driven maturation to plasma cells) are clearly separable during ontogeny and in some immune deficiency diseases. The present report describes morphologic aberrations of B-lymphocytes in two diseases in which second stage differentiation is defective.

Distributed Entropy Energy-Efficient Clustering algorithm for cluster head selection (DEEEC)

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 8139-8147
Author(s):  
Ranganathan Arun ◽  
Rangaswamy Balamurugan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Energy Efficient Clustering ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Ch Selection

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) the energy of Sensor nodes is not certainly sufficient. In order to optimize the endurance of WSN, it is essential to minimize the utilization of energy. Head of group or Cluster Head (CH) is an eminent method to develop the endurance of WSN that aggregates the WSN with higher energy. CH for intra-cluster and inter-cluster communication becomes dependent. For complete, in WSN, the Energy level of CH extends its life of cluster. While evolving cluster algorithms, the complicated job is to identify the energy utilization amount of heterogeneous WSNs. Based on Chaotic Firefly Algorithm CH (CFACH) selection, the formulated work is named “Novel Distributed Entropy Energy-Efficient Clustering Algorithm”, in short, DEEEC for HWSNs. The formulated DEEEC Algorithm, which is a CH, has two main stages. In the first stage, the identification of temporary CHs along with its entropy value is found using the correlative measure of residual and original energy. Along with this, in the clustering algorithm, the rotating epoch and its entropy value must be predicted automatically by its sensor nodes. In the second stage, if any member in the cluster having larger residual energy, shall modify the temporary CHs in the direction of the deciding set. The target of the nodes with large energy has the probability to be CHs which is determined by the above two stages meant for CH selection. The MATLAB is required to simulate the DEEEC Algorithm. The simulated results of the formulated DEEEC Algorithm produce good results with respect to the energy and increased lifetime when it is correlated with the current traditional clustering protocols being used in the Heterogeneous WSNs.

Analisis Kebutuhan Petunjuk Praktikum Berbasis Keterampilan Proses Sains untuk Mencapai Kemampuan Merancang Eksperimen

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitriah Khoirunnisa ◽  
Friska Septiani Silitonga ◽  
Veri Firmansyah
Keyword(s):  
Core Competence ◽  
Process Skills ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
Science Process Skills ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Core Competence ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Practical Instruction ◽  
Design Experiments

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kebutuhan petunjuk praktikum berbasis Keterampilan Proses Sains (KPS) untuk mencapai kemampuan merancang eksperimen pada materi kalor reaksi kalorimetri. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap peserta didik kelas XI SMA Negeri 2 Kota Tanjungpinang. Variabel penelitian mencakup analisis kebutuhan bahan ajar dan analisis kesesuaian Kompetensi Inti (KI) dan Kompetensi Dasar (KD). Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Tahapan pertama dalam penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kebutuhan bahan ajar dengan cara membandingkan dua petunjuk praktikum yang selama ini telah digunakan di sekolah tersebut, ditinjau dari aspek struktur format penulisan, aspek kreativitas, dan aspek keterampilan proses sains yang terdapat dalam petunjuk praktikum. Sehingga didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa petunjuk praktikum yang selama ini digunakan tidak memberikan kesempatan kepada peserta didiknya untuk merancang eksperimen yang telah ditentukan. Tahapan kedua yaitu menganalisis kesesuaian kompetensi inti dan kompetensi dasar, yang bertujuan untuk menentukan indikator pencapaian kompetensi (IPK) yang akan menjadi acuan dalam mengembangkan petunjuk praktikum berbasis keterampilan proses sains. Dari kedua tahapan yang telah dilakukan maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa peserta didik memerlukan petunjuk praktikum yang mampu mengonstruksi pikiran dan mengaktifkan kinerja mereka, sehingga pendekatan Keterampilan Proses Sains menjadi pilihan dalam mengembangkan petunjuk praktikum yang sesuai dengan karakteristik kurikulum 2013.   This research aims to analyze the needs of Science Process Skills based Practical Instruction to achieve the ability to design experiments on the calor of reaction. This research was done to the students of class XI SMA Negeri 2 Tanjungpinang City. Research Variable includes the analysis of the needs of the learning materials and analysis of the suitability of the Core Competence (KI) and Basic Competence (KD). The type of research conducted is descriptive qualitative research. The first stages in this research is to analyze the needs of learning materials by comparing two practical instructions that had been implementing in the school, from the aspects of the structure of writing format, creativity, and science process skills embedded in practical instructions. The conclusion of this research that current practical instructions does not give an opportunity to the participants to design determined experiments. The second stage, namely analyzing the suitability of core competence and basic competence, which aims to determine the indicators of achievement of the competencies (GPA) which will be a reference in developing process skills-based teaching instructions science. Of the two stages that has been done then it can be concluded that learners need practical instructions to construct  thinking and and their performance, so the Science Process Skills approach is an option in developing practical instruction suitable for the characteristics of the curriculum of 2013.

