scholarly journals Dietary Neurotransmitters: The Relative Oral Bioavailability of GABA and Glutamic Acid From Tomato in Healthy Human Volunteers

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 311-311
Author(s):  
Tessa de Bie ◽  
Michiel Balvers ◽  
Maarten Jongsma ◽  
Renger Witkamp
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Tomato Juice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Food Matrix ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Baseline Levels

Abstract Objectives The neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid are present in many common components of our diet like for example tomato. Recent research suggests that oral supplementation of especially GABA can have relevant health effects with regard to diabetes and blood pressure. As of yet it is unclear whether these neurotransmitters are also bioavailable from a food matrix. In this controlled cross-over human intervention study, we aimed to evaluate the relative bioavailability of GABA and glutamic acid from tomato. Methods Eleven healthy men received one liter of water containing 888 mg/L GABA or 3673 mg/L glutamic acid, a liter blended tomato juice or a liter water. Solutions were given one week apart in a random order in a four way crossover design. On every test day 19 blood samples were collected in a period of 24 hours after ingestion of the test product. Plasma GABA and glutamic acid concentrations were determined with ultra-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Results Baseline plasma GABA and glutamic acid concentrations were found to be 16.71 (SD 2.18) ng/mL and 4625.6 (SD 1666.1) ng/mL respectively. GABA baseline levels were constant (5.8 CV%) within individuals over the four consecutive test days while glutamic acid baseline levels varied considerably (23.5 CV%). Interestingly, GABA was determined to be just as bioavailable from tomato juice as from a solution in water; kinetic parameters (AUC, Cmax, Tmax) were not significantly different. For glutamic acid, the tomato food matrix did significantly alter the plasma kinetics, the maximum concentration was lower and the time to the maximum concentration was longer in the tomato condition as compared to glutamic acid dissolved in water. Conclusions These data suggest that GABA is bioavailable from food, and that food products containing GABA could potentially induce health effects similar to what is described for GABA supplements. Future research should focus on determining the bioavailability of GABA from other food products as well as the health effects of a GABA rich diet in humans. Funding Sources This work was supported by a consortium of companies (Agrico Research, Nunhems Netherlands, AVEBE) taking part in a collaborative public-partnership under the “Topsector Agri-Food” programme organised by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs.

scholarly journals Assessing the indirect effects of COVID-19 on healthcare delivery, utilization and health outcomes: a scoping review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte M Roy ◽  
E Brennan Bollman ◽  
Laura M Carson ◽  
Alexander J Northrop ◽  
Elizabeth F Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
High Income ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Local Health

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic and global efforts to contain its spread, such as stay-at-home orders and transportation shutdowns, have created new barriers to accessing healthcare, resulting in changes in service delivery and utilization globally. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the literature published thus far on the indirect health effects of COVID-19 and to explore the data sources and methodologies being used to assess indirect health effects. Methods A scoping review of peer-reviewed literature using three search engines was performed. Results One hundred and seventy studies were included in the final analysis. Nearly half (46.5%) of included studies focused on cardiovascular health outcomes. The main methodologies used were observational analytic and surveys. Data were drawn from individual health facilities, multicentre networks, regional registries, and national health information systems. Most studies were conducted in high-income countries with only 35.4% of studies representing low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Conclusion Healthcare utilization for non-COVID-19 conditions has decreased almost universally, across both high- and lower-income countries. The pandemic’s impact on non-COVID-19 health outcomes, particularly for chronic diseases, may take years to fully manifest and should be a topic of ongoing study. Future research should be tied to system improvement and the promotion of health equity, with researchers identifying potentially actionable findings for national, regional and local health leadership. Public health professionals must also seek to address the disparity in published data from LMICs as compared with high-income countries.

scholarly journals Jaboticaba berry: a comprehensive review on its polyphenol composition, health effects, metabolism, and the development of food products

2021 ◽  
pp. 110518
Author(s):  
Kim Ohanna Pimenta Inada ◽  
Iris Batista Leite ◽  
Ana Beatriz Neves Martins ◽  
Eliane Fialho ◽  
Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Comprehensive Review

Ellagitannins, Gallotannins and their Metabolites- The Contribution to the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Food Products and Medicinal Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (37) ◽  
pp. 4946-4967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. Kiss ◽  
Jakub P. Piwowarski
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Impact

