N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Protect Esophageal Epithelial Cell From Acid Exposure

Abstract Objectives Our previous study has found that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) inhibited inflammation in rats with esophagitis. This study was aimed to observe the protective effect of n-3 PUFAs on esophageal epithelial cells against acid damage and to explore its mechanism. Methods Human esophageal epithelial cells (Het-1A) were repeatedly treated with acidified medium (pH 5.0) and PUFAs with different ratios of n-6/n-3 (9:1, 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3, respectively), and Nrf2 agonists or inhibitors were used to assess the role of Nrf2 in mechanism of n-3 PUFAs. Western Blot and Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR) were used to assess the expression of Nrf2, NLRP3 and caspase-1. IL-1β, IL-18 and LDH levels in cell culture supernatants were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while pyroptosis was assessed by caspase-1 and TUNEL double staining. Results Compared with the normal group, the level of MDA was increased after acid intervention, while that of SOD was decreased (P < 0.05). In groups with different ratios of n-6/n-3 PUFAs, the expressions of Nrf2 and SOD were increased along with the increasing of n-3 PUFAS ratio, which was reached the highest at 1:1 (P < 0.05) and was followed by a decrease. Compared with the 9:1 group, the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 and the pyroptosis rate of 1:1 group were decreased (P < 0.05). IL-1β, IL-18, and LDH levels in the cell culture supernatant were also decreased in 1:1 group (P < 0.05). Among Nrf2 agonist group, inhibitor group, control group and solvent group, the expression of Nrf2 was highest while the expressions of NLRP3, caspase-1 and pyroptosis rate were lowest in the agonist group (P < 0.05). In the inhibitor group, the expression of Nrf2 was lowest and pyroptosis related protein as well as pyroptosis rate were highest (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in all indexes between control and solvent group (P > 0.05). Conclusions N-3 PUFAs protected esophageal epithelial cells from acid damage through upregulating Nrf2, which therefore disrupted oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and then resulted in pyroptosis inhibition. Funding Sources This study was supported by the Science Foundation of the Fujian Province, China(Grant No. 2019J01447).

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Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-enriched hen eggs consumption enhances microvascular reactivity in young healthy individuals

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2017-0735 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 43 (10) ◽

pp. 988-995 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ana Stupin ◽

Lidija Rasic ◽

Anita Matic ◽

Marko Stupin ◽

Zlata Kralik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Serum Lipid ◽

Serum Lipid Profile ◽

Control Group ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Microvascular Reactivity ◽

Significant Difference

The beneficial effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation on the cardiovascular (CV) system is well supported in CV patients; however, the effect of the consumption of omega-3 PUFA-enriched functional food in healthy individuals is still not fully elucidated. This study aimed to determine the effect of the consumption of omega-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs on the microvascular reactivity (primary outcome), blood pressure (BP), and serum lipid profile in young healthy individuals. The control group (N = 16) ate 3 ordinary hen eggs (277 mg of omega-3 PUFAs/day), and the OMEGA-3 group (N = 20) ate 3 omega-3 PUFA-enriched eggs containing 259 mg of omega-3 PUFAs/egg daily (α-linolenic acid (ALA), 167 mg/egg; eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 7 mg/egg; docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 84 mg/egg) for 3 weeks (777 mg of omega-3 PUFA/day). Postocclusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) in skin microcirculation assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry, serum lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and arterial BP were measured in all subjects before and after the protocol. PORH was significantly enhanced, and triglycerides, hsCRP, and BP were significantly decreased in the OMEGA-3 group compared with baseline measurements, whereas there was no significant difference in the control group after the protocol when compared with baseline. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that consumption of a mixture of omega-3 PUFA (ALA + EPA + DHA), provided via enriched hen eggs, elicits changes in the microvascular reactivity, BP, and triglyceride level in healthy subjects that are associated with CV benefits, thus suggesting that daily consumption of omega-3 PUFA-enriched eggs in healthy individuals may potentially contribute to CV risk factor attenuation and disease prevention.

