scholarly journals Person, Place, Time and COVID-19 Inequities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina S Schnake-Mahl ◽  
Usama Bilal
Keyword(s):  
Population Distribution ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
County Level ◽  
Systemic Racism ◽  
Relational Approach ◽  
Johns Hopkins University ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

Abstract In their commentary, Zalla et al. argue that the approach taken by Centers for Disease Control (CDC) comparing the proportion of COVID-19 deaths by race/ethnicity to a weighted population distribution ignores how systemic racism structures the composition of places. While the CDC has abandoned their measure, they do so because of the changing geographic distribution of COVID-19, not because the measure underestimates racial disparities. We further Zalla et al.’s argument, advocating for a relational approach to estimating COVID-19 racial inequities that integrates the reciprocal relationship between context and composition through the interaction of places and people over time. To support our argument, we present a series of figures exploring the heterogeneous relationships between places, people, and time, using US county-level publicly available COVID-19 mortality data from February to December 2020 from Johns Hopkins University. Longitudinal and more geographically granular data that allows for disaggregation by person, place, and time will improve our estimation and understanding of inequities in COVID-19.

scholarly journals La “personeidad” de la caguama: arte rupestre, paisaje y agencia en la costa central de Sonora, México

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 119-138
Author(s):  
Silvina Vigliani
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Archaeology ◽  
The Body ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Relational Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Ontological Position ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

Not all societies identify themselves and the others in the same way nor do so invariably over time. At the same time, not all of them conceptualize the same notion of being and relating, nor do we have to expect that different social collectives in time and space understand objects, animals, stars, rocks, dead or places in the same way we do. Therefore, the main interest of this work is not so much discovering the function or meaning of the archaeological remains we study but trying to understand them in their own ontological parameters.Based on that, we propose starting our study from 1) the critical review of our categories in order to deconstruct their sen-ses, and 2) the reading of ethnographic information which introduce us to other forms of Being-in-the-world. From this point, we can propose and apply methodological tools in order to analyze the information from a closer ontological position to that of the groups we study. In this case, I will analyze the way in which certain images painted on the rock would have affected the transformation of the body and the identity of those who painted them. This analysis will be addressed from the relational approach through the landscape archaeology and the agency theory as analytical tools.

scholarly journals Understanding Convergence Between Non-Hispanic Black and White COVID-19 Mortality: A County-Level Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Lawton ◽  
Kevin Zheng ◽  
Daniel Zheng ◽  
Erich Huang
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
County Level ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundNon-Hispanic Black populations have suffered greater per capita COVID-19 mortality at more than 1.5 times that of White populations. Previous work has established that, over time, rates of Black and White mortality have converged; however, some studies suggest that regional shifts in COVID-19 prevalence may play a role in the relative change between racial groups. This study’s objective was to investigate changes in Black and White COVID-19 mortality over time and uncover potential mechanisms driving these changes.Methods and FindingsUsing county-level COVID-19 mortality data stratified by race, we investigate the trajectory of non-Hispanic Black mortality, White mortality, and the Black/White per capita mortality ratio from June 2020–January 2021. Over this period, in the counties studied, cumulative mortality rose by 56.7% and 82.8% for Black and White populations respectively, resulting in a decrease in mortality ratio of 0.369 (23.8%). These trends persisted even when a county-level fixed-effects model was used to estimate changes over time within counties (controlling for all time-invariant county level characteristics and removing the effects of changes in regional distribution of COVID-19). Next, we leverage county-level variation over time in COVID-19 prevalence to show that the decline in the Black/White mortality ratio can be explained by changes in COVID-19 prevalence. Finally, we study heterogeneity in the time trend, finding that convergence occurs most significantly in younger populations, areas with less dense populations, and outside of the Northeast. Limitations include suppressed data in counties with fewer than 10 deaths in a racial category, and the use of provisional COVID-19 death data that may be incomplete.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that convergence in Black/White mortality is not driven by county-level characteristics or changes in the regional dispersion of COVID-19, but instead by changes within counties. Further, declines in the Black/White mortality ratio appear strongly linked to changes in COVID-19 prevalence, rather than a time-specific effect. Further studies on changes in exposure by race over time, or on the vulnerability of individuals who died at different points in the pandemic, may provide crucial insight on mechanisms and strategies to further reduce COVID-19 mortality disparities.