The popularity of food products and medicinal plant materials containing hydrolysable tannins (HT) is nowadays rapidly increasing. Among various health effects attributable to the products of plant origin rich in gallotannins and/or ellagitannins the most often underlined is the beneficial influence on diseases possessing inflammatory background. Results of clinical, interventional and animal in vivo studies clearly indicate the antiinflammatory potential of HT-containing products, as well as pure ellagitannins and gallotannins. In recent years a great emphasis has been put on the consideration of metabolism and bioavailability of natural products during examination of their biological effects. Conducted in vivo and in vitro studies of polyphenols metabolism put a new light on this issue and indicate the gut microbiota to play a crucial role in the health effects following their oral administration. The aim of the review is to summarize the knowledge about HT-containing products’ phytochemistry and their anti-inflammatory effects together with discussion of the data about observed biological activities with regards to the current concepts on the HTs’ bioavailability and metabolism. Orally administered HT-containing products due to the limited bioavailability of ellagitannins and gallotannins can influence immune response at the level of gastrointestinal tract as well as express modulating effects on the gut microbiota composition. However, due to the chemical changes being a result of their transit through gastrointestinal tract, comprising of hydrolysis and gut microbiota metabolism, the activity of produced metabolites has to be taken into consideration. Studies regarding biological effects of the HTs’ metabolites, in particular urolithins, indicate their strong and structure-dependent anti-inflammatory activities, being observed at the concentrations, which fit the range of their established bioavailability. The impact of HTs on inflammatory processes has been well established on various in vivo and in vitro models, while influence of microbiota metabolites on silencing the immune response gives a new perspective on understanding anti-inflammatory effects attributed to HT containing products, especially their postulated effectiveness in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa’s pharmacological properties and health effects: A scoping review of current evidence

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245471
Author(s):  
Xin Yi Lim ◽  
Terence Yew Chin Tan ◽  
Siti Hajar Muhd Rosli ◽  
Muhammad Nor Farhan Sa’at ◽  
Syazwani Sirdar Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Journal Club ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Spontaneous Bowel Movement

Introduction Hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa), commonly used for industrial purposes, is now being consumed by the public for various health promoting effects. As popularity of hemp research and claims of beneficial effects rises, a systematic collection of current scientific evidence on hemp’s health effects and pharmacological properties is needed to guide future research, clinical, and policy decision making. Objective To provide an overview and identify the present landscape of hemp research topics, trends, and gaps. Methods A systematic search and analysis strategy according to the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis-ScR (PRISMA-ScR) checklist on electronic databases including MEDLINE, OVID (OVFT, APC Journal Club, EBM Reviews), Cochrane Library Central and Clinicaltrials.gov was conducted to include and analyse hemp research articles from 2009 to 2019. Results 65 primary articles (18 clinical, 47 pre-clinical) were reviewed. Several randomised controlled trials showed hempseed pills (in Traditional Chinese Medicine formulation MaZiRenWan) improving spontaneous bowel movement in functional constipation. There was also evidence suggesting benefits in cannabis dependence, epilepsy, and anxiety disorders. Pre-clinically, hemp derivatives showed potential anti-oxidative, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-neuroinflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-acne, and anti-microbial activities. Renal protective effects and estrogenic properties were also exhibited in vitro. Conclusion Current evidence on hemp-specific interventions are still preliminary, with limited high quality clinical evidence for any specific therapeutic indication. This is mainly due to the wide variation in test item formulation, as the multiple variants of this plant differ in their phytochemical and bioactive compounds. Future empirical research should focus on standardising the hemp plant for pharmaceutical use, and uniformity in experimental designs to strengthen the premise of using hemp in medicine.

scholarly journals Challenges and Opportunities in Robotic Food Handling: A Review

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongkui Wang ◽  
Shinichi Hirai ◽  
Sadao Kawamura
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Food Handling ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Fundamental Information ◽  
Food Recognition ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
End Effectors

Despite developments in robotics and automation technologies, several challenges need to be addressed to fulfill the high demand for automating various manufacturing processes in the food industry. In our opinion, these challenges can be classified as: the development of robotic end-effectors to cope with large variations of food products with high practicality and low cost, recognition of food products and materials in 3D scenario, better understanding of fundamental information of food products including food categorization and physical properties from the viewpoint of robotic handling. In this review, we first introduce the challenges in robotic food handling and then highlight the advances in robotic end-effectors, food recognition, and fundamental information of food products related to robotic food handling. Finally, future research directions and opportunities are discussed based on an analysis of the challenges and state-of-the-art developments.

scholarly journals Repeatability of glucocorticoid hormones in vertebrates: A meta-analysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey L Schoenemann ◽  
Frances Bonier
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Intensive Search ◽  
Sampling Season ◽  
Commercial Kit