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Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to The Serum Level of Interleukin-8, Percentage of Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (%FEV1), and COPD Assesment Test Scores in Stable COPD Patients

Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia ◽

10.36497/jri.v37i4.80 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 265-277

Author(s):

Nisfi Angriani ◽

Suradi Suradi ◽

Yusup Subagio

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Smoke Inhalation ◽

Control Group ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Control

Backgorund: Cigarette smoke inhalation and the other exposure can cause of airway inflammatory and it was the most cause of chronic obstruction pulmonary desease (COPD) pathogenesis. The airway inflammatory will release cytokines proinflammation, one of them was interleukin (IL)-8. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have anti-inflammatory effect and its can decrease cytokines production in COPD pathogenesis. Methods: This study aimed to analyze effects of omega 3 PUFAs on serum IL-8, %FEV1, and CAT score in stable COPD patients. Clinical trials of experimental with pretest and posttest designs were conducted of 32 stable COPD patients came to clinic in Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta from December 2016 until February 2017. Samples were taken by consecutive sampling. Subjects were divided into two groups include the treatment group (n=16) received standard COPD therapy omega 3 PUFA 600mg/day and the control group (n=16) received only standard COPD therapy for 28 days. Results: There were significant difference (P=0.0001) towards decreased of serum IL-8 between treatment group (-3.56+5.32pg/ml) and control group (8.90+9.98pg/ml), increase difference were no significantly of %VEP1 value (P=0.473) between treatment group (7.02+7.17pg/ml) and control group (5.32+5.97pg/ml), decrease difference of CAT scores significantly (P=0.0001) between treatment group (-16.13+3.03pg/ml) and control group (-4.75+4.17pg/ml). Conclusions: Omega-3 PUFA may decrease airway inflammation with decrease serum IL-8 level significantly, increase of %FEV1 no significantly and improve the clinical symptoms of stable COPD by decreased CAT scores significantly in stable COPD patients. (J Respir Indo. 2017; 37(4): 265-77)

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Rabeprazole inhibits inflammatory reaction by inhibition of cell pyroptosis in gastric epithelial cells

BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology ◽

10.1186/s40360-021-00509-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jing Xie ◽

Long Fan ◽

Liya Xiong ◽

Peiyu Chen ◽

Hongli Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Clinical Sample ◽

Critical Role ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Inflammasome Activation ◽

Peptic Ulcers ◽

Gastric Epithelial Cells ◽

Caspase 1 ◽

H Pylori

Abstract Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a common pathogen in development of peptic ulcers with pyroptosis. Rabeprazole, a critical component of standard triple therapy, has been widely used as the first-line regimen for H. pylori infectious treatment. The aim of this study to explore the function of Rabeprazole on cell pyroptosis in vitro. Methods The clinical sample from patients diagnosed with or without H. pylori-infection were collected to analyze by Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blot (WB) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) were performed to analyze the effect of Rabeprazole on cell pyroptosis, including LDH, IL-1β and IL-18. Results In this study, we showed that Rabeprazole regulated a phenomenon of cell pyroptosis as confirmed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Further results showed that Rabeprazole inhibited cell pyroptosis in gastric epithelial cells by alleviating GSDMD-executed pyroptosis, leading to decrease IL-1β and IL-18 mature and secretion, which is attributed to NLRP3 inflammasome activation inhibition. Further analysis showed that ASC, NLRP3 and Caspase-1, was significantly repressed in response to Rabeprazole stimulation, resulting in decreasing cleaved-caspase-1 expression. Most important, NLRP3 and GSDMD is significantly increased in gastric tissue of patients with H. pylori infection. Conclusion These findings revealed a critical role of Rabeprazole in cell pyroptosis in patients with H. pylori infection, suggesting that targeting cell pyroptosis is an alternative strategy in improving H. pylori treatment.