Convergence of regional population density in Russia over 120 years

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-158
Author(s):  
K. A. Kholodilin ◽  
Y. I. Yanzhimaeva
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Capital City ◽  
County Level ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Regional Population Density

A relative uniformity of population distribution on the territory of the country is of importance from socio-economic and strategic perspectives. It is especially important in the case of Russia with its densely populated West and underpopulated East. This paper considers changes in population density in Russian regions, which occurred between 1897 and 2017. It explores whether there was convergence in population density and what factors influenced it. For this purpose, it uses the data both at county and regional levels, which are brought to common borders for comparability purposes. Further, the models of unconditional and conditional β-convergence are estimated, taking into account the spatial dependence. The paper concludes that the population density equalization took place in 1897-2017 at the county level and in 1926—1970 at the regional level. In addition, the population density increase is shown to be influenced not only by spatial effects, but also by political and geographical factors such as climate, number of GULAG camps, and the distance from the capital city.

County-level USA: No Robust Relationship between Geoclimatic Variables and Cognitive Ability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan J Pesta ◽  
John Fuerst ◽  
Emil O. W. Kirkegaard
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
County Level ◽  
Spatial Lag ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Wrong Direction ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Demographic Covariates

Using a sample of ~3,100 U.S. counties, we tested geoclimatic explanations for why cognitive ability varies across geography. These models posit that geoclimatic factors will strongly predict cognitive ability across geography, even when a variety of common controls appear in the regression equations. Our results generally do not support UV radiation (UVR) based or other geoclimatic models. Specifically, although UVR alone predicted cognitive ability at the U.S. county-level (β = -.33), its validity was markedly reduced in the presence of climatic and demographic covariates (β = -.16), and was reduced even further with a spatial lag (β = -.10). For climate models, average temperature remained a significant predictor in the regression equation containing a spatial lag (β = .35). However, the effect was in the wrong direction relative to typical cold weather hypotheses. Moreover, when we ran the analyses separately by race/ethnicity, no consistent pattern appeared in the models containing the spatial lag. Analyses of gap sizes across counties were also generally inconsistent with predictions from the UVR model. Instead, results seemed to provide support for compositional models.

Earnings Management and Capital Resource Allocation: Evidence from China's Accounting-Based Regulation of Rights Issues

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. W. Chen ◽  
Hongqi Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Earnings Management ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Rights Issue ◽  
Rights Issues ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

From 1996 to 1998, listed companies in China were required to achieve a minimum return on equity (ROE) of 10 percent in each of the previous three years before they could apply for permission to issue additional shares. As a result of this rule, there was a heavy concentration of ROEs in the area just above 10 percent. We show that the Chinese regulators appear to have scrutinized firms using excess amounts of nonoperating income to reach the 10 percent hurdle. In addition, their ability to do so seems to have improved over time, which allows them to be better able to identify firms that subsequently performed better. However, many firms were still able to gain rights issue approval through excess nonoperating income. We show that these firms subsequently underperformed other approved firms that did not use the same practice, indicating that the Chinese regulators' objective of guiding capital resources toward the well-performing sectors is partially compromised by earnings management.