We often expect that investigations of the patterns, causes, and consequences of among-individual variation in a trait of interest will reveal how selective pressures or ecological conditions influence that trait. However, many endocrine traits, such as concentrations of glucocorticoid (GC) hormones, exhibit adaptive plasticity and, therefore, do not necessarily respond to these pressures as predicted by among-individual phenotypic correlations. To improve our interpretations of among-individual variation in GC concentrations, we need more information about the repeatability of these traits within individuals. Many studies have already estimated the repeatability of baseline, stress-induced, and integrated GC measures, which provides an opportunity to use meta-analytic techniques to investigate 1) whether GC titers are generally repeatable across taxa, and 2) which biological or methodological factors may impact these estimates. From an intensive search of the literature, we collected 91 GC repeatability estimates from 47 studies. Overall, we found evidence that GC levels are repeatable, with mean repeatability estimates across studies ranging from 0.230 for baseline levels to 0.386 for stress-induced levels. We also noted several factors that predicted the magnitude of these estimates, including taxon, sampling season, and lab technique. Amphibians had significantly higher repeatability in baseline and stress-induced GCs than birds, mammals, reptiles, or bony fish. The repeatability of stress-induced GCs was higher when measured within, rather than across, life history stages. Finally, estimates of repeatability in stress-induced and integrated GC measures tended to be lower when GC concentrations were quantified using commercial kit assays rather than in-house assays. The extent to which among-individual variation in GCs may explain variation in organismal performance or fitness (and thereby inform our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes driving that variation) depends on whether measures of GC titers accurately reflect how individuals differ overall. Our findings suggest that while GC titers can reflect some degree of consistent differences among individuals, they frequently may not. We discuss how our findings contribute to interpretations of variation in GCs, and suggest routes for the design and analysis of future research.

scholarly journals New Approaches to Developing the Integral Indicator Methodology for Estimating the Financial Efficiency of Agricultural Entities in Poland, the Republic of Moldova, and EU Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 19(34) (4) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Mariusz Trojak ◽  
Barbara Kiełbasa ◽  
Daniela Popa ◽  
Aliona Sargo
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Index ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Financial Efficiency ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Labor Resources

Economic literature pays a great deal of attention to economic and financial efficiency, expressed in terms of competition, concentration, productivity and profitability. This paper provides an all-embracing framework for the various existing theories in this area and illustrates these theories with practical applications. Currently, changing the size of the production potential in agricultural units in the Republic of Moldova depends to a great extent on the influence of different trends in the modification of production resources: the reduction of labor resources and agricultural land, quantitative and qualitative changes in fixed assets, and in current assets, etc. The notion of resource potential means the totality of the volume of all resources (natural, labor, material, intellectual, information, etc.) on specific enterprises, territories, branches, regions. Evaluating a broad field of research, the paper describes profit maximizing food products and demonstrates how several widely-used products can be fit into this framework. The authors also present an overview of the current major trends in the food sector and relate them to the assumptions for food products, thereby displaying their relevance and timeliness. The results include a set of recommendations for future research on this topic. The design, methodology and approach of this research is to explain why efficiency can help obtain a profit surplus, and to measure this efficiency. For quality of methodology we apply a range of statistical methods, as well as the strategic capability of organisations – made up of resources and competences. One way to approach the stategic capability of an organisation is to consider its strengths and weaknesses (for example, where it has a competitive advantage, profit, efficiency or disadvantage). Based on our research and results, we sought to understand the concepts of financial effciency and to apply these concepts to practical situations. At the start of each analysis entrepreneurship plays an important role. Most organisations have to innovate constantly to obtain profit and efficiency for food products. They need to be first into a market, or simply a follower of customers in developing new products and services. Original studies in Moldova and Poland regarding farm concentration in terms of Gini Coefficient, Gini Index and Concentration Index of the utilized agricultural area. Original calculus formula to determine the Concentration Index of the UAA for the top 10% largest farms in Moldova and UK.

scholarly journals First-in-Woman Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered GS-441524: A Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Treatment for COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Yan
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Oral Solution ◽  
Healthy Human

