Comparative Analysis of Ginsenosides and Oligosaccharides in White Ginseng (WG), red Ginseng (RG) and Black Ginseng (BG)

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lianlian Zhu ◽  
Xiaoning Luan ◽  
Deqiang Dou ◽  
Luqi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Black Ginseng ◽  
White Ginseng

scholarly journals Changes of Ginsenoside Composition in the Creation of Black Ginseng Leaf

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Chen ◽  
Prabhu Balan ◽  
David G. Popovich
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Steam Treatment ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Ginsenoside Rg3 ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
Black Ginseng ◽  
White Ginseng ◽  
Heat Processes ◽  
Ginseng Leaf

Ginseng is an increasingly popular ingredient in supplements for healthcare products and traditional medicine. Heat-processed ginsengs, such as red ginseng or black ginseng, are regarded as more valuable for medicinal use when compared to white ginseng due to some unique less polar ginsenosides that are produced during heat-treatment. Although ginseng leaf contains abundant ginsenosides, attention has mostly focused on ginseng root; relatively few publications have focused on ginseng leaf. Raw ginseng leaf was steamed nine times to make black ginseng leaf using a process that is similar to that used to produce black ginseng root. Sixteen ginsenosides were analyzed during each steaming while using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contents of ginsenosides Rd and Re decreased and the less polar ginsenosides (F2, Rg3, Rk2, Rk3, Rh3, Rh4, and protopanaxatriol) enriched during steam treatment. After nine cycles of steaming, the contents of the less polar ginsenosides F2, Rg3, and Rk2 increased by 12.9-fold, 8.6-fold, and 2.6-fold, respectively. Further, we found that the polar protopanaxadiol (PPD) -type ginsenosides are more likely to be converted from ginsenoside Rg3 to ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 via dehydration from Rg3, and from ginsenoside Rh2 to ginsenosides Rk2 and Rh3 through losing an H2O molecule than to be completely degraded to the aglycones PPD during the heat process. This study suggests that ginseng leaves can be used to produce less polar ginsenosides through heat processes, such as steaming.

scholarly journals Ginsenoside Absorption Rate and Extent Enhancement of Black Ginseng (CJ EnerG) over Red Ginseng in Healthy Adults

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 487
Author(s):  
Saebyul Yoo ◽  
Bom-I Park ◽  
Do-hyun Kim ◽  
Sooyoung Lee ◽  
Seung-hoon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Black Ginseng ◽  
Clinically Significant

Red ginseng (RG) and black ginseng (BG, CJ EnerG) were prepared from fresh ginseng using one and nine cycles of steaming and drying, respectively. This process reduces the molecular weight (MW) of ginsenoside-active compounds in ginseng by removing sugar moieties from their dammaranes. We compared the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ginsenosides between BG comprising mainly low-MW ginsenosides (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, and Rh1) and RG that predominantly contains high-MW ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1). The safety profiles and tolerability were also studied using a randomized, double-blind, single-dose, crossover clinical trial. A combination of Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3, well-known representative and functional RG components, exhibited a 1-h faster absorption rate (Tmax) and 58% higher exposure (24-h area under the concentration–time curve, AUC24) in BG than in RG. Furthermore, the combination of Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1, the major and most efficient components in BG, displayed 824% higher absorption (AUC24) in BG than in RG. The total ginsenoside showed a 5-h rapid intestinal absorption (Tmax) and 79% greater systemic exposure (AUC24) in BG than in RG. No clinically significant findings were observed in terms of safety or tolerability. Thus, BG extract was more effective than RG extract.

scholarly journals Serum Metabolic Profiling Reveals Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Intake of Black Ginseng Extracts in Beagle Dogs

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (16) ◽  
pp. 3759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Jin Kim ◽  
Dae Young Lee ◽  
Ho-Eun Park ◽  
Dahye Yoon ◽  
Bumkyu Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Profiling ◽  
Serum Biomarkers ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Experimental Diet ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Black Ginseng ◽  
White Ginseng ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Black ginseng (BG) has better health benefits than white ginseng. The intake of BG changes the levels of metabolites, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and other metabolites. However, there is no research on the effect of BG extract intake on the metabolic profile of dog serum. In this study, serum metabolic profiling was conducted to investigate metabolic differences following the intake of BG extracts in beagle dogs. The beagle dogs were separated into three groups and fed either a regular diet (RD, control), RD with a medium concentration of BG extract (BG-M), or RD with a high concentration of BG extract (BG-H). Differences were observed among the three groups after the dogs ingested the experimental diet for eight weeks. The concentrations of alanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine changed with the intake of BG extracts. Furthermore, levels of glycine and β-alanine increased in the BG-H group compared to the control and BG-M groups, indicating that BG extracts are associated with anti-inflammatory processes. Our study is the first to demonstrate the potential anti-inflammatory effect of BG extract in beagle dogs. Glycine and β-alanine are proposed as candidate serum biomarkers in dogs that can discriminate between the effects of ingesting BG-H.

scholarly journals Black Ginseng

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
De qiang Dou
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Maillard Reaction Products ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharides ◽  
Black Ginseng ◽  
Polar Derivatives

Black ginseng is a processed ginseng which prepared by  steaming and drying of white or red ginseng  for several times (usually 9). This process resulting in extensive changes in types and amounts of several secondary metabolites. Thus, primary ginsenosides (the main active inredients in ginseng) were transformed into less polar derivatives by steaming. In addition, apparent changes happened to other secondary metabolites such as the increasing  of phenolic compounds, reducing sugars and acidic polysaccharides as well as the decrease in concentrations of free amino acids and total polysaccharides. Furthermore, the presence of some Maillard reaction products like maltol was also engaged. These obvious chemical changes were associated with a noticeable superiority for black ginseng over white and red ginseng in most of the comparative biological studies including anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-Inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and tonic effects.

Growth and Synthesis of Aflatoxin by Aspergillus parasificus in the Presence of Ginseng Products

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAERIM BAHK ◽  
ELMER H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Maximum Accumulation ◽  
Ginseng Saponin ◽  
White Ginseng

Red ginseng saponin (0.36%) inhibited mycelial growth, sporulation and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasificus during 9 d at 28°C. The mold caused no change in pH of the medium when it contained red ginseng saponin or ginseng tea (9%). Most ginseng products permitted mycelial growth and production of aflatoxin B1, but inhibited production of aflatoxin G1. However, when compared to the control, aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus was reduced by the presence in the medium of most of the ginseng products that were tested, Ginseng tea (9%) resulted in a higher index of maximum accumulation of aflatoxins per interval of mold growth than occurred in the control. Red ginseng was more effective than white ginseng for inhibiting mold growth and aflatoxin production.

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