Effect of Silver Content on the Crystalline Phase and Microstructure of TiO2 Coating Deposited on Unglazed Ceramics Tile

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 8179-8185
Author(s):  
N.Z. Hafizah ◽  
J. M. Juoi ◽  
M.R. Zulkifli ◽  
M.A. Musa
Keyword(s):  
Particle Growth ◽  
Dip Coating ◽  
Tio2 Coating ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Ag Particles ◽  
Tio2 Sol ◽  
Almost All

The synthesis of Ag-TiO2 coating using AgNO3 precursor is expected to give the properties as pure as Ag nanoparticles. Commonly, high concentration of Ag attributed to agglomeration of silver species and reduction to Ag0 particles on TiO2 surface. In contrast, at lower concentration, Ag species exist as AgO, Ag2O and Ag0. Hence, the exact amount of Ag, which can effectively control the particle growth and agglomeration, surface area, thermal stability and band gap of the TiO2 coating, are still vague and stated differently. In the present study, the effect of Ag content on the phase transformation and surface morphology of Ag-TiO2 coating were reported. TiO2 sol were prepared by incorporating Ag at 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mol % and deposited on unglazed ceramic tiles thru five times dip coating. The deposited Ag-TiO2 coatings were heat treated at 500 °C for 1 hour soaking time. XRD analyses revealed that the deposited Ag-TiO2 coating consists of anatase, rutile, Ag2O and metallic Ag. Almost all the coating surfaces illustrated cracks. Increased Ag content lead to presence of tiny particles on the surfaces and EDX spectrum revealed the presence of Ti, O and metallic Ag particles. However, at the addition of 5 mol % Ag, there was no metallic Ag presence and a dense coating with the lowest thickness of ±11.4µm is observed.

ESTIMATING GAS AND ROCK OUTBURST RISK ON THE BASIS OF KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE – THE EXPERT SYSTEM BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Skoczylas
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Automatic Assessment ◽  
Science Field ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Outburst Hazard

Abstract The Author endeavored to consult some of the Polish experts who deal with assessing and preventing outburst hazards as to their knowledge and experience. On the basis of this knowledge, an expert system, based on fuzzy logic, was created. The system allows automatic assessment of outburst hazard. The work was completed in two stages. The first stage involved researching relevant sources and rules concerning outburst hazard, and, subsequently, determining a number of parameters measured or observed in the mining industry that are potentially connected with the outburst phenomenon and can be useful when estimating outburst hazard. Then, the Author contacted selected experts who are actively involved in preventing outburst hazard, both in the industry and science field. The experts were anonymously surveyed, which made it possible to select the parameters which are the most essential in assessing outburst hazard. The second stage involved gaining knowledge from the experts by means of a questionnaire-interview. Subjective opinions on estimating outburst hazard on the basis of the parameters selected during the first stage were then systematized using the structures typical of the expert system based on fuzzy logic.

Integrated assessment and mapping of the environmental situation in the Russian Federation regions

2017 ◽  
Vol 924 (6) ◽  
pp. 6-16
Author(s):  
V.S. Tikunov ◽  
O.Yu. Chereshnia
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Environmental Capacity ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Environmental Situation ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Two Stages

The article presents a methodology for a comprehensive assessment of the environmental situation in Russian Federation regions based on the pollution index and the index of the ecological tension. The evaluation was carried out in two stages. At the first stage, the degree of pollution of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere of the regions was estimated on the basis of the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere, departing from stationary sources, the formation of solid domestic wastes (SDW) and the discharge of contaminated wastewater. Based on these three indicators, a pollution index was constructed that estimates aggregate pollution level. In the second stage, the authors made the estimation of loads generated by atmospheric emissions, solid waste and waste water discharged into the territory of each region, per capita and in relation to the environmental capacity of the economy. This allows us to take into account the area of pollution, anthropogenic pressure and environmental responsibility of the population, as well as the environmental friendliness of production. On the basis of relative indicators, the index of ecological tension was created.

scholarly journals The Psychology behind Knowledge Hiding in an Organization

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Roksana Binte Rezwan ◽  
Yoshi Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Psychological Process ◽  
Personal Goal ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Management Literature ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Knowledge Hiding

This study aimed to understand the psychological process behind employees’ knowledge hiding (KH) behaviors in organizations. KH is an intentional act of concealing knowledge when it is requested by a colleague and can lead to counterproductive consequences for the organization. Therefore, this study synthesized previous studies (n = 88) on KH through a systematic literature review. We used the cognitive–motivational–relational (CMR) theory of emotion to create a framework for the studies’ findings. Based on the framework, the psychological process behind KH has two stages—personal goal generation and the knowledge-request event appraisal process, each of which contains its own CMR process. In the first stage, an individual’s internal and external attributes related to the organization shape their personal goals. In the second stage, an individual appraises the features of a knowledge-request event in terms of both their personal goal and the internal and external attributes that created the goal. If the knowledge request is appraised as harmful for the personal goal, emotion arises and leads to the manifestation of KH. This study contributes to the knowledge management literature as, to our knowledge, it is the first to propose a CMR theory-based framework to understand the overall psychological process behind KH.

Perceiving at a distance: enaction, exteriority and possibility – a tribute to John Stewart

2021 ◽  
pp. 105971232110310
Author(s):  
Charles Lenay
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Distant Object ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Two Stages

The aim of this article is to offer a new approach of perception regarding the position of a distant object. It is also a tribute to John Stewart who accompanied the first stages of this research. Having already examined the difficulties surrounding questions of the perception of exteriority within the framework of enactive approaches, we will proceed in two stages. The first stage will consist of an attempt to explain distal perception in terms of individual sensorimotor invariants. This poses the problem but fails to solve it. The second stage will propose a new pathway to account for spatial perception; a pathway that does not deny the initial intuitions of the autopoietic enactive approaches, but one which radically changes the conception of cognition by considering, from the perceptual stage, the need to take into account interindividual interactions. The protocol of an original experimental study will characterize this new approach considering the perceptual experience of objects at a distance, in exteriority, in a space of possibilities without parting from the domain of interaction. To do this, we have to work at the limits of the perceptual crossing, that is, at the moment when the perceptual reciprocity between different subjects begins to disappear.

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