GS-441524 is a nucleoside analogue with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against RNA viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and feline coronavirus (FCoV). GS-441524 is the main circulating metabolite following intravenous administration of remdesivir (Veklury®), with a plasma half-life of approximately 24 hours. The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of GS-441524 was evaluated in a healthy human volunteer (N=1) when administered directly as an oral solution (750 mg) once daily for 7 days (Part 1) and 3 times daily for 3 days (Part 2). In Part 1 of the study, the effect of food on the absorption of GS-441524 was also evaluated. GS-441524 appeared rapidly in plasma, with an average time of maximum concentration of 0.5 hours during once-per-day dosing and exhibited an initial half-life phase of approximately 3.3 hours in the fasted state. Negligible accumulation was observed during part 1 of the multiday study. In Part 2 of the study, GS-441524 was administered 3 times daily, every 3 hours. A 2-4-fold accumulation of GS-441524 was observed approximately 3 hours after the third dose was administered, with a time of maximum concentration of 9 hours and a maximum concentration of 12.01 µM, exceeding the concentration reported to eradicate SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. For the duration of the study, GS-441524 was well-tolerated. There were no treatment-related adverse events and no clinically significant findings in clinical laboratory, vital signs, or electrocardiography. Taken together, these results demonstrate the safety and viability of orally administered GS-441524 for the treatment of COVID-19 and emerging viral infections.

Attitudes and behaviour towards organic products: an exploratory study

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efthimia Tsakiridou ◽  
Christina Boutsouki ◽  
Yorgos Zotos ◽  
Kostantinos Mattas
Keyword(s):  
Organic Food ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Consumer Decision Making ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Actual Behaviour ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Organic Products

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to identify consumers' attitudes and behaviour towards organic products in Greece.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws on a non‐probability quota sample of 660 respondents to explore the attitudes and behaviour of Greek consumers towards organic food products.FindingsGreek consumers seem to be informed about environmental and health issues. They seek information about the nutritional value of food and demand more products free from chemical residues. The results show that most consumers associate organic consumption mainly with fruit and vegetables. Although demographics seem to affect attitudes towards organics, their value in explaining actual behaviour is minimal.Research limitations/implicationsIt is recognized that the data gathered in this study focus on the metropolitan area of Thessaloniki, Greece. The specific area though, is considered to be representative of the total Greek population. The results confirm that health, concern for the environment, animal welfare and support of the local economy are drivers of organic consumption. However, there is an indication that the importance of motives and barriers may vary for different product categories and perhaps future research should focus on product segmentation.Practical implicationsAlthough certain similarities in consumers' attitudes towards organic food products have been identified, this paper records the variation in behaviour towards organics among the various consumer groups examined in Greece, and highlights the gap between attitudes and actual behaviour. Given the complexity of consumer decision making, future research should explore the other value trade‐offs that consumers make.Originality/valueThis paper attempts to provide evidence on the relatively under researched area of organics attitudes and behaviour in Greece.

Comparison of nutritional composition, chemical preservative, and glutamic acid content of canned food with freshly cooked and home-cooked food products

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-321
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ezzudin R. ◽  
X.X. Lim ◽  
Uthumporn U. ◽  
N.Y. Shariffa ◽  
C.L. Liew
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Canned Food ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Canned Tuna ◽  
Cooked Food

Thermal preservation using the canning method is a promising alternative for retaining the maximum quality of the foods. Recently, the rising awareness of the nutritional value of canned products has received the attention of various researchers, as canned food can offer both healthy and convenient solutions to consumers. The present study reported the nutritional values and presence of food additives and preservatives in different Ayam BrandTM canned foods in tomato sauce namely sardines (CS), mackerel (CM) and baked beans (CB), canned tuna flakes in water (CTF) and canned tuna in mayonnaise (CTM) compared to the fresh and home-cooked food samples. The canned products, CS and CM contain significantly higher (p<0.05) amounts of Omega-3 but are lower in protein compared to their fresh counterparts. The calcium compositions of canned sardines and mackerels are 10-fold higher than fresh and home-cooked, contributed by the soft and brittles bones which enriched with calcium. The nutritional values of canned products were maintained throughout the storage period throughout the span of 3 years, with insignificant changes (p>0.05). Regardless of canned or fresh food samples, there was no total dietary fiber, benzoic acid, sorbic acid and sulfur dioxide detected in all samples except for the dietary fiber in the baked beans. CS and CTM contained significantly (p<0.05) higher amounts of glutamic acid than their fresh counterparts and the glutamic acid in all canned products ranging from 0.001-0.37 mg/g which is within the acceptable daily intake of 13 g/day. The natural glutamic acid was contributed by the raw materials of fish and tomato sauces themselves. No MSG was detected in all canned products. Therefore, it is safe to consume canned food products that greatly representing fresh and home-cooked foods without compromising with the nutritional values

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