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Effects of Dietary Addition of Linseed Oil on the Content of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Egg Yolk of Gallus domestiaus

Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy ◽

10.1166/jbmb.2021.2089 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 565-570

Author(s):

Suhu Duan ◽

Zaiqiang Li ◽

Zhenzhen Fan ◽

Mengran Qin ◽

Xiaoxue Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Theoretical Basis ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Egg Yolk ◽

Free Food ◽

Control Group ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Group 1

In order to study the effect of dietary supplement of linseed oil on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in egg yolk of Gallus domestiaus, total 160 healthy Gallus domestiaus of 26-week old were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups, each of which included 40 chickens fed outdoors with an area of 63 m2 and free food and drinking water. The control group (CK) was fed the basic diet, and the experimental group was added 1, 3 and 5% of linseed oil in the fundamentals of diet (experimental group 1, 2 and 3, abbreviated as P1, P2, P3), respectively. The content of PUFA and the value of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA in egg yolk were determined by gas chromatography with 24 eggs randomly selected in each group after 10th, 25th and 40th days of the commence of the experiment. We found that the levels of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3, ALA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3, DHA) in egg yolk were clearly higher than the CK when 3% linseed oil or 5% linseed oil were added in the diet during the three experiment periods, in which the contents of linoleic Acid (18:2n6c, LA) and arachidonic acid (C20:4n6, ARA) in egg yolk differ little between P1, P2 and P3 and the CK while the value of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA in egg yolk of the P2 and P3 groups decreased significantly. The comprehensive comparisons suggested that the content of C18:3n3 and C22:6n3 in egg yolk could be clearly increased in the P2 while the value of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA decreased. This study provides theoretical basis for the production of functional eggs enriched with C22:6n3 and C18:3n3.

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Expression of AIM2 in rheumatoid arthritis and its role on fibroblast-like synoviocyte

10.21203/rs.2.23420/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

fujuan qiu ◽

Chen Yong ◽

Qiu Fujuan ◽

Zhao Xiaofeng ◽

Xiao Changhong

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Mtt Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Expression Levels ◽

Potential Target ◽

Caspase 1 ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Migration ◽

Fibroblast Like Synoviocytes ◽

Proliferation And Migration

Abstract Background To determine whether any differences of AIM2 inflammasome expression levels between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and investigate the effects of AIM2 when transferred into RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS).Methods Serum AIM2 levels between OA and RA patients were compared by ELISA. Different expression levels of AIM2, ASC, Caspase-1 and IL-1β between RA and OA synovium were semi-quantified by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. IHC staining were recorded by H scores, and determine the correlation with ESR and CRP levels of RA patients. SiRNA AIM2 was transferred to RA-FLS and observe its effects on proliferation and migration by MTT assay and transwell test respectively.Results In RA sera, no significant difference was observed between OA and RA patients. However, in affected knee synovium, AIM2, ASC, Caspase-1 and IL-1β were expressed higher in RA than that of OA. Plus, H score of AIM2, ASC, and IL-1β were positively correlated to ESR and CRP levels in RA patients. After transferred AIM2 siRNA to FLS and incubation for 48 hours, the proliferation of FLS were significantly inhibited, and the apoptosis rate were significantly increased compared to FLS in control group. However, no effect on migration was detected.Conclusions AIM2 participated in the proliferation of FLS, and might be a potential target for therapy.

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Effect of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids on muscle cholesterol level in fattening pigs

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah0502049p ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 21 (1-2) ◽

pp. 49-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Pieszka ◽

T. Barowicz ◽

W. Migdalt ◽

Branislav Zivkovic

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Cholesterol Level ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Cholesterol Content ◽

Control Group ◽

Longissimus Muscle ◽

Fresh Tissue ◽

Fattening Pigs

The effect of supplementing fattening pigs with oils differing in MUFA (monounusaturated fatty acids) and PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) level addition for fatteners diets on the cholesterol content of m. longissimus was investigated. In a feeding trial with 48 crossbred pigs [? ($ White Polish Large x S Polish Landrace) x <$ Pietrain] randomly assigned to four treatments groups of 12 animals each (6 gilts and 6 barrows), dietary supplements of 3% maize, sunflower or linseed oil in the experimental groups and of 3% lard in the control group were applied. Total cholesterol in the longissimus muscle of linseed oil supplemented pigs was found to decrease significantly (PO.01) compared to the lard-fed pigs (60.75 vs. 71.37 mg/100 g of fresh tissue). Similar tendencies for reduced cholesterol level in longissimus muscle of sunflower and maize oil supplemented pigs were also noted. The production of pork with reduced total cholesterol seems to be important in terms of consumer health and culinary value.