scholarly journals 1136. Trends in Speaker Representation at the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) IDWeek Conference, 2013-2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S597-S597
Author(s):  
Jasmine R Marcelin ◽  
Rohan Khazanchi ◽  
Elizabeth Lyden ◽  
Kelly Cawcutt ◽  
Ravina Kullar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Program Committee ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Poster Sessions ◽  
Professional Degree ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Over the last decade, there have been sustained efforts to diversify the healthcare workforce. In 2016, the IDWeek Program Committee was charged to ensure gender equity in speaker sessions. Whether this intervention also resulted in more opportunities for underrepresented speakers has not been determined. Methods This project was supported by IDSA, who provided demographic information on IDWeek speakers (excluding poster sessions) from 2013-2019. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics, and chi-square analysis evaluated changes over time. Each speaker slot was considered an independent event. Data was combined for 2013-2016 (≤2016) and 2017-2019 (>2016). IDSA membership demographics were available from 2014 for gender, race/ethnicity, from 2016 for age, and from 2018 for professional degree. Results A total of 3640 speaker slots were filled by 2504 individuals from 2013-2019. A larger proportion of speaker slots were filled by women >2016 (51%) vs ≤ 2016 (43%), with a linear increase from 38.6% in 2013 to 52.1% in 2019 (p< 0.001). Averaged across 2013-2019, IDSA membership was 67.5% White, 20.6% Asian, 7.7% Latinx, 3.9% Black, and 0.4% Other. IDWeek Speakers during that timeframe were 77.7% White, 13.9% Asian, 4.7% Latinx, 2.7% Black, and 1.0% Other; a larger proportion of slots were filled by Asian speakers >2016 (16.3%) vs ≤ 2016 (12.8%) (p=0.005). The proportion of pharmacist speakers increased over time; 5.1% of speakers in 2019 reflected IDSA pharmacist membership (5.4%). The proportion of individuals invited to speak more than once differed by age (19% in < 40yo, 28% 40-49yo, 32% 50-59yo, and 22% >60yo; p< 0.001), and professional degree (28% physicians, 18% pharmacists, 9% other doctorates, and 7% non-doctorate speakers; p< 0.001). Figure 1: Trends in Gender Distribution of IDWeek Speakers and IDSA Members, 2013-2019 Figure 2: Trends in Race/Ethnicity Distribution of IDWeek Speakers and IDSA Members, 2013-2019 Conclusion Intentional consideration of gender equity by the Program Committee significantly improved equitable gender representation of invited speakers at IDWeek. This effort has not resulted in increased diversity of invited speakers from groups underrepresented in IDSA membership. To ensure that invited speakers represent the membership of IDSA/IDWeek partner organizations and more importantly, the communities we serve, we call for continued application of the principles of Inclusion, Diversity, Access, and Equity at IDWeek. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Quel corpus pour l’étude du dialecte niçois ?

2021 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-361
Author(s):  
Philippe Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Descriptive Grammar ◽  
Written Production ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Social Use ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Made In ◽  
Do So

Abstract A new project has just been launched to write a synchronic, descriptive grammar of Niçois, the Occitan dialect of Nice. In this article, I define the corpus of the research. To do so, I first review written production from the Middle Ages to the present. I then analyze the linguistic features of Niçois over time, in order to determine the precise starting point of the current language state. But because of reinforced normativism and the decreasing social use of Niçois among the educated population, written language after WWII became artificial and does not really correspond to recordings made in the field. The corpus will thus be composed of writings from the 1820’s to WWII and recordings from the last few decades.

scholarly journals A Disease Control-Oriented Land Cover Land Use Map for Myanmar

Data ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Dong Chen ◽  
Varada Shevade ◽  
Allison Baer ◽  
Jiaying He ◽  
Amanda Hoffman-Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Large Spatial Scale ◽  
The Public ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Do So ◽  
Control And Eradication

Malaria is a serious infectious disease that leads to massive casualties globally. Myanmar is a key battleground for the global fight against malaria because it is where the emergence of drug-resistant malaria parasites has been documented. Controlling the spread of malaria in Myanmar thus carries global significance, because the failure to do so would lead to devastating consequences in vast areas where malaria is prevalent in tropical/subtropical regions around the world. Thanks to its wide and consistent spatial coverage, remote sensing has become increasingly used in the public health domain. Specifically, remote sensing-based land cover/land use (LCLU) maps present a powerful tool that provides critical information on population distribution and on the potential human-vector interactions interfaces on a large spatial scale. Here, we present a 30-meter LCLU map that was created specifically for the malaria control and eradication efforts in Myanmar. This bottom-up approach can be modified and customized to other vector-borne infectious diseases in Myanmar or other Southeastern Asian countries.

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