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Ultrastructure changes and expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in lens anterior capsule of patient with cataracts associated with uveitis

10.21203/rs.2.16181/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Chu Zhang ◽

Chong-Hui Ying ◽

siqin Sun ◽

yuechun Wen ◽

Zicheng Zhu

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Ultrastructural Changes ◽

Lens Epithelial Cells ◽

Control Group ◽

Anterior Capsule ◽

Caspase 1 ◽

Pyrin Domain ◽

Age Related ◽

The Difference ◽

Domain 3

Abstract ● AIM : T o investigate the expression of nod-like receptor pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) in lens anterior capsule of Uveitis associated with cataract and observe the ultrastructural changes of them . ● Methods: 17(22 eyes) cases of uveitis associated with cataract were selected a s experimental group and 1 0 (18 eyes) cases of age-related cataract were selected a s contro l group. The expressions of NLRP3, apoptosis-related speckle protein （ASC） and caspase-1 protein were tested by immunohistochemical and the ultrastructural changes of anterior capsul e was observed under electron microscope. ● Results: The expression of NLRP3 、 caspase-1 and ASC in the anterior capsu le of cataracts associated with uveitis was significantly higher than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (p ＜ 0.05). The apoptotic changes of lens epithelial cells in uveitis associated with cataract were obvious, and the apoptotic changes of lens epithelial cells were mild in age-related cataract patients. ● Conclusion: Strongly postive expressed NLRP3 inflamma some and obvious apoptotic changes are founded in the lens epithelial cells of patients with uveitis associat ed with cataract, suggesting that NLRP3 inflamma some and the apoptosis of lens epithelial cells may play a role in the progress of uveitis associat ed with cataract.

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Περιεγχειρητική κινητική αγγειορυθμιστικών παραγόντων σε ασθενείς με καρκίνο του μαστού

10.12681/eadd/36972 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Γεώργιος Γεωργίου

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Breast Adenocarcinoma ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Altered Expression ◽

Female Patients ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Circulating Levels

Βackground: angiogenesis is seen during the multiple stages of carcinogenesis, aswell as during the process of surgical wound healing, a fact which has led tosubstantial debate over the last decades about the potential impact of surgery upon thefinal outcome of ceratin patients treated for breast cancer.Aim: the present research aims at investigating the potential effect of surgery on theprocess of angiogenesis, by studying a number of factors that are related to the latter,in patients suffering from breast cancer before and after the time of the procedure,whilst comparing these results with those of patients that were operated on their breastfor non-malignant disease.Material-Methods: blood from 10 female patients with breast adenocarcinoma(Study Group) was collected via venipuncture before surgery (labeled as PRO), aswell as on post-operative day 3 (labeled as D3) and day 7 (labeled as D7). Moreover,blood samples were also taken from 6 female patients with fibroadenoma (ControlGroup) before surgery (PRO) and on day 3 afetr surgery (D3). These samples weremeasured for detection of circulating levels of three established angiogenesisbiomarkers using ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay): VascularEndothelial Growth Factor-A (VEFG-A), Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and basic FibroblastGrowth factor (bFGF or FGF-2). In addition, circulating transcripts of 84 agiogenesirelatedgenes were determined using RT-PCR (Real Time Polymerase ChainReaction). The two groups of patients were firstly compared to each other regardingtheir results. Also, patients belonging to the Study Group were analized at differenttime points regarding surgery. Finally, the results were investigated againstclinicopathological data and patient outcome.Results: using ELISA we were able to detect increased levels of circulating VEGF-Aand IL-8 in the Study Group patients compared to the Control Group patientspreoperatively (p=0,0381 and p=0,0218 respectively), while for bFGF there was nostatistically significant difference documented. Surgery resulted in a significantincrease in VEGF-A levels on D3 (p=0,0389) and D7 (p=0,0172) as compared toPRO levels. Perioperative kinetics of IL-8 showed a mild trend towards increase,which, however, was not statistically significant. Postoperative levels of bFGF wereslightly increased on D3, but on D7 they were even lower than preoperative values(p=0,0205). Using RT-PCR certain differences between the Study Group and theControl Group were recorded regarding the circulating transcripts of a great numberof angiogenesis-related genes preoperatively: upregulation of VEGF-C, EGF, IL-8,FGF-1, SPHK1, NRP1, LAMA5, COL4A3, TEK, EFNA3, EFNB2. AKT1, ITGB3,THBS1, CCL11, TIMP3 and downregulation of CXCL10. Moreover, mastectomyinduced an altered expression in several key-genes in breast cancer patients:upregulation of THBS1, COL4A3, BAI1, ITGB3 and downregulation of EREG,SERPIFN1, CXCL9, CXCL10, IL1B, CCL2, CXCL1, HIF1A, NOTCH4. Conclusions: patients suffering from breast cancer have a different angiogenic profilein comparison to patients with fibroadenoma, as documented through their differencesin circulating levels of angiogenic factors. These levels are greatly changed after thesurgical procedure. VEGF showed a transient increase, while bFGF initially increasedbut only to finally decrease to levels that were even lower than the preoperative ones.Moreover, mastectomy promoted a shift in the expression pattern of a broad panel ofangiogenesis-related gene transcripts.

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Suppression of transforming growth factor-β by mesenchymal stem-cells accelerates liver regeneration in liver fibrosis animal model

Zinc supplementation improves heme biosynthesis in rats exposed to lead ◽

10.18051/univmed.2021.v40.29-35 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Nur Anna C Sa’dyah ◽

Agung Putra ◽

Bayu Tirta Dirja ◽

Nurul Hidayah ◽

Salma Yasmine Azzahara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Liver Fibrosis ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Healing Process ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

T1 And T2

Introduction Liver fibrosis (LF) results from the unregulated chronic wound healing process in liver tissue. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is the major contributing cytokine of LF promotion through activation of quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into myofibroblasts (MFs) and increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition such as collagen leading to scar tissue development. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have an immunomodulatory capability that could be used as a new treatment for repairing and regenerating LF through suppression of TGF-β. This study aimed to examine the role of MSCs in liver fibrosis animal models through suppression of TGF-β levels without scar formation particularly in the proliferation phase. Methods In this study, a completely randomized design was used with sample size of 24. Male Sprague Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), twice weekly, for eight weeks to induce LF. Rats were randomly assigned to four groups: negative control, CCl4 group, and CCL4 + MSC-treated groups T1 and T2, at doses of 1 x 106 and 2x106 cells, respectively. TGF-β levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). One-way ANOVA and a least significant difference (LSD) was used to analyse the data. Results The TGF levels of LF rat models decreased on day 7 after MSC administration. The levels of TGF-β in both MSC groups T1 and T2 decreased significantly compared with the control group (p<0.05). The TGF-β suppression capability of T2 was optimal and more significant than that of T1. Conclusion MSCs can suppress TGF levels in liver fibrosis induced rats.

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Investigating platelet-activating factor as a potent proinflammatory mediator in coronary atherosclerotic patients

Cellular and Molecular Biology ◽

10.14715/cmb/2021.67.3.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Shler Ghafoor Raheem

Keyword(s):

Coronary Atherosclerosis ◽

Platelet Activating Factor ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Prognostic Indicator ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Surgical Specialty ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Hs Crp

The inflammatory reaction is one of the complications in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of platelet-activating factor (PAF) compared with high sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP) in coronary atherosclerotic patients. Fifty patients with coronary atherosclerosis and 30 subjects with normal angiography were considered as the control group attending Cardiac Center-Surgical Specialty Hospital - in Erbil city / Iraq. The levels of PAF and hs-CRP were estimated quantitatively using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a particle-enhanced immune turbid metric assay, respectively. Lipid profiles and some hematological indexes were also used in this study. The levels of the inflammatory biomarkers of PAF and hs-CRP increased significantly in the patients group compared with controls (p<0.05). Although the patients group showed the highest level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the difference was not significant (p>0.05) compared with the healthy control. However, the incidence of risk factors such as smoking and obesity showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in the patients group. Additionally, the PAF level correlated positively and significantly with hs-CRP (p<0.05), and negatively with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p>0.05). Although hs-CRP was a valuable diagnostic marker for coronary atherosclerosis, the PAF level showed to be a better prognostic indicator than hs-CRP in coronary atherosclerosis patients.

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